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PSYC2020 Q3 > Wk 9 - Attention > Flashcards

Wk 9 - Attention Flashcards

1
Q

Four common concepts in attention (plus describe)

A

Selectivity (spatial, auditory, temporal) - allocating resources to specific stimulus
Capacity - perceptual resources have limits, can’t process all sensations
Expectation - guides movement of attention
Switching - between focal stimuli, can’t do two at once

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2
Q

Define attention (x1)

A

Processes that enable recruitment of resources for processing selected aspects of incoming sensory info more fully than non-selected aspects

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3
Q

Two components of attention that we highlight in this course

A

Recruitment of resources

Focussing them on selected aspects of sensory input

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4
Q

Selectivity involves overt vs covert deployment of attention through… (x2)

A

Eye movement or

Moving attention, but not eyes (eg auditory attention)

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5
Q

Divided attention results in… (x3)

A

Loss of fine detail
Ability to detect big changes
Need for switching/moving spotlight around

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6
Q

Early vs late attention selection theories have been tested through…(x1)

A

Dichotic listening/shadowing tasks

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7
Q

Dichotic listening tests of attention involve…(x2)

Resulting in…(x1)

A

Ps told to ignore input to one ear
And to repeat what they hear in other
Ignored ear = loss of detail, semantic content

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8
Q

It’s now thought that early vs late selection of attention relies on…(x2)

A

Whether the perceptual load is high (early) or low (late

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9
Q

Stages of early selection/high perceptual load attention selelction (x5)

A

Sensory input (vision, audition, somatosensory etc)
Sensory registration
Attentional bottleneck, THEN
Perceptual analysis - semantic meaning
Higher analysis - awareness, response selection

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10
Q

Stages of late selection/low perceptual load attention selelction (x5)

A

Sensory input (vision, audition, somatosensory etc)
Sensory registration
Perceptual analysis - semantic meaning, THEN
Attentional bottleneck,
Higher analysis - awareness, response selection

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11
Q

Effects of practice on attention selectivity (x4)

A

The more practiced a task gets, less attention you need to give it
When load is high, only the big stuff gets through
But during easy or well practiced task, bottleneck moves down, more bits of info get through -
Deeper processing enabled, more semantic meaning extracted

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12
Q

Inattention paradigm allows investigation of…(x1)

A

What visual features (location, colour, number, shape) can be processed without visual attention

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13
Q

Inattention paradigm involves… (x4)

Finding that…(x1)

A

Lines of crosses differ slightly, have to decide which for three trials
Fourth trial, object appears unexpectedly in one quadrant
Then stopped the Ps to ask if they’d spotted anything
If yes, what, where, colour shape etc?
They could report location, decent at colour, half right on how many objects, worsening through what shape it was

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14
Q

Inattention paradigm results allow us to conclude that…(x2)

A

Number, shape etc require you to deploy attention consciously
Location and colour are more automatic processing

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15
Q

Visual spatial attention involves…(x4)

A

Directing the fovea over the scene -
Shifting attention
Spotlight
Zoom lens

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16
Q

Two methods for finding object in scene

A

Serial search

Parallel search

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17
Q

The Posner cuing paradigm reveals that…(x2)

A

Expect enhanced processing in the attended area, but

Likely to be a cost with the unattended area receiving less processing.

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18
Q

The Posner cuing paradigm involves…(x6)

Finding, concluding that…(x2)

A

Ps on particular trial, fixate on middle of display, target can be presented on either side
ID target as fast as possible
Neutral trial, no info on which side it may appear
Valid trial tells you correctly which side target may appear (an arrow on screen)
Invalid trial lies to you
Manipulate trust in invalid ones, by giving valid 80% of the time
Findings of RT neutral is the baseline, benefit for valid trial , and cost for invalid one
Implication that you move your attention, then have to move it back to correct side

19
Q

Voluntary attention shifts are driven by …(x2)

A

Endogenous cues

We must push it from central cue to cued location

20
Q

Involuntary attention shifts are driven by…(x4)

A

Exogenous cues
Attention drawn to location of cue
Usually flash, movement
Can’t be ignored (involuntary)

21
Q

Three components of shifting attention (plus describe)

Therefor…(x1)

A

Disengagement - from current target
Movement - must direct to new
Engagement - reengage with new object
Requires coordination of three separate brain areas

22
Q

The spotlight metaphor of attention is supported by…(x5)

A

Posner cuing data
Rate of motion = 8ms/degree
Trajectory: “illuminates” regions along its trajectory.
Size = 1 degree
Unitary: spotlight cannot be divided in two.

23
Q

The zoom-lens metaphor of attention is that…(x3)

And is supported by evidence from…(x1)

A

Attention has variable spatial scope, but
Wider the field, coarser the detail
Narrow field for fine resolution
Local/Global tasks

24
Q

Local vs global attention is tested by…(x2)

A

Having larger letters/numbers made up of either in/congruent smaller letters/numbers, and
Measuring RT for identifying particular figure

25
Q

Findings of local/global tasks show that…(x2)

A

Those who are predominantly local processes, global processing is poorer
Autistic are quicker at local than global – default strategy, when you coach/cue them, they can overcome it. A tendency rather than deficit

26
Q

Distributed attention features…(x3)

A

Parallel processing, and
Visual pop-out
Simultaneous processing over whole visual field

27
Q

Focussed attention features…(x2)

A

Serial processing

Over a series of fixations covering different visual field regions

28
Q

Search/reaction times for parallel vs serial search..(x2)

A

No RT change for additional distractors if target defined by single feature (parallel/pop-out)
Conjunctions (eg colour, orientation) increase RT, esp with additional distractors

29
Q

Cognitive tunnelling reveals…(x1)

As shown in application to…(x5)

A

Inattention blindness
Aviation heads-up displays:
Graphics displays on the window – pilot is looking there already
Matching runway outline on screen with RL runway helps land correctly
Tested on simulator, pilot is committed, and going to land on the plane that is across his view
= attention deployed on windscreen, but blind to what is happening in 3D space

30
Q

Inattention blindness is…(x1)

A

Failure to notice aspects in scene/environment due to attention being occupied with particular element

31
Q

Change blindness is…(x2)

A

Similar to inattention blindness

Failure to notice changes that you’re not focussed on

32
Q

The Stroop effect is seen when…(x1)

A

Conflicts between semantic identity of word and its colour interfere with word naming speed

33
Q

The Stroop effect suggests that..(x1)
Which is consistent with..(x1)
And the effect can extend to…(x1)

A

We have little control over what we can selectively attend to in a given object
Late selection theory
Pictures, eg ‘foot’ inside hand silhouette

34
Q

Neural involvement in attention has been shown in study involving…(x2)
Finding…(x3)

A

ERP recorded over right occipital cortex
Ps covertly attends to right/left of fixation point
Greater magnitude of response to valid cues
Invalid ones decrease it
Implying it’s attention driving the differences

35
Q

Attentional research using single cell recording in V4 in monkeys involved..(x2)
Finding…(x3

A

Trained to fixate on certain points, and nothing to direct attention to face in periphery
Recording at high level in visual stream (several stages after V1 - thought to do complex patterns, eg faces)
Increases response
Attending modulates neural firing at these high levels
Eg orientation detector in V1 not affected by same conditions

36
Q

fMRI study of voluntary spatial attention involved…(x1)

Finding…(x2)

A

Imaging Ps while fixated on central point, with vague pattern in periphery
More activity in V1with increased activation
Also increased activity when pattern was absent too – directing of attention ‘got the V1 ready’ for activation

37
Q

Three brain regions involved in attention (plus action)

A

Posterior parietal lobe - disengagement
Superior colliculus - movement
Pulvinar - enhancement

38
Q 
Spatial neglect (hemi-neglect) is...
Caused by...(x2)
A

Inability to perceive one half of space
Damage to parietal lobe
Worse for right than left parietal

39
Q

Patterns of testing results for those with spatial neglect…(x4)

A

Copying test – draw (half) copy of the flower
Draw a clock – know there has to be 12 numbers, so put them all on one side
Line bisection – as Ps to divide line in half, neglect of left side leads to bias toward the right
Line crossing – ask them to cross off all lines, neglect only does the ones on the right side

40
Q

Ps with spatial neglect don’t know…(x1)

Because (x1)

A

That there’s bits missing from eg drawing, until their attention is drawn to it
Brain is filling in the rest (as with scotoma/blindsight)

41
Q

The problem of extinction in spatial attention is…(x3)

With differing pattern of tested deficit…(x2)

A

Lower level deficit than spatial neglect
Ps has lesion, can ID target in left/right fields in isolation, but
If simultaneous, difficulty disengaging from first, in order to shift attention to other
Links to line crossing demo – attention is held by crosses, unable to shift focus
But if erasing lines instead, those with extinction can eliminate the lines across whole page

42
Q

PET studies into parietal involvement in attention have involved…(x2)
Finding that…(x2)

A

Ingestion of radioactive isotope, how much gets absorbed by the brain during activity…
Ps told to attend to left visual field
Gives right parietal lobe engagement, little left parietal activity
Attending to right visual field gives increased activity in both left and right

43
Q

PET studies into parietal involvement in attention have led to conclusions that…(x3)

A

Right parietal deploys to both fields, left parietal only involved for right
So lesions on left lobe, right can take over = less debilitating
Right parietal damage, left doesn’t pick up the slack

PSYC2020 Q3 (4 decks)

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