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Wk1-2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an animal?

A

Animas are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers

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2
Q

What are the main characteristics of an animal?

A

Nutritional mode
Cell structure & specialisation
Reproduction and development

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3
Q

What is a vertebrate?

A

Animals that belong to the Phylum Chordata that have vertebral column (also called backbone) and specialized sensory organs are considered vertebrates

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4
Q

Phylum Chordata

A

1) A dorsal, hollow nerve cord
2) A notochord – a flexible, longitudinal rod located between the digestive tract and the nerve cord
3) Pharyngeal slits – gill structures in the pharynx, the region of the digestive tube just behind the mouth
4) A post-anal tail – a tail to the rear of the anus

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5
Q

3 categories of terrestrial foragers

A

Arboreal (in trees)

Aerial

Fossorial (underground)

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6
Q

Name a benefit of classification of organisms with unique binomial name and genus species?

A

Aids to explain evolutionary relationships

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7
Q

Phylogeny shows

A

A groups evolutionary history

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8
Q

Are all chordates vertebrates?

A

No

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9
Q

During which period of evolution did the first mammals and birds appear in Australia?

A

Cretaceous period

In the rest of the world it appeared during the Triassic period

  • Australia is different has it has been isolated for a very long time (continental drift)
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10
Q

What are the two main groups of vertebrates distinguished by innovation in embryonic development?

A

Amniotes and Non-Amniotes

The division between non-amniotes and amniotes corresponds roughly to aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates, although few fish and amphibians lay non-amniotic eggs in nest on land

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11
Q

Amniotes

A

Characterised by the existence of a structure during embryonic development that consists of 3 membranes that are able to provide protection, nutrition and exchange of oxygen to the embryo itself. These 3 membranes come form the inside of the embryo and are a huge evolutionary improvement.

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12
Q

Amniotic egg

A

Chorion: With the allantois membrane, exchange of gases between the embryo and the air

Amnion: Protects the embryo in a fluid-filled cavity that cushions against mechanical shock

Allantois: Disposal of metabolic wastes

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13
Q

Main obstacles from water to land

A
  1. Egg desiccation
    Solution: Amniotic egg (waterproof eggshell that prevents eggs from drying out before they’ve hatched)
  2. Respiration
    Solution: Gas exchange was transferred from gills to lungs that evolved from the swimmer bladder
  3. Gravity (different density)
    Solution: Limbs evolved from fins. Vertebrates were modified to transmit their body weight through the limbs to the ground
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14
Q

Hagfish

A

No skeleton

No notochord in adults

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15
Q

Brief order of evolution (most primitive vertebrates - most evolved)

A

Hagfish

Lamprey

Cartilaginous fishes/Bony fishes

Amphibians

Reptiles

Birds

Mammals

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16
Q

Lampreys

A

Early version of a vertebral column

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17
Q

Cartilaginous fishes/ Bony fishes

A

Powerful jaws (sharks and fishes)

Bony skeleton reinforced by calcium and flexible cartilaginous skeleton

Lateral line (system of sense organs that are able to detect movement and changes in pressure in the surrounding water, help them to judge their environment and catch prey)

Swim bladder (helps fish to stay buoyant in water)

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18
Q

Amphibians

A

Tetrapod’s (four-limbed vertebrates)

Deposit eggs in the water

Aquatic larvae

Moist skin

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19
Q

Reptiles

A

Ectotherms (absorb heat from outside)

Waterproof skin covered by scales

Breathe through their lungs

Amniotic eggs

20
Q

Birds

A

Endotherms (derives heat from own metabolism)

Light skeleton with bones

Specialised air sacks for flight

Gizzard to grind food, no teeth

Feathers made of keratin providing insulation and enable flight

21
Q

Mammals

A

Various embryo development. Most embryos develop in uterus

Hair and subcutaneous fat (to help retain metabolic heat)

Mammary glands (produce milk rich in macronutrients and vitamins)

Differentiation of teeth (for efficient foraging)

22
Q

Animals are categorised according to….

A

General features of morphology and developement

23
Q

Tissues are

A

Groups of specialised cells with similar origin and a similar specific function

24
Q

1st branch of phylogeny distinguishes…

A

Sponges form all other animals based on structural complexity

  • Lack true tissues
25
2nd branch of phylogeny divides animals based on...
Body symmetry Radial vs Bilateral
26
3rd branch of phylogeny division is divides animals based on
Embryonic tissues Animal embryos have germ layers of embryonic tissues Germ layers are a group of cells in an embryo that interact with each as the embryo develops and contribute to the development of tissues and organs Diploblastic: Animals that have 2 germ layers Triploblastic: Animals that have 3 germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm – A body cavity may be present or absent (can originate a body cavity)
27
Triploblastic animals can be divided into
Acoelomates: No body cavity Pseudocoelomates: Body cavity from blastocoel (false body cavity – body cavity filled with liquid) Coelomate: true body cavity derived from mesoderm, allows organs to be organised. They are attached and can move freely but stops organs from piling on top of each other (chordates are coelomates)
28
Triploblastic animals
Animals that have 3 germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm – A body cavity may be present or absent (can originate a body cavity)
29
Diploblastic animals
Animals that only have 2 germ layers
30
Protostome
molluscs and annelids Cleavage at 8 cell stage is spiral and determinate Solid masses of mesoderm split and form coelom Mouth develops from blastopore
31
Deuterostome
Echinoderms and chordates Cleavage at eight cell stage is Radial and indeterminate Folds of archenteron form coelom Anus develops from blastopore
32
Summary Chordates - division branches 1-3
1st branch = have tissues 2nd branch = have bilateral symmetry 3rd branch – are triploblastic deuterostomes
33
Evolution of 1st vertebrates - Gnathostomes (jawed mouth)
Food filters are modified to form gills (new feeding strategies e.g. biting, tearing) 1st gill arch becomes upper and lower jaws (new food sources e.g. herbivores, carnivores) 2nd gill arch moves forward to clamp the jaws (improved gill ventilation)
34
Evolution of muscles and fins
Lampreys: Myomeres W-shaped Amphioxus: Myomeres V-shaped Sharks and bony fish: Myomeres more complexly folded + fins - Advantage in controlling 3D environments - Enhances the development of active pursuit strategies in predatory fish
35
Circulatory system in fish
Single circuit The heart is a tube with 2 chambers: 1 atrium and 1 ventricle The evolution of gills resulted in a low systemic circulation
36
Circulatory system in amphibians
Double circuit The heart has 3 chambers: 2 atriums and 1 ventricle (no septum) The evolution of lungs resulted in a pulmocutaneous and a systemic circuit
37
Circulatory system in reptiles
Double circuit Pulmonary and systemic circulation The heart is a tube with 3 chambers: there is only one ventricle that allows some blood mixing (incomplete septum) Two arteries that lead to the systemic circuits Crocodiles have 4 chambers (like birds and mammals)
38
Circulatory system in mammals
Double circuit: the left ventricle receives and pumps oxygen rich blood while the right side handles only oxygen poor blood. NO BLOOD MIXING Efficient gas transport essential for movement and endothermy (the organism regulates its own body temperature)
39
Gas Exchange
is the delivery of O2 and removal of CO2
40
Respiration
Is the metabolic process that occurs in the cells and produces ATP
41
Breathing
is the ventilation process that enables us to inhale O2 and exhale CO2
42
Respiration in amphibians
Inspiration - bucal cavity expands, air is drawn into buccal cavity from outside and into lungs Expiration - Bucal cavity contracts, air is forced out of nostrils, air is forced into lungs (some mixing)
43
What lead to cephalisation of the brain?
Bilateral symmetry
44
Forebrain
Receives and integrates sensory information from nose, eyes and ears
45
Midbrain
Coordinates reflex responses to sight and sound
46
Hindbrain
coordinates the reflex control of blood circulation, respiration and sensory input

ANSC2005 (18 decks)

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