WK14 ( CH24) Ergogenic Aids Flashcards
Define what an ergogenic aid is and describe the different types.
Definition- work producing substances or phenomena believed to increase performance, also called performance enhancing substances.
Different types include nutrients, drugs, warm-up exercises, blood doping, biomechanical aids, music, oxygen breathing
Describe the role that dietary supplements may play in athletic performances.
For the most part there is not much evidence that dietary supplementation provides a performance advantage to athletes with the possible exception of creatine and perhaps beta alanine.
See table 24.1 for more.
Discuss the pros and cons of creatine supplementation.
- Creatine supplementation may optimize phosphocreatine stores which may indirectly lead to strength gains due to the ability to increase training intensity.
- creatine increases body mass likely primarily by increasing water retention rather than protein synthesis, though athletes who carry their own body weight, like runners, saw an increase in performance without weight gain.
- long term adverse effects of supplementation seem to be rare; but there have been cases of nausea, GI distress, and muscle cramping
Discuss the benefits or lack of benefits of O2 consumption, prior, during, and after exercise.
Prior: unless one participates in a breath holding event, oxygen breathing prior to exercise will have little effect on performance.
During: improved time to exhaustion, increased availability of O2 reduces ventilation rate which would reduce the work of breathing that should lead to an improvement in performance. Improved endurance performance.
After: No effect on recovery
Define blood doping ( whether autologous or homologous transfusion).
The infusion of red bloods cells in an attempt increase the concentration of hemoglobin and thus O2 transport whether that be a transfusion of the patient’s own blood ( autologous ) or from another matching donor ( homologous).
Define erythropoeitin (EPO), its MOA, and any benefits or risk associated with its supplementation.
- EPO stimulates the production of red blood cells and is the most abused PES, similar to blood doping it is effective in increasing VO2 max and endurance
- Increase in Hb concentration could impair blood flow to the heart and brain which could lead to an MI or stroke
What are the benefits and risks of blood buffers on anaerobic performance ?
- Induced alkalosis was shown to improve the performance of high intensity exercise of 1 to 10 minutes duration or repeated bouts of high intensity excercise due to its ability to buffer H+ ions.
Describe the overall effect of amphetamines.
-amphetamines mimic catelcholamines produced in the body, hence why they are called sympathomimetic drugs, functions by altering metabolism and synthesis of catelcholamines or receptor affinity for catelcholamines
- lead to increased wakefulness, and a state of arousal.
Describe the effects and usage of beta agonists.
Beta agonists are typically used to treat airway diseases because they’re bronchodialators, however it was found that they produced consistent muscle growth and performance benefits in animals. The area requires more research but human studies found that there were some improvements in performance.
What are the mechanisms of the effects that caffeine has on the body.
-Caffeine has been shown to directly activate muscle work, power, and force in vitro and in situ; shown mainly in fatigued muscle through Ca release from ryanodine receptor that mediates release of Ca from SR
-Caffeine can cross the blood brain barrier and thus can stimulate the CNS to become more alert and decrease fatigue.
- Caffeine can mobilize glucose stores, and aid in the utilization of more FFA’s.
- Lipid mobilization has been shown to increase as a result of caffeine ingestion, which could be related to caffeine’s effect on elevating catelcholamines or increasing levels of cyclic AMP in the adipose cell or blocking of phopshodiesterase activity .
