Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PID > wk2+3 > Flashcards

wk2+3 Flashcards

(45 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

genotype

A

genetic complement, coded in DNA that we inherit from our parents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

phenotype

A

outward manifestation of the individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

heritability

A

proportion of the phenotypic variance that is due to the genetic differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

environmental influences

A

family environment
shared environment
non shared environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

shared environment

A

Children raised in the same home will be more similar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

non-shared environment

A

Even children raised in the same home will have different experiences growing up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

galton (1865)

A

demonstrated consistent intellectual and creative leadership

  • relationship between eminence and families
  • also looked for an environmental explanation
  • Intelligence is genetically determined and fixed at birth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Family studies

A

investigates the similarity of family members in respect of intelligence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

1st degree relatives

A

Parents, siblings, children (50% genetic similarity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

2nd degree relatives

A

Grandparents, grandchildren, aunts, uncles, nephews and nieces (25% genetic similarity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

3rd degree relatives

A

Great grandparents, great aunt, great uncles, first cousins (12.5% genetic similarity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

twin types

A

MZ - Identical genotype 100% genetic similarity

DZ - Genetically no more alike than other siblings 50% genetic similarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

twin studies

A
  • if the environment is the most important factor MZ and DZ twins will be equally similar
  • if genetics and most important MZ will be more similar than DZ
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

twin studies correlation

A
  • MZ - 0.87

- DZ - 0.53

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The Burt affair

A

twins separated at birth more genetically similar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

minnesota study

A

100 sets of DZ and MZ twins separated at early life. reunited as adults
g = influenced by genetics
MZ - 0.7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

twin studies ✖️

A
  • some MZ found to be living in different branches of the same family
  • participants difficult to recruit
  • selective placement (placing children in an environment as similar to their birth one as possible)
  • pre natal environment has an impact
  • mainly focused on middle class
  • twins may not be representative of general population
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

virtual twins

A

reared in same environment with no genetic link
21 pairs of virtual twins tested
correlation 0.17 lower than MZ, DZ and siblings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

fullerton virtual twins

Study These Flashcards
A

completed suB-scales from WISC-III
correlation 0.3 at time one and 0.11 at time two.
modest relationship to no relationship
importance of shared genes over shared environment increases over time

20
Q

adoption studies (1)

Study These Flashcards
A

Loehlin et al 1994

environment influences intelligence when children are small but as they develop influence of environment decreases and genetics increases

21
Q

adoption studies (2)

Study These Flashcards
A

but studies investigating adoption of children from families living in poverty to middle-class families indicates Childs IQ 10/15 points higher than birth mother

22
Q

Galton

Study These Flashcards
A

1st to emphasise humans differ in intelligence and it’s hereditary nature

23
Q

Binet

Study These Flashcards
A

created the first intelligence test

used to identify a Childs mental age

24
Q

Terman

Study These Flashcards
A

adapted the test for children 4-14

led to standardised testing (assessing one child by comparing them with other children)

25
Stern
used Binet’s test developed intelligence quotient (IQ) (mental age/chronological age)x100 = IQ
26
Yerkes
tested intelligence of soldiers | Alpha and Beta test
27
Spearman
developed general intelligence ’g’ tests school kids analysed relationship between different tasks if a person did well in one task they would do well on other tasks specific abilities ‘s’ (e.g. vocabulary intelligence) general intelligence ’g’ underpins all intelligence abilities
28
deviation IQ
actual test score/ expected test score for that age
29
Raven’s progressive Matrices
designed to minimise the influence of language and culture | making use of primarily non verbal problems
30
Thurstone
challenged Spearman argued it just showed tests correlates positively ‘g’ results from primary mental abilities
31
Cattell
g = fluid intelligence and crystallised intelligence
32
Fluid intelligence
an innate capacity. it is a basic reasoning ability applicable to a wide range of problems declines with age affected more by brain damage largely inherited
33
Crystallised intelligence
reflects schooling and cultural learning
34
Gardner
``` multiple intelligences verbal-linguistic logical-mathematical visual-spatial bodily-kinesthetic musical intrapersonal interpersonal naturalist existential ```
35
The flynn effect
Year on year the average IQ scores deadly increases | only measuring a limited range of cognitive abilities
36
causes of the Flynn effect
- environmental boost-better nutrition - improvements in schooling - modernisation - testing attitudes and familiarity with testing - tests no longer measure IQ
37
bell curve controversy
east asians score 5 point higher than white americans | white americans score 15 points higher than black americans
38
why was the APA task force required
identify and summarise relevant research on intelligence “do various ethnic groups display different patterns of performance on intelligence tests - if so what might explain those differences” there is no support for genetic interpretation. at present no one knows what causes the ethnic group variations in intelligence.
39
alternative explanations for ethnic variations in intelligence
- cultural bias (tests decided by white middle class individuals) - stereotype threat self fulfilling prophecy - socio economic disadvantage affects the educational performance of children from different ethnic group - black american children placed in white SES homes during first year score high on IQ tests
40
genetic explanations
hard wired differences. some groups are naturally disadvantaged in competing for resources and doing well in life
41
environmental differences
society is unfair towards certain groups
42
test bias
IQ tests are designed to favour certain groups
43
group differences
race is not meaningful from a scientific perspective | variation within ethnic groups far outstrips those between groups
44
the gender gap
historically- men are more intelligent than women IQ tests found no differences men do 3-5 points better on full IQ test women do slightly better on verbal tests men do better on spatial tests
45
men and spatial tests
men need to know their surroundings to hunt and travel to fight females with more testosterone do better on spatial awareness

PID (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions