Wk 5-12

Question 1

Empirical evidence

Answer 1

Scientific evidence provided by published peer review research.

Question 2

Experimental evidence

Answer 2

The experimenter/researcher controls/manipulates the variable(s) under investigation.

Question 3

Parsimony

Answer 3

A hypothesis/theory that explains the situation in the simplest and economical terms

Question 4

Operationalisation of variables

Answer 4

How you measure the variable of interest such as aggression.

Question 5

Falsifiability

Answer 5

A hypothesis where you state conditions, or tests, under which the belief could be tested and even possibly disproved.

Question 6

Hypothesis

Answer 6

A testable explanation(s) of the relationship between two (or more) events or variables.

Question 7

Generalisation

Answer 7

A form of inductive reasoning in which general statements are made about a target population based on observing a sample of that population.

Question 8

Sample

Answer 8

A subset drawn from the population of interest to a study.

Question 9

Population

Answer 9

All people of interest to a study.

Question 10

Independent variable

Answer 10

Presumed cause in an experiment.

Question 11

Dependent variable

Answer 11

Presumed effect in an experiment.

Question 12

Correlation

Answer 12

The relationship between two or more variables arising from the scientific investigation of a testable hypothesis.

Question 13

Causation

Answer 13

A causes B Where no other variable is involved.

Question 14

Perceiving

Answer 14

1. Selecting sensations to pay attention to
2. Organising sensations into design/patterns
3. Interpreting what the above pattern/event means

Question 15

Believing

Answer 15

Interpretations, evaluations, conclusions or predictions about the world that we endorse to be true.

Question 16

Inferences

Answer 16

Going beyond factual information to describe/predict what is currently known.

Question 17

Judgements

Answer 17

Evaluating event(s)/individual(s) based on certain criteria/standard(s) that you believe.

Question 18

Stage 1 Thinking

Answer 18

Individuals see the world in absolute terms of black and white/right or wrong as told to them by the authorities .

Question 19

Stage 2 Thinking

Answer 19

All opinions are the same level as authorities who are fallible.

Question 20

Stage 3 Thinking

Answer 20

Individuals with an open mind who accept perspectives that are supported by persuasive reasons and evidence.

Question 21

Introspection

Answer 21

A form of self deception where an individual examines their own conscious thoughts and feelings.

Question 22

Placebo effect

Answer 22

If treatment and placebo group show comparable outcomes.

Question 23

Treatment effect

Answer 23

If treatment group shows a better outcome than placebo and Control group.

Question 24

Treatment group

Answer 24

A group of individuals who have been randomly selected to receive the treatment.

Question 25

Control group

Answer 25

A group do individuals who have been randomly selected to receive a placebo, or no treatment at all.

Question 26

Causal chain

Answer 26

Where one situation leads to another and another , where it is hard to define the real cause.

Question 27

Contributory causes

Answer 27

A number of simultaneous causes contribute to final effect

Question 28

Interactive causes

Answer 28

Variables may influence (and are influenced ) by other variables in a reciprocal fashion.

Question 29

Deontological reasoning

Answer 29

Moral reasoning from moral norms ( or universally accepted rules).

Question 30

Utilitarian reasoning

Answer 30

Moral reasoning based on the consequences of the situation.

Question 31

Virtue ethics

Answer 31

Moral reasoning based on upholding positive character traits.

Question 32

Social Intuitionist model

Answer 32

Moral reasoning based on automatic processes such as intuition.

Question 33

Inductive reasoning

Answer 33

Reasoning from specific observation to more generalised conclusions.

Question 34

Deductive reasoning

Answer 34

Reasoning from known general reasons to specific traits.

Question 35

Hasty generalisation

Answer 35

Making a general conclusion based in a small and non-representative sample.

Question 36

Sweeping generalisation

Answer 36

Making a general conclusion which is incorrect in a specific instance.

Question 37

False dilemma

Answer 37

Making a general conclusion by being forced to choose between two extreme examples only.

Question 38

Questionable cause

Answer 38

A causal fallacy where a causal relationship is attributed for which no real evidence exists.

Question 39

Misidentification of cause

Answer 39

A casual fallacy where it is difficult to establish what is the cause and what is the effect

Question 40

Post hoc ergo prompter hoc

Answer 40

A causal fallacy where one assumes that because two things occurred close in time to one another, the first event caused the second.

Question 41

Slippery slope

Answer 41

A casual fallacy where one action leads inevitably to a cascade of subsequent outcomes.

Question 42

Fallacies of relevance

Answer 42

Arguments the rely on factors that have little or nothing to do with the argument being made.

Question 43

Syllogisms

Answer 43

Argument form that consists of two supporting premises and a conclusion.

Question 44

Random sampling

Answer 44

Every member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen for the study.

Question 45

Naturalistic observation

Answer 45

A descriptive study that makes use of real-life situations, needing systematic observation.

Question 46

Double blind procedure

Answer 46

Bother participants and experimenter do not know which group receives the drug and who receives the placebo.

Question 47

Spontaneous remission

Answer 47

Some diseases/illnesses resolve on their own.

Question 48

Worried well

Answer 48

People who seek treatment when they are not ill and hence are "cured" but not of anything.

Question 49

Argument

Answer 49

Using thinking where certain statements or reasons are given to sport another statement or conclusion.

Question 50

Valid argument

Answer 50

Where the reasons offered support the conclusion that is made.

Question 51

Application of a general rule

Answer 51

A valid syllogism where Premise 1 makes a general claim about a certain class of people (A); Premise 2 states that an individual X is a member of A; Conclusion: Therefore, Premise 1 is true of individual X.

Question 52

Scientist-practitioner model

Answer 52

Represents the ethical responsibility of psychologists who are trained to critically evaluate empirical research in order to deliver scientifically proven interventions/strategies for their clients.