wine time Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
what is global security?
A
a contested concept
2
Q
what have been the recent trends in considering what a security issue is?
A
- shift from only external threats to also internal threats
2. shift from extreme threats to diversity of issues
3
Q
what is the Paris Matrix?
A
the different types of security based on the source of threat and the security target -> national security, intrastate security, human security, redefined security,
4
Q
How can security be achieved?
A
absolute security is impossible
complete security requires tradeoff of other things (e.g. freedom)
5
Q
How did security studies evolve as a field of studies in the 1940s?
A
cold war + nuclear weapons: coordinate military and citizens for the first time
6
Q
What is the golden age of security studies?
A
1950-1960:
2 world wars -> civilian contribution
security: national interest (vs. only welfare)
nuclear revolution:
- research in deterrence
- belief in deductive rational-thinking
- more theoretical than empirical (not much to base on)
7
Q
How did security studies evolve as a field of studies in the 1960s-1970s?
A
- the end of golden age
- limits of traditional approach revealed
- > not applicable to war in Vietnam
- > limited view of politics
- > assumes perfect and rational ability to constantly calculate
- public disinterest in national security
8
Q
How did security studies evolve as a field of studies in the 1970-1990?
A
- renaissance of security terms
- new data
- new methods
- new realities
9
Q
what are the consequences of anarchy?
A
- system of fear
- uncertainty and mistrust in the int system
- self-help
10
Q
can uncertainty be avoided?
A
No, but it varies in perceptions, understandings and the resulting actions
11
Q
what are the two types of uncertainty?
A
- unresolvable uncertainty
2. future uncertainty
12
Q
what is unresolvable uncertainty
A
- created by material factors: ambiguous symbolism of weapons (offensive vs defensive weapons)
- created by psychological factors: other minds problem (limited understanding of intentions, motives, hopes, fears)
13
Q
what is future uncertainty?
A
assume the worst because its possible
14
Q
what are the two dilemmas that create the security dilemma?
A
- dilemma of interpretation (by ambiguous symbolism of weapons)
- dilemma of response (unclear which response will benefit the most)
15
Q
what are the main three logics/theories of the security dilemma?
A
- the fatalist logic
- the mitigator logic
- transcender logic
16
Q
according to the fatalist logic, how would the security dilemma be managed?
A
define each other as enemies and maximise military power!
- competitive (mistrust) relations between states (offensive realism)
- may lead to security paradox (spiral of mutual hostility; Jervis’ spiral model)
- due to human nature + self-help anarchy -> security competition is inescapable !
- cooperation only if in immediate interest
17
Q
according to the mitigator logic, how would the security dilemma be managed?
A
create security regimes/int society!
1. predictability created through mutual learning (defensive realism)
2. reveal intentions and reassure
3. agreements and reductions prove defensive nature of policies
(cooperative and confidence-building mechanism)
4. int. law -> reliability
5. security dilemma never eliminated but can be reduced!
18
Q
according to the transcender logic, how would the security dilemma be managed?
A
create a different world order!
- identify the problem and abolish its source (capitalism, patriarchy, anarchy)
- form security communities (integration through interaction)
- security dilemma sensibility
19
Q
what is security dilemma sensibility?
A
ability to understand role of fear in attitudes and behaviour of others
20
Q
what are the core concepts in understanding the escalation of conflict?
A
- anarchy, 2. uncertainty, 3. security dilemma
21
Q
what is the security dilemma a result of and what drives it further?
A
result of: 1. anarchy + 2. self-help system
drives it: 1. uncertainty + 2. fear of others intentions
22
Q
what are the main theories about why states go to war?
A
- power transition theory
2. bargaining model of war
23
Q
what is the power transition theory for causes of war?
A
- by rising or declining power
- preventing war
24
Q
what is the bargaining model of war?
A
- war = costly -> both prefer peace (vs. war) -> something prevents peaceful resolution -> bargaining failure
1. info-problems: war reveals private or misrepresented info
2. credible-commitment problems: no one can enforce, pre-emptive war
3. issue-indivisibility: source of conflict doesn’t allow for bargain
25
what are the limits to the main theories of why states go to war (power transition and bargaining model)
1. assumes states are rational unitary actors
| 2. doesn't take into account cognitive biases of leaders
26
according to the fatalist logic, how may the US-China relations be interpreted?
China's goal: regional hegemony
China's strategy: increase military expenditure
US strategy: deterrence
consequences: arms race, new cold war
27
according to the mitigator logic, how may the US-China relations be interpreted?
China's goal: incremental increase in power
China's strategy: no large military advances
US strategy: nuclear deterrence, WTO membership for China
consequences: avoid provoking rival counterbalancing; n.w. keep China in check
"today = western order; hard to overturn so must easily join"
28
according to the transcender logic, how may the US-China relations be interpreted?
China's goal: revisionist -> internationalism (recognized as modern advanced country and citizen of good standing)
China's strategy: join int institutions and manage global problems
US strategy: socialise China into lib world order through bilateral and multilateral exchange
consequences: shift in strategic culture
29
what does Allison say about the Thucydides trap regarding Chinese-US relations (transcender logic)
1. desire of China to upend (turn upside down) int order
- but not replace US
- overcome humiliation and exploitation
- wants to be accepted as china (vs. honorary western)
2. no immediate challenging expected (too militarily weak rn)
3. thucydides trap risk due to China's feeling of entitled respect and US's fear
30
According to Allison, how should China and the US approach their relations? (transcender logic)
substantial adjustment of attitudes to benefit from potentially hugely beneficial relationship
31
According to Boothe and Wheeler, what are the 4 prospects of the future of war?
1. new cold war (China vs US)
2. new arms competition
3. world of many nuclear weapons
4. terrorism and mistrust
32
what are 3 tools of security interactions other than war?
1. alliances.
2. coercion
3. diplomacy
33
why do alliances require an autonomy or security trade off?
powerful states gain: autonomy (at expense of security)
| weaker states gain: security (at expensive of autonomy)
34
what is the difference between asymmetric and symmetric alliances?
asymmetric:
- all allies better off than without an alliance
- some gain security, others autonomy
- more stable; last longer
vs symmetric:
- allies gain on same dimension
- less stable
35
what is chain-ganging from alliances?
when allies are dragged into wars to save reckless allies
| danger of alliances
36
what is buck-passing from alliances?
danger of alliances
| allowing other states to bear the burden of limiting a rising state
37
what are the theories of alliance formation?
1. balance of power (aggregate power to confront powerful state or bandwagon)
2. balance of threat (certain threat interpretations can create certain alliances between states - e.g. geographical proximity, ideology..)
3. domestic affinity (common cultural, ideological, political interests can cause certain alliances)
38
why do some alliances last longer than others?
(external factors, internal factors and institutional factors)
1. shifts in power distribution
2. changes in threat (e.g. end of cold war)
3. regime type (stability of leaders, public preferences, alliance)
4. institutionalization (institutional capacity allows alliance to survive by shifting to address new threat once the original is gone)
5. socialization (formal and informal interaction -> develop similar world views and identity)
39
what are the trends of alliance duration?
- recent alliances last longer
| - defensive alliances with no offensive component last longer
40
is evaluating the effects of alliances simple?
no, in theory: only unreliable alliances should be challenges
result: selection bias in historical record
(if alliance is reliable -> deter attacks, no observed attacks)
41
what is coercion?
in between persuasion and control
| goals: deterrence and compellence
42
what is deterrence
.persuading an opponent to change their behaviour -> aim to change (threat based)
43
what is compellence
persuading an opponent to initiate action -> aim to pressure (threat based)
44
how do deterrence and compellence differ?
on initiative, timescale and the nature of demands
45
what are two coercion strategies?
1. punishment: impose costs to deter (costs as consequence if they were to take action)
2. denial: create difficult for target to successfully undertake the action you hope to deter (take away their capacity to act)
46
what are the 3 types of costs involved in coercion?
1. resistance cost (target)
2. compliance cost (target)
3. enforcement cost (coercer)
47
does whether the target is a state or non-state actor matter?
paradox of power: target of state's coercion, even if weak, find strategies to resist and counter that power
48
what role did coercion play in the Iranian nuclear deal?
- from "maximum pressure" (trump) to "maximum diplomacy" (Biden)
- P5+1 used coercive diplomacy to negotiate agreement (collective and unilateral diplomacy)
- 1. willingness to negotiate (Bush), 2. coallition cohesion (Russia and China) and 3. sanctions (SWIFT + $7 billion) affected the agreement
49
is the success of coercion easy to observe?
no, selection bias
50
what is a risk of coercion?
difficult to implement (outcome not always fully in coercer's hands)
51
how is diplomacy and coercion linked?
central role: diplomacy provides the framework for "normal" relationships against which signals for coercion can be best understood
52
what is diplomacy 2.0?
diplomacy used more and more (soft power) vs hard power
53
what actors are there in diplomacy
many, not only diplomats and foreign ministries
54
how did the nuclear disarmement and non-proliferation (PAX) treaty reframe the debate?
- instead of only focusing on the security aspect, also looked at the impact of weapon use (human, climate and global damage)
humanitarian aspect
- coalition of non-nuclear weapon states' concerns
55
what does the nuclear disarmement and non-proliferation (PAX) treaty contain?
1. risks at all stages of acquiring nuclear weapons: disproportionate impact on certain groups (indigenous, women), waste of resources
2. based on int humanitarian law
3. states must provide victim and environmental assistance
4. verified nuclear disarmement
5. gave voice to nuclear states
56
what are the challenges of the nuclear disarmement and non-proliferation (PAX) treaty by states within the non-proliferation regime?
- improvement of arsenals
- lack of transparency
- cannot assess or evaluate
- many not close to meeting disarmament commitments
57
what are the challenges of the nuclear disarmement and non-proliferation (PAX) treaty by states outside the non-proliferation regime?
not ratifying or joining due to:
1. domestic, political, tech, economic factors
2. regional security concerns
3. prestige
4. greater say in global governance
58
what are the challenges of the nuclear disarmement and non-proliferation (PAX) treaty by non-state actors?
- fear of terrorism, scientists..
| - can weak states control them?
59
what are 3 approaches to the challenges of the nuclear disarmement and non-proliferation (PAX) treaty?
1. multilateral institutional approaches (negotiated treaty based regime)
2. non-treaty based multilateral approaches (UN Resolutions)
3. ad-hoc, non-institutional, non-conventional approaches (led by states for immediate responses)
60
what are the advantages and disadvantages of the multilateral institutional approach of the PAX?
negotiated treaty based regime
adv:
1. strong to set norms and principles
disadvs:
1. too complex to alter and adapt over time
2. no strong enforcement
3. weak to deal with non-members and non-state actors
61
what are the advantages of the non-treaty based multilateral approach of the PAX?
UN Resolutions
adv:
1. deal with non-state actors
2. fix-treaty based regime loopholes
62
what are the advantages and disadvantages of the ad-hoc, non-institutional, non-conventional approach of the PAX?
led by states for immediate responses, e.g. P5+1, JCPOA
adv:
1. strong enforcement
disadv:
1. weak in int law
2. weak at establishing norms and principles
63
what is considered to be the most promising approach to the PAX challenges?
short-term: ad-hoc innovative
| long-term: developing n.w. and int peace + security (multilateral institutional and multilateral non-treaty based)
64
According to Savier and Reveraert, what is the purpose of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW)?
strengthen the norm against the use and possession of n.w. (stigmatize rather than eliminate)
65
According to Savier and Reveraert, what are nuclear states responses to the TPNW or the stimgmatizing of nuclear weapons?
if stigmatization has little effect:
1. avoidance of topic (concealing)
2. rejection (recognize but believe it doesn't apply to them)
3. counter-stigmatization (shift to higher purpose discourse)
4. evasion (assign responsibility to third party)
if stigmatization has substantial effect:
5. recognition, acceptance, adaptation
(through top-down direct mechanisms and bottom-up indirect mechanisms)
66
why might states intervene militarily?
1. geopolitical goals (political/economic goals)
2. military goals (demonstrate resolve, capacity)
3. humanitarian goals (increased dramatically since post-cold war)
67
what is the national interest politically?
- the basis for action of a state's foreign policy
| - rhetorical device to mobilize support for foreign policy
68
according to the fatalist/mitigator logic, what is national interest shaped by?
1. self-help system due to anarchy and uncertainty
2. security competition between states (seeking to maximise power for survival)
3. distribution of material capabilities
69
according to the transcender logic, what is national interest shaped by?
1. interests, identities and interests as social construction
1. interpretation of threats and options for action (based on shared language)
2. situation descriptions by state representatives (agents) to develop policy responses and by defining enemies and friends (structure/system)
3. can change (not fixed)
70
what is the fatalist's view on the US intervention in Afghanistan and Iraq?
national interest:
- protect US from transnational terrorism
- punish to deter regimes providing safe haven
enabling intervention: presidential political system -> unchecked ambitions
71
what is the post-structuralist (Shepherd) view on the US intervention in Afgahnistan and Iraq?
- narratives of gender as central to explain and legitimize war
- formed nation, enemy and intervention identities through discourse to legitimize war
72
According to Shepherd, how was the US, Afghanistan and the intervention identified?
US: Ordinary Decent Citizen, Figure of Authority, Happy Shopper -> superior, socially advanced, civilzed
Afghanistan: Irrational Barbarian + burqa
Intervention: unsuccessful feminization (hard and soft message)
73
terrorism is a tactic of what type of warfare?
asymmetric warfare, to send signals beyond action itself
74
what are the types of counterterrorist measures?
1. defensive
- site-specific security
- system-specific security
- homeland security
2. offensive
- limit capacity
- diplomacy
- intelligence
- finances
- targeted killings (leaders)
- criminal justice (courts)
- military force
75
in international humanitarian law, what are the two principles of drone use?
1. distinctions (only military targets)
| 2. proportionality (few civilian casualties relative to benefits)
76
how is the evolution of measures for counter-terrorism shaped?
by advances in military tech (e.g. drone use because of risk-averse public)
77
what was the drone war in pakistan a classic example of? what are the advantages and disadvantages of it?
```
example of leadership decapitation
advantages:
-confusion among followers
-deter successors
-divert organisation from pursuing its goals
-less risky than sending in troops
-no need to detain
-limited civilian casualties
```
- although rests upon wrong assumptions about nature of group
78
why is drone warfare risky?
- moral risks (civilian deaths, PlayStation mentality)
- strategic risks (recruitment tool, prevent intelligence, barely works, vulnerable to cyber...)
- risk of perpetual war
79
what is a civil war
1. political meaning attached
2. analytical definition:
(a) parties are politically and militarily organised
(b) parties have publicly stated political goals
(c) recruit locally
(d) large-scale
(e) sustained violence
80
what is an ethnic civil war?
widespread notion of wars caused by deep hatred and "all against all"
81
what does Mueller conclude about the existence of ethnic civil wars?
- similar/same to non-ethnic wars
- actually:
(a) shallow militant nationalism (misrepresented public support)
(b) opportunistic armed thugs carry out violence
- this kind of war can occur anywhere
82
what is the difference between so called new wars and old wars?
new wars:
- motivation: private gain vs collective grievances (political)
- support: lack of popular support vs broad popular support
- violence: gratuitous violence vs controlled violence
no ideology, goals, political objective
83
What does Kalyvas critique about the conception of new wars?
inaccurate dichotomy based on incomplete, innacurate, western evidence
- overstatement of new war looting (goals)?
- overstatement of old wars' support
- overstatement of old wars' control over ciolence
84
what is insurgency
irregular war
hiding inside population as advantage
violent opposition to rule (asymmetric)
85
what do Mao and Guevara's guerilla theories contribute to insurgency?
need to treat population well and get their support
86
what type of measures does counterinsurgency encompass?
1. political -> political stability
2. economic -> economic stability
3. psychological -> people's support 'win hearts and minds'
4. material resources
(80% political : 20% military)
87
what is the Counter Insurgency (COIN) doctrine and what are its innovations?
2003 US army after Iraq failures
innovations:
1. population centric (vs enemy centric)
2. small commando attachments (vs large conventional forces)
3. ground action focus (vs airpower)
4. contribution of civilian agencies
5. winning hearts and minds -> self-interest (vs emotion)
88
what is the advantage of many similarities between peacebuilding and counterinsurgency?
can move lots in between missions
89
what are the main challenges to counterinsurgency?
1. slow + costly
2. depends on targeted attacks against militias and provision of services to civilians ( need to discriminate between militias and civilians so don't lead to "accidental guerillas")
3. need intelligence (usually not available at beginning)
4. parochialism risk
90
how can parochialism be overcome in counterinsurgency?
alliances with local armed groups -> but only temporarily + may exacerbate other tensions
91
what role does the liberal paradigm (liberalism) play in peacebuilding
- guides expansion of UN peacebuilding
| - building institutions resembling western ones
92
how did UN peacebuilding evolve post-cold war?
- expansion of UN peace operations
- from reaction -> also prevention (task expansion)
- increasingly intrusive (taking over admin, rebuilding institutions, supervising and preparing elections...)
93
what role did the 1990s failures in Somalia, Rwanda and Bosnia-Hercegovina play in peacebuilding?
- assertive impartiality (neutral while assertive)
- R2P doctrine (no host gov consent necessary -> less restricted)
- more mandates that allow for peace enforcement (use of force)
94
are peacebuilding operations considered successful?
-depends on how success is defined: violence ending or sustainable peace
95
what are the criticisms of UN liberal peacebuilding
1. elections: too early
| 2. neoliberal economic reforms: too rigid
96
what is Barma;s criticism of UN peacebuilding?
underlying theory allows elite to co-opt interventions for own political gain
97
what are the main challenges of peacebuilding?
1. failure to protect civilians
2. increasing militarization where not needed (vs. political focus)
3. peacekeepers as a threat to civilians
4. ignoring local actors and their knowledge
98
what does liberal feminism in security question and try to achieve?
where are the women in security?
make women visible in security
(Enloe)
99
what does standpoint feminism question and try to achieve?
what are the experiences of women insecurity?
redefine security based on women's experiences
(Tickner)
100
what does post-structural gender question and try to achieve?
how are "women" and "men" socially constructed?
understand the instability of gender categories
(Peterson, Sheperd)
101
what is post-structural theory?
discussion the role of power in discourse/language
| social constructions
102
what policies did the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) agenda create?
UNSC Resolution 1325 (2000), 2122 (2013), 2242 (2015)
| 1325 -> major achievement in publicly acknowledging link between peace and gender equalty
103
How is the WPS structured?
4 pillars:
(1) prevention
(2) participation
(3) protection
(4) relief and recovery
104
what theories is the WPS based on?
liberal and standpoint feminism
105
what are the challenges to the WPS?
1. securitization of women's rights (vs. human rights of women)
2. gaps in implementation (soft UNSC law)
3. conflict-related sexual violence framed narrowly
4. post-structuralist critique = resolutions about 'women' (vs. gender) -> fixes categories and reproduces inequality
106
what are the criticisms of the wartime sexual violence agenda?
1. too narrow focus on women as victims (both men and women are perpetrators and victims)
2. rape as a weapon of war (in reality not always strategic and ordered)
3. not unique to wartime
107
what is the cause of sexual violence according to the essentialist position?
war increases men's opportunity for rape
108
what is the cause of sexual violence according to the structuralist position?
to shame male relatives and wider social/ethnic group that failed to protect women
109
what is the cause of sexual violence according to the social constructivist position?
expression of power relations (femininity of victims and masculinity of perpetrators)
110
what is the cause of sexual violence according to the conflict-research position?
rape isn't inevitable in conflict! (lots of variation of causes across and within civil wars)
111
what is security according to critical security studies (abersytwyth?
1. derivative concept (depends on our world view)
2. broadening, deepening, extending and focusing security
(broadened security agenda to 5 sectors of security + extending beyond state survival + focus on emancipation)
112
what does the Aberystwths/Welsh School claim about security?
- politicizing security
- referent object: state + individual
- security focus on emancipation to create freedom from threats
113
what does the Copehagen School claim about security?
- desecuritize security issues
- referent object: state + groups
- desecuritizing issues prevents exceptional measures being taken that are out of regular politics
114
what is securitization theory according to the Copenhagen School?
broadening of security (vs. deepening or extending)
115
what does successful securitization require according to the Copenhagen School?
1. securitizing actor with authority
2. speech act
3. referent object
4. an audience
5. existential threat to referent object
116
when did the securitization of european migration begin?
long before the 2015 migrant crisis
| but intensified after
117
according to Huymans, how was migration securitised
1. politicising migration:
- confusion between immigration and asylum seekers
- raised importance of immigration as supranational issue
2. securitizing migration
- internal security threat
- cultural security threat
- welfare security threat
- given as a meta-issue (cause of many problems)
118
what is ecological security?
the integrity of natural systems
| needs climate security
119
what is environmental security
risks from environmental change
120
what is human security and how is it linked to env security?
= essential needs of vulnerable people
| link with env security: must supply clean water, ait for human security
121
what are criticisms of human security as a concept?
1. lack of precision (too broad)
2. securitization of pov, ill-health... won't lead to significant improvement in individuals' lives
3. problematic state role (more problem than solution; should we depend on state so much?)
4. from prevention -> intervention (overemphasizes military, top-down, interventionist approach)
122
what is the referent object of human security?
individuals and societal groups
123
are security issues military or non-military?
both, e.g. human security
124
does climate change lead to collective violence? (Broska)
- stronger effect on escalation and prolongation of violence (vs initiation and termination)
- amplify pre-existing conflict dynamics
- lower level violence (vs. armed conflicts)
125
what role does extreme weather events have on collective violence
threat multiplier/threat catalyst
126
when does climate change lead to collective violence?
1. pre-conditions:
- livelihoods' dependence on agri
- poverty
- exclusion of minority
- weak state institutions
2. post-disaster mechanisms
(a) increase likelihood of violence: spikes in food prices, reduction in state policing capacities, competition over scarce resource
(b) decrease likelihood of violence: reduction in rebel resources, disaster diplomacy
127
is armed conflict always a consequence of climate change
no, it is not an inevitable consequence of climate change
128
what does the likelihood of climate change leading to collective violence depend on?
- vulnerability to climate-induced changes
| - gov policies to adapt and mitigate
129
was the syrian civil war caused by climate change?
very little evidence in all links of drought -> migration -> conflict
