wk 2 - neoplasia

Question 1

define neoplasia

Answer 1

new abnormal growth

Question 2

define tumour

Answer 2

used to denote swelling, now it’s new abnormal growth, same as neoplasia

Question 3

define malignancy

Answer 3

potentially fatal. also known as cancer

Question 4

carc tells us what?

Answer 4

malignant

Question 5

define dysplasia

Answer 5

not a cellular adaptation. mutations and abnormality in genotype/ phenotype. (pre cancer)
a risk is, normal cells undergoing hyperplasia/ metaplasia which can turn into dysplasia.

Question 6

define in situ and metastasis

Answer 6

Metastasis- cancer cells break away from their primary site and spread to a secondary site in the body (3 routes of moving to another site)

In situ- abnormal cells that are in its original area and have not spread to different locations in the body. they are not cancerous but can become cancerous.

Question 7

What type of cells are more likely to become cancerous

Answer 7

labile cells- continuously dividing and mutating

Question 8

examples of labile cells that can become cancerous (carcinomas)

Answer 8

epithelial and haemopoietic stem cells

Question 9

nomenclature of tumours what are they based off

Answer 9

cell origin (connective tissue, etc) and tumour type (malignant/benign)

Question 10

connective tissue cell types (6)

Answer 10

fibrous tissue
muscle
cartilage
bone
fat
endothelium

Question 11

nomenclature benign connective tissue

Answer 11

fibroma
leiomyona
chondroma
osteoeoma
lipoma
haemanigoma

Question 12

malignant tumours of connective tissue

Answer 12

sarcomas (sarc- malignant, connective tissue- mesenchymal) cell origin
examples
fibrosarcoma
leiomyosarcoma
chondrosarcoma
etc

Question 13

list the basic risk factors for the development of mutation and tumourgenesis (8)

Answer 13

1. Self-sufficiency in growth signals
   Proliferation without external stimuli
2. Insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals
3. Evasion of apoptosis
4. Defects in DNA repair
5. Limitless replicative potential
6. Sustained angiogenesis (form new blood vessels)
7. Ability to invade & metastasize
8. Predilection for glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen (Warburg effect)

Question 14

list the main differences between benign and malignant tumours (BENIGN) (4)

Answer 14

1. Never metastasizes
2. Encapsulated
3. Homogenous (uniformity
   of cells)
4. Well differentiated

Question 15

list the main differences between benign and malignant tumours (MALIGNANT) (4)

Answer 15

1. Can potentially metastasize
2. Infiltrative growth pattern
3. Heterogeneous
   (pleomorphic – cells lack
   uniformity)
4. Well-differentiated or poorly
   or undifferentiated
   (anaplastic)

Question 16

list the 3 main routes of metastasis and common sites affected

Answer 16

1. Blood (haematogenous)
2. Lymphatics (vessels & nodes)
3. Direct seeding (through/within body
   cavities)

Question 17

what are the 3 most common sites of metastatic neoplasms (cancers)

Answer 17

1. lungs. drainage of venous and lymphatics (routes of metastasis)
2. liver. venous circuit from multiple organs
3. brain

Question 18

understand the importance of early detection/ the significance of metastatic disease

Question 19

ways cancer can come about (3)

Answer 19

1. normal- multiple mutations - cancer (melanoma)
2. normal - multiple mutations - benign tumour - further mutations - cancer
3. normal - sustained stress - metaplasia - mutliple mutations - dysplasia -further mutations - cancer

Question 20

what is the cell of origin and malignant version of leiomyoma

Answer 20

COO- smooth muscle
M-leiomyosarcoma

Question 21

what is the cell of origin and malignant version of lipoma

Answer 21

COO-fat cell
M- liposarcoma

Question 22

what is the cell of origin and malignant version of haemoangioma

Answer 22

COO-endothelial cell
M- haemangiosarcoma

Question 23

what is the cell of origin and malignant version of osteoma

Answer 23

COO- bone cell
M- osteosarcoma

Question 24

what is the cell of origin and malignant version of chondroma

Answer 24

COO-cartilage
M- condrosarcoma

Question 25

what is the cell of origin and malignant version of adenoma

Answer 25

COO-glandular epithelial cell M- adenocarcinoma

Question 26

what is the cell of origin and malignant version of cystadenoma

Answer 26

COO-glandular epothelial cell - growing in cystic pattern M- cystadenocarcinoma

Question 27

what is the cell of origin and malignant version of papilloma

Answer 27

COO-epithelial cell - grows with finger like projections M- papillocarcinoma

Question 28

what is the cell of origin and malignant version of tertaoma

Answer 28

COO-germ cell M- testicular teratoma is always malignant, teratocarcinoma

Question 29

when can benign tumours be deadly?

Answer 29

a tumour in the brain that is deep or close to major blood vessels that is resistent to treatment as they can target rapidly dividing cells.

Question 30

what is the cell of origin of leukaemia

Answer 30

hematopoietic cells

Question 31

what is the cell of origin of lymphoma

Answer 31

lymphocytes

Question 32

what is the cell of origin of melanoma

Answer 32

melanocytes

Question 33

what is the cell of origin of giloma

Answer 33

glial cells

Question 34

what is the cell of origin of mesothelioma

Answer 34

mesothelial cells

Question 35

what is the cell of origin of testicular tumours

Answer 35

germ cell or embroyonic germ cell

Question 36

which is a rare type of cancer sarcoma or carcinoma

Answer 36

sarcoma

Question 37

which sarcoma is the most commonly found in young people?

Answer 37

osteosarcoma because the bones are still growing theres a risk but chances diminish after puberty

Question 38

carinomas account for how much of malignancies?

Answer 38

approx 90%

Question 39

difference between simple squamous epithelium and squamous epithelial cells

Answer 39

simple is delicsate and will die if stressed squamous line areas exposed to phsyical stress and are labile

Question 40

why do two different carcinomas occur at either end of the oesphagus

Answer 40

upper- the stratified squamous epiethlium is good at withdtanding physical stress of dietary constiuents, however they can be mutated by carcinogens in smoke, alchohol, infection with HPV, therefore the upper oesphagus is likely to develop a squamous cell carcinoma. lower- in people with chronic gastric reflux, the stratified squamous cells are damaged by stomach aacid and they undergo metaplasia to become simple glandular epithelium which secrets muscous as a protective layer against the stomach acid. if mutations occur in these glandular epithelial cells they can form an adenocarcinoma

Question 41

what type of epithelium normall lines the conductive regions of the airways

Answer 41

simple ciliated with goblet cells producing mucous

Question 42

the irritation caused by smoking causes what type of cellular adaptations? and what are the positive/negative consequences of these changes?

Answer 42

in the oesphagus, the ciliated epithelium undergoes METAPLASIA to become stratified squamous epithelium. the goblet cells undergo HYPERPLASIA the cells survive but their function has changed so they no longer filter air or remove mucous so theres an increased risk of infection and coughing of mucous. they also have an increased risk of becoming dysplastic or pre cancerous (abnormal cells)

Question 43

what must take place before cancer develops in the lungs?

Answer 43

mutations lead to dysplasia, it is possible for the immune system to flag this and destroy it but if no symptoms, progressive where it becomes a carcinoma in-situ (epithelial malignancy that has not moved locations) and eventually metastasizes.

Question 44

which part of the cervix is most likely to form dysplastic lesions?

Answer 44

the transformation zone where metaplasia occurs during the females reproductive life

Question 45

does metaplasia always happen before dysplasia?

Answer 45

no. it may occur before dysplasia in the cervix, lower oesphagus, conductive airways. however in other tumours, normal cells undergo mutations and become benign tumour which further mutate becoming malignant in other cases, the normal cells mutate and become dysplastic and then cancerous

Question 46

cyst means

Answer 46

fluid filled sack

Question 47

adeno means

Answer 47

glandular epithelial cell of origin

Question 48

car means

Answer 48

malignancy of epithelial cell of origin

Question 49

what does metastatsis mean

Answer 49

when some of the cancer cells move to distant sites and sep up secondary growths

Question 50

what 3 organs are usually the site for secondary cancers?

Answer 50

the lungs- part of the venous system and cancers spread through lymphatic and venous system liver- also part of the venous system for processing brain/bones- one theres more cancer cells travelling in the blood, they go to areas of large arterial blood such as brain and bones

Question 51

difference between sarcoma and carcinoma

Answer 51

sar = malignant and connective tissue origin car= malignant and epithelial origin

Question 52

what are 2 cellular adaptations that increase the risk of cancer

Answer 52

metaplasia and hyperplasia

Question 53

why are carcinomas most common type of cancer

Answer 53

because of epithelial cell origin, able to divide. they are also located in the front line of our bodies between inner tissue and anything entering our bodies

Question 54

are benign and malignant tumours both composed of mutated cells?

Answer 54

yes, benign the cells have not mutated to allow cells to invade and matastasize though