wk 8 - semantics Flashcards
(9 cards)
Diff betw meronyms VS holonyms
part whole rs
meronym: part of a whole unit eg: wheel
holonym: a whole unit eg: car
- Diff betw meronyms-holonyms and hyponyms-hypernyms: if A (meronyms) is true, B (holonyms) might not be true
- A is a wheel doesn’t mean B is a car
What has the if A is true, B must be true r/s?
A: hyponyms -> B: hypernyms
paraphrases
entailment
What’s the difference between polysemy, homophony, homographs & homonyms?
Polysemy: a word has 2 or more related meanings
- eg: book can mean a physical object youre reading or the act of booking a study room
Homophony: a word has 2 or more entirely distinct meanings
- Don’t need to have the same spelling
- eg: write & right, piece & peace
Homographs: different words with the same spelling
- eg: bow (& arrow) VS bow (bend at the waist)
Homonyms: words that has 2 or more entirely distinct meanings + different words w the same spelling
What creates lexical ambiguity?
- polysemy & homophony
- a word/phrase that has 2 or more meanings
What’s entailment?
- if A is true, B is true
- ONLY WORKS in 1 direction: A -> B
- if A is false, B can be true/false = NO Entailment
Whats presupposition?
- r/s betw sentence A & B such that B is the background context for A
- eg: “Sarah’s brother is a chef.”
Presupposition: Sarah has a brother. - eg “He stopped smoking.”
Presupposition: He used to smoke.
A: Jane loves her husband
B: Jane is married
- if A is negated: Jane does not love her husband, Jane is still married
- remain even when sentence is negated.
Original: “John’s sister is kind.”
Presupposition: John has a sister.
Negated: “John’s sister is not kind.”
Presupposition remains: John still has a sister, even though her kindness is now denied.
What’s the difference between connotation & denotation?
Connotation:
- Implied or Emotional Meaning
- emotional, cultural, or social associations it evokes, which may vary depending on context or personal experience.
- can be positive, negative, or neutral and are often subjective
Denotation:
- explicit, dictionary, objective meaning that refers to the actual object or concept
- all speakers of a language agree on regardless of context or emotional overtones.
What’s the difference between extension & intension?
Extension:
- all things in the real world (referents) that the term applies to.
- list of members
- Example (Dog) = All individual dogs in the world
Intension/sense:
- mental images, intrinsic meaning
- characteristics that define a concept
- concept or idea associated with it—the set of attributes or features that something must have to fit the meaning of the term
Example (Dog) = A mammal with specific attributes like barking, four legs, etc.
Extension of “cat”: All actual cats, like your neighbor’s Siamese or the lions in Africa.
Intension of “cat”: The conceptual qualities that define a cat—feline characteristics, like being a carnivorous mammal with retractable claws, etc.
Extension relates to real-world instances, while intension is about the criteria or properties that make something identifiable as part of that category.
Whats shifting reference?
Reference is diff for each speaker & sentence
