wk 4 - Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
Failure to take food after insulin can cause similar effect to:
a) An overdose of glucagon
b) An overdose of insulin
c) An overdose of hyperglycaemic drug
A
b) An overdose of insulin
2
Q
The following are the types of blood glucose test that could be measured using the Glucometer EXCEPT:
a) Fasting
b) HbA1C
c) OGTT
d) Random
A
b) HbA1C
3
Q
The formation of glycogen from glucose is termed ————- . It occurs in muscle and liver cells when there is more than enough glucose to meet energy needs (excess glucose).
a) Gluconeogenesis
b) Glycolysis
c) Glycogenesis
d) Glycogenolysis
A
c) Glycogenesis
4
Q
- Acidosis due to low bicarbonate
- Low GFR due to high urea and creatinine
- Hyperglycemia due to high plasma glucose
- Ketosis due to high acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate
- Hyperkalemia due to high potassium
are all symptoms of ____________
A
diabetic ketoacidosis and renal disease
5
Q
___________ syndrome is characterised by hyperaldosteronism
A
Conn’s syndrome is characterised by hyperaldosteronism
6
Q
_______ helps the cells to get their need of _______. In case of a lack of _______, _______ is not entering the cells (cells think it is a fasting state) and thus cells have to make their own glucose.
(via glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and gluconeogenesis).
A
insulin helps the cells to get their need of glucose. In case of a lack of insulin, glucose is not entering the cells (cells think it is a fasting state) and thus cells have to make their own glucose.
(via glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and gluconeogenesis).
7
Q
Two types of cells are exceptions to glucose uptake regulation via insulin receptors - _______ and _______ cells. However, this is only due to the fact that these cells are readily permeable to glucose, even in the absence of _______.
A
Two types of cells are exceptions to glucose uptake regulation via insulin receptors - brain and liver cells. However, this is only due to the fact that these cells are readily permeable to glucose, even in the absence of insulin.
8
Q
What is the alternative recommended test by the International Expert Committee if HbA1C is not possible?
A
FPG or 2HPG
9
Q
the feeling of thirst is termed
A
polydipsia
10
Q
The followings are the triad of diabetic ketoacidosis EXCEPT:
a) Acidemia
b) Hyperglycaemia
c) Hypoglycemia
d) Ketosis
A
c) Hypoglycemia
11
Q
A blood glucose test is used to measure the glucose level for the _____ it is monitored only.
A
A blood glucose test is used to measure the glucose level for the day it is monitored only.
12
Q
The normal range for a BMI is _______
a) 15-20
b) 20-25
c) 25-30
d) Over 30
A
The normal range for a BMI is ———-
b) 20-25
13
Q
which diabetes type can be prevented/reduced?
A
type 2 diabetes
14
Q
the common clinical biochemistry diagnostic test to assess any overt decline in renal function is…
A
Urea/Creatinine (GFR), electrolytes
(UCE/UEC)
15
Q
——————– is the breakdown of glycogen to form glucose for use as energy (during a shortage of glucose).
a) Gluconeogenesis
b) Glycolysis
c) Glycogenesis
d) Glycogenolysis
A
d) Glycogenolysis
16
Q
___________ is defined as women who had diabetes during pregnancy.
A
gestational diabetes
17
Q
In sodium/potassium ATPase pump, __________ leave the cell whereas, __________ enter the cell.
A
In sodium/potassium ATPase pump, 3 sodium Ions leave the cell whereas, 2 potassium Ions enter the cell.
18
Q
Type __ diabetes has a stronger genetic basis than type __. Yet it also depends more on environmental factors.
A
Type 2 diabetes has a stronger genetic basis than type 1. Yet it also depends more on environmental factors.
19
Q
HbA1c was used as an index of glycemic control. Nowadays, it is also used to diagnose ________.
A
HbA1c was used as an index of glycemic control. Nowadays, it is also used to diagnose diabetes.
20
Q
In order to decrease pseudohyperkalemia, it is recommended to store the blood at ____ degrees rather than at ____ degrees.
A
In order to decrease pseudohyperkalemia, it is recommended to store the blood at 37 degrees rather than at 4 degrees.
21
Q
You should not find glucose in urine in a healthy person because it should be completely reabsorbed by the _______.
A
You should not find glucose in urine in a healthy person because it should be completely reabsorbed by the kidneys.
22
Q
Cortisol stimulates gluconeogenesis, whereas __________ stimulates gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis and lipolysis
A
Cortisol stimulates gluconeogenesis, whereas adrenaline stimulates gluconeogenesis glycogenolysis and lipolysis
23
Q
Type __ diabetes usually has an onset age of less than 40, whereas type __ usually has an onset age of more than 40.
A
Type 1 diabetes usually has an onset age of less than 40, whereas type 2 usually has an onset age of more than 40.
24
Q
——————– is the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol. It takes place largely in liver (e.g. Krebs cycle) and serves to maintain blood glucose under conditions of starvation or intense exercise.
a) Gluconeogenesis
b) Glycolysis
c) Glycogenesis
d) Glycogenolysis
A
a) Gluconeogenesis
25
The increase in fatty acids that result from a lack of insulin to inhibit hormone sensitive lipase, leads to a massive synthesis of ketone bodies in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
These then exceed the buffer capacity of the blood, leading to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Excess acid is a potent poison for the ______ causing coma and death.
The increase in fatty acids that result from a lack of insulin to inhibit hormone sensitive lipase, leads to a massive synthesis of ketone bodies in the **liver.**
These then exceed the buffer capacity of the blood, leading to **ketoacidosis.**
Excess acid is a potent poison for the **brain,** causing coma and death.
26
The feeling of hunger is termed
Polyphagia
27
Most of the patients with _______ diabetes have tissue resistance to insulin.
Most of the patients with **type 2** diabetes have tissue resistance to insulin.
28
name the **4 tests** used for diabetes diagnosis and management.
1. Plasma / blood glucose
2. HbA1C
3. Plasma lipids
4. Renal function tests
29
What are the two types organs that don’t need the presence of insulin to uptake glucose?
Brain and liver
30
the 4 clinical tests to monitor diabetes include?
1. HbA1c
2. lipids
3. urinary albumin
4. urea, creatinine, electrolytes
31
The following are examples of acute complications that require immediate medical attention, EXCEPT:
a) Hyperglycaemia
b) Hypoglycaemia
c) Diabetic ketoacidosis
d) Hyperosmolar coma
a) Hyperglycaemia
(chronic hyperglycaemia requires immediate attention, not acute hyperglycaemia)
32
Pseudohyperkalemia could result due to collecting blood into a phlebotomy tube containing?
K2EDTA
33
Insulin helps the cells to get their need of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. In case of _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, the receptors in the cells do not respond fully to the insulin and less _______ is entering the cells.
Insulin helps the cells to get their need of glucose. In case of insulin resistance, the receptors in the cells do not respond fully to the insulin and less glucose is entering the cells.
34
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the earliest sign of diabetic renal disease.
a) Cholesterol
b) Increase in BUN
c) Increase in triglycerides
d) Low GFR
e) Microalbuminuria
e) Microalbuminuria
35
Diabetic ketoacidosis results from a shortage of insulin, in response the body switches to burning ___________ and producing \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Diabetic ketoacidosis results from a shortage of insulin, in response the body switches to burning **fatty acids** and producing **ketone bodies**
36
Polydipsia means ----
a) Hunger
b) Thirst
c) Frequent urination
d) Weight loss
b) Thirst
37
In type __ diabetes: patients have insulin resistance + dysfunctional b cells
In type 2 diabetes: patients have insulin resistance + dysfunctional b cells
38
Type 2 diabetes is usually a problem amongst __________ in developed countries and __________ in developing countries as it is linked to obesity, high calorie intake and sedentary lifestyle.
a) Healthy people
b) Lower socioeconomic classes
c) Higher socioeconomic classes
d) sporty people
Type 2 diabetes is usually a problem amongst **Lower socioeconomic classes** in developed countries and **Higher socioeconomic classes** in developing countries as it is linked to obesity, high calorie intake and sedentary lifestyle.
39
the common clinical biochemistry diagnostic test to assess **glycaemic control** is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
the common clinical biochemistry diagnostic test to assess glycaemic control is **HbA1C**
40
HbA1c was used to monitor and gives an average of blood glucose level for a period of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
a) 1-3 weeks
b) 1-3 months
c) More than 4 months
d) More than 6 months
b) 1-3 months
41
Obesity, family history, gestational diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol are all risks for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Obesity, family history, gestational diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol are all risks for **Type 2 diabetes**
42
What is the renal threshold for blood glucose level below which all glucose filtered at the glomerulus are reabsorbed?
a) 7 mmol/L
b) 9 mmol/L
c) 11 mmol/L
d) 13 mmol/L
c) 11 mmol/L
43
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is defined as women who had diabetes during pregnancy.
a) Gestational diabetes
b) Type 1 diabetes
c) Type 2 diabetes
d) Type 1 & 2 diabetes
a) Gestational diabetes
44
Most of the patients with _______ diabetes have a deficiency of insulin.
Most of the patients with **type 1** diabetes have a deficiency of insulin.
45
In pancreatic beta cells, The ________ channel has to open as a response of the blockage/inhibition of the __________ channels and that leads to the release of insulin from its granule.
In pancreatic beta cells, The **calcium** channel has to open as a response of the blockage of the **potassium** channel and that leads to the release of insulin from its granule.
46
Diabetes Mellitus is a disease in which the body doesn’t produce or properly use insulin, leading to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Diabetes Mellitus is a disease in which the body doesn’t produce or properly use insulin, leading to **hyperglycaemia**
47
A negative urine dipstick test **(does/does not)** exclude a Diabetes mellitus diagnosis
A negative urine dipstick test **does not** exclude a Diabetes mellitus diagnosis
48
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ & ___________ hormones increase renal sodium reabsorption (hypernatremia) and decrease potassium renal reabsorption (hypokalemia)
**Aldosterone & cortisol** hormones increase renal sodium reabsorption (hypernatremia) and decrease potassium renal reabsorption (hypokalemia)
49
Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood glucose level by signalling the _____ , _______ and _____ cells to take in glucose from the blood to be used for energy.
Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood glucose level by signalling the **liver, muscle and fat cells** to take in glucose from the blood to be used for energy.
50
There could be more potassium in serum than in plasma due to _____________ during coagulation process.
There could be more potassium in serum than in plasma due to **rupture of palettes** during coagulation process.
51
Polyphagia means ----
a) Hunger
b) Thirst
c) Frequent urination
d) Weight loss
a) Hunger
52
Type 2 diabetes is usually linked to the following EXCEPT
a) active lifestyle
b) high calorie intake
c) obesity
d) sedentary lifestyle
a) active lifestyle
53
The body’s response to blood sugar requires the coordination of an array of mechanisms. any damage to the ______ cells, which produce \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, will lead to increased levels of blood glucose.
The body’s response to blood sugar requires the coordination of an array of mechanisms. any damage to the **beta cells**, which produce **insulin**, will lead to increased levels of blood glucose.
54
Polyuria means ----
a) Hunger
b) Thirst
c) Frequent urination
d) Weight loss
c) Frequent urination
55
a urea, creatinine & electrolytes blood test can predict any overt decline in ______ function
a urea, creatinine & electrolytes blood test can predict any overt decline in **GFR function**
56
The following triad: **hyperglycemia, acidemia and ketosis**, is termed \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
The following triad: hyperglycemia, acidemia and ketosis, is termed **diabetic ketoacidosis**
57
intake of _______ will allow a recovery from diabetic ketoacidosis
intake of insulin will allow a recovery from diabetic ketoacidosis
58
State two reasons for plasma pseudohyperkalemia.
Hemolysis, tissue injury, phlebotomy, leucocytosis, rupture of platelets, K2EDTA tube, store at 4 degrees
59
Glucagon generally elevates the concentration of glucose in the blood by promoting gluconeogenesis and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
a) Glycogenesis
b) Glycogenolysis
c) Glycolysis
b) Glycogenolysis
60
An HbA1c blood test is used to measure __________ control
An HbA1c blood test is used to measure **glycaemic control**
61
If the body has sufficient energy, insulin signals the **(3 locations)** tissues to take up glucose and store it as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
If the body has sufficient energy, insulin signals the **liver, muscle & adipose tissues** to take up glucose and store it as **glycogen**
62
Diabetic ketoacidosis is usually in type \_\_, whereas hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma is usually in type \_\_.
Diabetic ketoacidosis is usually in **type 1**, whereas hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma is usually in **type 2.**
63
Leukocytosis, phelobotomy and hemolysis of blood samples are all possible reasons for?
Pseudohyperkalemia
64
Patients who have insulin resistance + dysfunctional cells are diagnosed to be diabetic with type \_\_\_
Patients who have insulin resistance + dysfunctional cells are diagnosed to be diabetic with **type 2**
65
what adrenal hormone stimulates gluconeogenesis and gluconeogenic enzymes to cause hyperglycemia?
cortisol
66
What is the renal threshold for blood glucose level below which all glucose filtered at the glomerulus are reabsorbed?
11 mmol/L
67
What symptoms make up the **triad** of diabetic ketoacidosis?
1. Hyperglycemia
2. ketosis
3. metabolic acidosis
68
Normal blood glucose levels are between __________ mmol/L.
Normal blood glucose levels are between **4 - 7.8 mmol/L.**
69
name the characteristics associated the type of diabetes:
* Middle aged, elderly
* Usually overweight/obese
* Family history usual
* Symptoms may be present for months/years
* Do not present with diabetic coma
* Insulin not necessarily required
* Previous diabetes in pregnancy
T2D
70
What are the two organs/cells that don’t need the presence of insulin to uptake glucose?
Brain & liver cells
71
There could be more potassium in _________ than in ___________ due to rupture of platelets during the coagulation process.
There could be more potassium in **serum** than in **plasma** due to rupture of platelets during the coagulation process.
72
The glycolytic phosphorylation of glucose causes a rise in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. This rise inactivates the ________ channel that depolarizes the membrane, causing the calcium channel to open up allowing calcium ions to flow inward.
The glycolytic phosphorylation of glucose causes a rise in the **ATP/ADP ratio**. This rise inactivates the **Potassium** **channel** that depolarizes the membrane, causing the calcium channel to open up allowing calcium ions to flow inward.
73
In type __ diabetes, Insulin levels may be normal, elevated or depressed
In type 2 diabetes, Insulin levels may be normal, elevated or depressed
74
Lack of insulin and increase of other hormones such as _________ can cause hyperglycemia:
a) T3 & T4
b) Cortisol and Adrenaline
c) Adrenaline
d) Cortisol
e) Oestrogen and Progesterone
b) Cortisol and Adrenaline
75
Common clinical biochemistry tests in diabetic diagnosis/management are all the following EXCEPT \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
a) HbA1c
b) Liver tests
c) Plasma/blood glucose
d) Plasma lipids
e) Renal function tests
b) Liver tests
76
What do you expect the potassium level to be when blood is hemolysed?
high - Pseudohyperkalemia
77
what adrenal hormone stimulates gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis and lipolysis to cause hyperglycemia?
adrenaline/epinephrine
78
HbA1c is more reliable than normal blood glucose test because \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
a) It gives an average of blood glucose for up to 1 week
b) It gives an average of blood glucose for up to 3 weeks
c) It gives an average of blood glucose for up to 3 months
d) It is inexpensive
c) It gives an average of blood glucose for up to 3 months
79
albumin detected in blood (microalbuminuria) via a urine test is a predictor of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
albumin detected in blood (microalbuminuria) via a urine test is a predictor of **nephropathy (kidney disease)**
80
type __ diabetes is insulin dependent, whereas type __ diabetes is not insulin dependent.
**Type 1** diabetes is insulin dependent, whereas **type 2** diabetes is not insulin dependent.
81
Insulin secretion in beta cells is triggered by rising blood ______ levels. Starting with the uptake of glucose by the _______ transporter in the liver.
Insulin secretion in beta cells is triggered by rising blood **glucose** levels. Starting with the uptake of glucose by the **GLUT 2** transporter in the liver.
82
-------------------- is the breakdown of glucose. The initial metabolic pathway of cellular respiration in which a series of reactions happening in the cytosol results in the conversion of a monosaccharide, often glucose, into pyruvic acid, and the concomitant production of a relatively small amount of high-energy molecules, such as ATP (Krebs cycle).
a) Gluconeogenesis
b) Glycolysis
c) Glycogenesis
d) Glycogenolysis
b) Glycolysis
83
Type 1 diabetes is due to a lack of \_\_\_\_\_\_
Type 1 diabetes is due to a lack of **insulin**
84
Diabetes ________ means sweet urine, whereas diabetes _________ means watery urine.
Diabetes **mellitus** means sweet urine, whereas Diabetes **insipidus** means watery urine.
**Diabetes** means large volume of water
**Mellitus** means sweet.
**Diabetes Insipidus** means large urine volume (watery and not sweet). Patients urinate 10-20 L per day and they drink a lot and they are thirsty. It is very rare
85
A rise in levels of ________ in the cell leads to the exocytotic release of insulin from the insulin storage granules.
A rise in levels of **calcium** in the cell leads to the exocytotic release of insulin from the insulin storage granules.
86
The reference range of potassiumin plasma, is normally \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
The reference range of potassiumin plasma, is normally **3.5 - 4.5 mmol/L**
87
In general we can say that insulin favours ________ reactions; more simply, insulin favours _______ energy and production of proteins and lipids.
In general we can say that insulin favours **anabolic reactions**; more simply, insulin favours **storing energy** and production of proteins and lipids.
88
The reference range of sodium in plasma, is normally \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
The reference range of sodium in plasma, is normally **135 - 145 mmol/L**
89
a **lipids blood test (chol, trig, LDL & HDL)** is used to assess the risk of __________ disease
a lipids blood test (chol, trig, LDL & HDL) is used to assess the risk of **macrovascular disease (coronary heart disease & stroke)**
90
Lack of insulin leads to a marked increase in the rate of lipolysis in _________ due to a lack of inhibition of _____________ by insulin.
Lack of insulin leads to a marked increase in the rate of lipolysis in **adipose tissue** due to a lack of inhibition of **hormone sensitive lipase** by insulin.
91
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ stimulates gluconeogenesis, whereas __________ stimulates gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis.
a) Adrenaline
b) Cortisol
**Cortisol** stimulates gluconeogenesis, whereas **Adrenalin** stimulates gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis.
92
Diabetes __________ means watery urine
**Diabetes insipidus** means watery urine
93
The body’s response to blood sugar requires the coordination of an array of mechanisms. Failure of any one component involved in ______ regulation, secretion, uptake or breakdown can lead to the build-up of _______ in the blood.
The body’s response to blood sugar requires the coordination of an array of mechanisms. Failure of any one component involved in **insulin** regulation, secretion, uptake or breakdown can lead to the build-up of **glucose** in the blood.
94
Hyperosmolar non-ketoic coma is high blood glucose as in ketoacidosis, but without increased _______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Hyperosmolar non-ketoic coma is high blood glucose as in ketoacidosis, but without increased **ketones and acidosis.**
95
HbA1c was used to monitor and gives an average of blood glucose level for a period of
HbA1c was used to monitor and gives an average of blood glucose level for a period of **1-3 months**
96
Type 2 diabetes is due to ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Type 2 diabetes is due to **insulin resistance.**
97
Diabetic ketoacidosis results from a shortage of insulin; in response the body switches to burning _________ and producing acidic \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Diabetic ketoacidosis results from a shortage of insulin; in response the body switches to burning **fatty acids** and producing acidic **ketone bodies.**
98
Failure to take food after insulin can cause similar effect to an overdose of insulin, which can cause \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Failure to take food after insulin can cause similar effect to an overdose of insulin, which can cause **hypoglycaemia.**
99
Heart arrest or no heartbeat could be due to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Heart arrest or no heartbeat could be due to **Hyperkalemia**
100
diabetes _________ patients can urinate 10 - 20L of watery urine per day
diabetes insipidus patients can urinate 10 - 20L of watery urine per day
101
* Storing energy as glycogen
* Production of proteins
* Production of lipids
are all stimulated by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
insulin
102
Above a BMI of _____ the risk to type 2 diabetes increases.
a) 15-20
b) 20-25
c) 25-30
d) Over 30
c) 25-30
103
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the earliest sign of diabetic renal disease.
**Micoralbuminuria** is the earliest sign of diabetic renal disease.
104
the common clinical biochemistry diagnostic test to assess indications of **nephropathy** (kidney disease) and other complications is...
Urinary albumin (microalbuminuria). Initially to detect small amounts of albumin in the urine
105
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a polypeptide hormone that travels around the bloodstream. Binding of insulin to the _______ leads to increased _______ uptake by the cell.
**insulin** is a polypeptide hormone that travels around the bloodstream. Binding of insulin to the **receptor** leads to increased **glucose** uptake by the cell.
106
why should the T1 diabetes patient eat something immediately after a shot of insulin?
eliminate the risk of overdose, causing hypoglycaemia
107
Normal blood glucose levels are between:
a) 1.0–5.8 mmol/L
b) 2.0–7.8 mmol/L
c) 4.0–7.8 mmol/L
d) 5.0–8.8 mmol/L
e) 9.0 –11 mmol/L
c) 4.0–7.8 mmol/L
108
Results ≥ ____ mmol/L on **random blood glucose samples** require further investigation.
Results **≥ 7.8 mmol/L** on random blood glucose samples require further investigation.
109
What is the normal range of plasma glucose In mmol/L for a normal person when **fasted** and after 2 hours of OGTT?
(oral glucose tolerance test)
fasted = 3.5 - 5.5
after 2 hours of OGTT = less than 7
(during an OGTT, patient consumes a controlled glucose solution)
110
In general, an increase in potassium is associated with acidosis. Exceptions are in case of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
In general, an increase in potassium is associated with acidosis. Exceptions are in case of **diarrhoea/vomitting**
(because both bicarbonate and potassium are lost)
111
The healthy person has plasma glucose level at ______ mmol/L in fasting state.
a) 2 – 3
b) 3.5 – 5.5
c) 5.6 – 6.9
d) \> 7
b) 3.5 – 5.5
112
in T2 diabetes patients, hyperglycaemia without upregulation of ketone body production via lipolysis will lead to a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
in T2 diabetes patients, hyperglycaemia without upregulation of ketone body production will lead to a **hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma**
113
Can glucosuria be used to diagnose diabetes?
NO
114
What is the alternative recommended test by the International Expert Committee if HbA1C is not possible?
a) Cholesterol
b) FPG or 2HPG
c) Liver functions
d) Plasma lipids
e) Renal functions
b) FPG or 2HPG
(fasting plasma glucose or 2 hour plasma glucose)
115
name the characteristics associated the type of diabetes:
* Young age
* Normal BMI, not obese
* No immediate family history
* Short duration of symptoms (weeks)
* Can present with diabetic coma (diabetic ketoacidosis)
* Insulin required
T1D
116
Obese people are in risk to type __ diabetes.
Obese people are in risk to type 2 diabetes.
117
**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** syndrome is characterised by hypoaldosteronism.
**Addisons syndrome** is characterised by hypoaldosteronism.
118
the common clinical biochemistry diagnostic test to assess risk of **macrovascular disease** (coronary heart disease & stroke) is...
plasma lipids including total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL & HDL cholesterol,
119
Insulin upregulates the amount of Na/K pumps at the cell membrane, this causes a downregulation in the amount of __________ channels at the cell membrane
this inhibtion of _________ channels prevent excess _________ secretion
Insulin upregulates the amount of Na/K pumps at the cell membrane, this causes a downregulation in the amount of **calcium** channels at the cell membrane
this inhibition of **calcium** channels prevent excess **insulin** secretion
120
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is more often found in type ____ than type ___ diabetics
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is more often found in **type 1 than type 2 diabetics**
121
kussmaul breathing is a compensatory mechanism during diabetic ketoacidosis where the patient will hyperventilate in order to remove ______ from the body to help normalise \_\_\_\_
kussmaul breathing is a compensatory mechanism during diabetic ketoacidosis where the patient will hyperventilate in order to remove **CO2** from the body to help normalise **pH**
122
1. restoring the patients fluid volume with an intravenous drip
2. administering insulin
3. administering potassium to correct the body defecit and in anticipation of the uptake of potassium by the cells once insulin is administered
are the steps required to treat \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
diabetic ketoacidosis
