Wiwi

Question 1

Product of endogenous metabolism; pale to dark yellow color

Answer 1

Urochrome

Question 2

Oxidation product of urobilinogen; orange-brown color

Answer 2

Urobilin

Question 3

Pink pigment; seen in refrigerated specimen due to precipitation of amorphous urates

Answer 3

Uroerythrin

Question 4

Dark Yellow/Amber/Orange

Answer 4

Bilirubin, Urobilinogen oxidation

Question 5

Red/Pink

Answer 5

RBC, Hemoglobin, Myoglobin
Rifampicin

Question 6

Brown

Answer 6

Glomerular bleeding
Oxidation of Hgb to Methemoglobin

Question 7

Black

Answer 7

Melanin

Question 8

Blue-Green

Answer 8

Bacterial Infections
Methocarbamol, Amitriptyline

Question 9

No visible particulates, transparent

Answer 9

Clear

Question 10

Few particulates, print easily seen through urine

Answer 10

Hazy

Question 11

Many particulates, print blurred through urine

Answer 11

Cloudy

Question 12

Print cannot be seen through urine

Answer 12

Turbid

Question 13

May precipitate or be clotted

Answer 13

Milky

Question 14

Density of a solution compared with the density of a similar volume of distilled water (SG 1.000)

Answer 14

Specific Gravity

Question 15

Normal of a Specific Gravity

Answer 15

1.002 – 1.035

Question 16

1.010

Answer 16

Isosthenuric

Question 17

<1.010

Answer 17

Hyposthenuric

Question 18

> 1.010

Answer 18

Hypersthenuric

Question 19

Aromatic

Answer 19

Normal

Question 20

Strong, ammonia-like

Answer 20

Bacterial infection

Question 21

Sweet or fruity

Answer 21

Diabetic ketones

Question 22

Strong, maple syrup-like odor

Answer 22

Maple syrup urine disease

Question 23

Pungent odor

Answer 23

Food

Question 24

Principle: Double sequential enzyme reaction

Reaction: Glucose oxidase → gluconic acid + H₂O₂ → H₂O₂ + KI → color change

Answer 24

Glucose

Question 25

Principle: Diazo reaction Reaction: Bilirubin + dichlorobenzene diazonium → azo dye (acidic medium)

Answer 25

Bilirubin

Question 26

Principle: Nitroprusside reaction Reaction: Acetoacetic acid + sodium nitroprusside (alkaline) → purplish-red Note: Not sensitive to β-hydroxybutyrate

Answer 26

Ketones

Question 27

Principle: pKa change of polyelectrolyte Reaction: Higher SG → indicator shifts blue → green → yellow

Answer 27

Specific Gravity

Question 28

Principle: Pseudoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin Reaction: RBCs lyse → hemoglobin reacts → speckled pattern

Answer 28

Blood

Question 29

Principle: Double indicator system Reaction: pH 5–9 → color shift: orange → yellow → green → blue

Answer 29

pH

Question 30

Principle: Protein error of indicators Reaction: At pH 3, more protein → color shift: yellow → green shades

Answer 30

Protein

Question 31

Principle: Ehrlich’s reaction Reaction: Urobilinogen + p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde → color change

Answer 31

Urobilinogen

Question 32

Principle: Greiss reaction Reaction: Nitrite + aromatic amine → diazonium → tetrahydrobenzoquinoline dye

Answer 32

Nitrite

Question 33

Principle: Esterase reaction Reaction: Leukocyte esterase → indoxyl → + diazonium salt → color

Answer 33

Leukocyte Esterase

Question 34

Nonpathologic Causes

Answer 34

Squamous Epithelial Cells Mucus Threads Semen, Sperm Amorphous, Phosphates, Carbonates or Urates

Question 35

Pathologic Causes

Answer 35

Non squamous Epithelial Cells Abnormal Crystals Casts Red Blood Cells Bacteria + WBC Parasites + WBC Yeast + WBC

Question 36

Source: Normal in urine Note: Shed from urethra

Answer 36

Squamous Epithelial Cells

Question 37

Source: Protein from lower GU tract glands Note: More common in females

Answer 37

Mucus Threads

Question 38

Source: Normal in males’ urogenital tract

Answer 38

Semen/Sperm

Question 39

Seen in: Alkaline urine: PO₄³⁻, CO₃²⁻ Refrigerated samples: Urates

Answer 39

Amorphous Crystals (Phosphates, Carbonates, Urates)

Question 40

Implications: Urothelial cells: Malignancy RTE cells: Tubular necrosis Oval fat bodies: Lipid disorders General: Viral infections

Answer 40

Non-Squamous Epithelial Cells

Question 41

Implications: Liver disease Inborn errors of metabolism Renal damage (from crystallized meds)

Answer 41

Abnormal Crystals (e.g., Leucine, Cystine, Ampicillin)

Question 42

Implications: Glomerulonephritis Pyelonephritis Urine stasis Renal failure

Answer 42

Casts

Question 43

Normal in small amount Increased: Glomerular/vascular injury

Answer 43

Red Blood Cells

Question 44

Implication: Lower or upper UTI

Answer 44

Bacteria + WBCs

Question 45

Examples: Trichomonas vaginalis (common) Schistosoma haematobium

Answer 45

Parasites + WBCs

Question 46

Example: Candida albicans Seen in: Diabetics, immunocompromised, vaginal moniliasis

Answer 46

Yeast + WBCs

Question 47

Function: Major end-product of protein & amino acid catabolism Type: Non-protein nitrogen (NPN) compound Site of Formation: Liver (urea cycle) Excretion: ~85% by kidneys

Answer 47

Urea

Question 48

Urea – Elevated In:

Answer 48

Renal impairment (acute/chronic) Upper GI bleeding (UGIB) Dehydration Catabolic states High-protein diet Corticosteroid therapy

Question 49

BUN:Creatinine Ratio Prerenal azotemia

Answer 49

>20:1

Question 50

BUN:Creatinine Ratio Intrarenal azotemia

Answer 50

<10:1

Question 51

Principle: Urea reacts with diacetyl monoxime in an acid medium → forms a pink-colored complex Used for: Direct colorimetric measurement of urea Intensity: Color proportional to urea concentration

Answer 51

Diacetyl Monoxime Direct Method

Question 52

Type: Micro version of the diacetyl monoxime method Principle: Same reaction as above, adapted for small sample volumes Application: Ideal for pediatric or limited-volume samples

Answer 52

Fearon Micro Method

Question 53

2 Urea – Diacetyl Monoxime Methods

Answer 53

1. Diacetyl Monoxime Direct Method 2. Fearon Micro Method

Question 54

Principle: Reagent: Diacetylmonoxime Condition: Acidic environment Reaction: Diacetylmonoxime → Diacetyl + Hydroxylamine Type: Hydrolysis

Answer 54

Diacetyl Monoxime – Hydrolysis Step

Question 55

Principle: Reaction: Diacetyl + Urea → Diazine complex Type: Condensation Detection: Absorbance measured at 520–550 nm

Answer 55

Diacetyl + Urea – Condensation Step

Question 56

Formula of Urea

Answer 56

Absorbance of sample/Absorbance of standard x 15

Question 57

To convert from mg/dL to mmol/L

Answer 57

Multiply by 0.357

Question 58

Distilled Water (Blank tube)

Answer 58

300uL

Question 59

Urea Nitrogen (Standard tube)

Answer 59

100 uL

Question 60

Test Serum (Sample tube)

Answer 60

100 uL

Question 61

DAM reagent (Standard tube + Sample tube)

Answer 61

1500 uL

Question 62

Urea Nitrogen Acid Reagent (Standard tube + Sample tube)

Answer 62

1500 uL