Wk 4: Immunology Flashcards

Question

Type III hypersensitivity rxn: give examples

Answer 1

1) Rheumatoid arthritis 2) Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis 3) Systemic lupus erythematosus

Answer 2

Type III hypersensitivity rxn

Answer 3

1) T-cell mediated (not antibody mediated) 2) T-cells overreact to antigens which leads to exaggerated immune response, inflammation, tissue damage 3) Delayed rxn (takes days to develop)

Answer 4

1) Allergic contact dermatitis 2) Type 1 DM: pancreatic beta cell destruction 3) Inflammatory bowel disease

Answer 5

I) Allergic, anaphylaxis, and atopy II) antiBody III) immune Complex IV) Delayed

Answer 6

1) Overreactive immune system; T-cell and B-cell activity leading to harmful processes against own tissues 3) Elevated inflammatory markers (ESR/CRP) -Elevated WBCs -Elevated antibodies sometimes

Answer 7

1) Inadequate immune system 2) Frequent, opportunistic, or exaggerated infections -Decreased WBCs, decreased antibodies

Answer 8

Many disorders: -Clinical experience uncommon (disease is rare or patient dies from the disease) -Grouping and memorization is difficult -Pathology and testing varies widely

Answer 9

1) Virus that leads to progressive immune system failure, increasing risk of infections and cancers 2) CD4 (“cluster of differentiation 4”)

Answer 10

1) Important in signaling CD8 which aids cytotoxic T cells 2) Progressive reduction in CD4+ T cells

Answer 11

1) Not a direct test of HIV but used to measure progress 2) Lower CD4 counts mean increased risk of opportunistic infections -Increase in CD4 counts indicate successful treatment 3) Relatively significant variation in normal values even in a single person 4) CD4 count below 200 = AIDS

Answer 12

1) **HIV differentiation immunoassay (HIV serology)**: -Confirms HIV and distinguishes type; many types of tests 2) ELISA: Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay -Detect antibody to HIV and others 3) CBC: Leukopenia, lymphopenia -Thrombocytopenia: infections can suppress bone marrow

Answer 13

**HIV RNA quantification (HIV viral load)**: Quantifies HIV RNA in patients after diagnosis is confirmed -Used with CD4 count to direct treatment approach

Answer 14

1) Surface antigens on erythrocytes 2) Human erythrocytes have inherited antigens of A, B, or both A and B -Or lack of AB surface antigens (O)

Answer 15

1) Anti-B antibodies 2) Anti-A antibodies 3) No antibodies 4) Anti-A and anti-B antibodies

Answer 16

1) Rhesus monkeys 2) Antibodies to the antigen do not occur naturally, developed after first exposure in Rh- individuals to Rh+ blood

Answer 17

1) Exposure to incompatible blood 2) Two antigen-antibody reactions

Answer 18

1) **Recipient’s plasma antibodies vs donor’s erythrocyte antigens** -Agglutination reaction (clumping) and hemolysis of RBCs -Can be fatal -Blocks vessels, released Hgb can block kidneys causing acute kidney failure 2) **Donor’s plasma antibodies vs recipient’s erythrocyte antigens** -Less important because donor’s antibodies are diluted by recipient’s plasma, causing little RBC damage

Answer 19

1) Checks your blood for antibodies against RBCs (jaundice, anemia) 2) Aka antiglobulin tests (AGT); animal (rabbit) injected with human plasma. Develops anti-human antibodies. -Antibodies against human antibodies = “Coombs reagent” 3) RBCs and plasma separated

Answer 20

1) Direct: Tests the RBCs to detect antibodies -“Are there antibodies against RBCs in this patient?” 2) Indirect: Tests the serum to detect antibodies -“What are those antibodies attacking?” -Only used in gravid women and testing prior to blood transfusion “Type & Screen"

Answer 21

1) Confirms immune-mediate hemolytic anemia 2) Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, transfusion reaction, HDN, etc

Answer 22

1) Coombs reagent added to patient’s RBCs “Are there antibodies attacking this patient’s RBCs?” 2) Yes: Coombs reagent will bind to the antibodies attacking RBCs = clumping =+DAT 3) No: no clumping = -DAT

Answer 23

1) Patient’s serum is systematically exposed to RBCs with predetermined antigens 2) Ex: Serum with RBCs of types A B AB X Y Z etc -If AB and A antigen tests result in clumping but not B or O then we know there are anti-A antibodies in patient’s plasma

Answer 24

1) Tests that result in clumping confirm presence of antibodies against those antigens 2) There are anti-A antibodies in patient’s plasma

Answer 25

1) Determines ABO grouping and Rh typing 2) Also, other more common antibodies

Answer 26

1) Includes type and screen + adding recipient plasma to donor blood to see if there is a reaction (indirect Coombs test) 2) If there is high likelihood of transfusion 3) Takes about 1 hour. May be skipped in emergencies. -Risk of emergency condition outweighs risk of transfusion reaction -O- blood may be used. Depends on institution’s policies.

Answer 27

1) Not clinically efficient. Most patients require a specific element. 2) Components can be separated and stored under separate ideal conditions.

Answer 28

Very low Hgb, decreased O2 sat, need for additional O2 capacity (chronic anemia, cardiopulmonary disease, acute blood loss)

Answer 29

1) Low platelets at risk of spontaneous bleeding. 2) May be given before high-risk procedures, thresholds for risk and platelet count vary. -try to minimize the number of donors

Answer 30

1) Used for patients with bleeding and clotting factor deficiencies. Typically, INR at least 1.6. 2) Contains clotting factors.

Answer 31

1) FFP is thawed and centrifuged, precipitate is re-frozen. -Fewer total clotting factors but more concentrated with select factors -Factors 8 and 13, fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor 2) More useful than FFP if patient is deficient in those specific factors

Wk 4: Immunology Flashcards

(55 cards)