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PSYC3102 > Wk2 Models of Psychopathology > Flashcards

Wk2 Models of Psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 things a model attempts to explain?

A

Origins of abnormal behaviour 
Treatment 
Prevention

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2
Q

What do models provide? 2

A

Representations of the real world
Hypotheses that can be tested.

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3
Q

What are 4 aetiological models?

A

Genetics
Biochemistry
Neuroanatomy
Endocrine system

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4
Q

What are 4 methods of studying gene-environment interactions?

A
  1. Pedigree method 
2. Classical twin design 
3. Adoption studies
4. Molecular genetics
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5
Q

What is the pedigree method?

A

Looking at how prevalent disorders are in families.

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6
Q

What is a short coming of the pedigree method?

A

Hard to disentangle nature vs nurture as genes and experience are shared.

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7
Q

What is a proband?

A

The first person to have a diagnosis in a family

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8
Q

What are concordance rates?

A

The rate at which disorders co-occur or are fully absent from twins

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9
Q

When are genetic contributions found in twin studies?

A

When the MZ are greater than DZ. (100%; 50%)

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10
Q

What are the implications of low and high concordance rates when MZ and DZ rates are equal?

A

Low - non-shared environment 
High - shared environmental contributions

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11
Q

What do adoption studies compare?

A

child’s concordance with biological vs adoptive relatives

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12
Q

What is a candidate gene study?

A

Is on allele more frequent in people with disorder vs without disorder

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13
Q

The effects of NT systems are ___?

A

Broad

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14
Q

What does serotonin do?

A

regulates behaviour, mood and thought processes (feel good)

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15
Q

What is low serotonin associated with?

A

Aggression
Suicide
Impulsive overeating
Hyper-sexual behaviour

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16
Q

What drugs primarily affect serotonin system?

A

Tricyclic antidepressants 
SSRIs (Prozac)

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17
Q

GABA

A

Gamma Aminobutyric Acid

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18
Q

What does GABA seem to do? 3

A

Inhibits a variety of behaviours and emotions
Anxiolytic effects 
Reduce overall arousal

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19
Q

How do benzodiazepines work?

A

Make it easier for GABA to attach to receptors of specialised neurons

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20
Q

What are 2 Noradrenalin circuits in the CNS?

A

Basic bodily functions (respiration) 
Emergency reactions

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21
Q

Dopamine and serotonin circuits …

A

Merge and crossover, influencing many of the same behaviours

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22
Q

What does dopamine mainly do?

A

Control movements, mood, thought processes

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23
Q

Functions of hindbrain?

A

Sustaining life, regulation of sleep

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24
Q

Functions of midbrain?

A

Regulation of some motor activities (fighting and sex), and sleep

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25
Q

Functions of forebrain?

A

Most sensory, emotional, and cognitive functioning

26
Q

What does the limbic system do?

A

Links the forebrain with the midbrain and hindbrain; regulates emotion and learning

27
Q

Damage to orbitofrontal cortex often leads to …

A

Disinhibited behaviour

28
Q

How are hormones transmitted?

A

in the bloodstream

29
Q

What are 2 functions of hormones?

A

Regulate physiological processes 
Coordinate internal bodily processes with external events

30
Q

Prolonged stress can cause ___?

A

Dysfunction

31
Q

What happens at the HPA axis? What are the key players?

A

The endocrine and CNS systems interact. The hypothalamus talks to the pituitary gland, which coordinates all the other hormones. 
The PitGl can then stimulate the adrenal glands to produce Adrenalin and cortisol.

32
Q

Which disorders do we really need to medicate in conjunction with therapy?

A

Schizophrenia and bipolar

33
Q

Why would the WHO find that developing countries might respond better to antipsychotics?

A

Because they have less drugs available and so spend less time switching meds. So less side effects and dealing with different withdrawal etc.

34
Q

Do psychotropic drug approaches work and why do we do them?

A

Hard to tell if the chemical problems are a treatment or a cause. Yet, subject relief is still important.

35
Q

What are the 5 stages of the psychodynamic model?

A

Oral 
Anal
Phallic
Latent
Genial

36
Q

What did Freud think fixation at 3 of his stages could cause?

A

Oral: 
- smoking 
- dependency 
- aggression 
Anal:
- obssessiveness
- meanness 
- untidiness
Phallic:
- vanity, self obsession 
- inferiority and envy

37
Q

What are Freud’s 3 parts to personality?

A

Id - biological instincts 
Ego - motivated by reality, defence mechanisms to ward off unpleasant feelings 
Super Ego - conscience and ego ideal

38
Q

How did Freud view symptom formation?

A

Traumatic childhood experience -> defence mechanism -> Symptoms

39
Q

How did Freud view symptom removal?

A

Free association -> recovery of material -> awareness and interpretation

40
Q

What did psychodynamic theory contribute?

A
  1. Impact of childhood experience on development 
2. Impact of unconscious on behaviour 
3. Continuity of normality and abnormality 
4. Demystified mental illness
5. Defence mechanisms
6. Transference and counter-transference
41
Q

What are limitations of psychodynamic theory?

A
  1. Difficult to verify empirical 
2. Emphasises abnormality 
3. Doesn’t contribute to prevention or early intervention methods
42
Q

What is the humanistic model?

A

A positive view of human nature that emphasises free will and natural inclination to be happy

43
Q

How does the humanistic model explain abnormal behaviour?

A

Need to receive positive regard is unmet and so have low self regard.

44
Q

What is a discriminative stimulus?

A

External event that signals a behaviour will elicit a consequence

45
Q

What treatments came out of Classical conditioning techniques?

A

Systematic desensitisation 
Aversion therapy
Exposure therapy (relearning connections)

46
Q

What treatments come from operant conditioning?

A

Positive reinforcement 
Extinction 
Token economies
Behavioural activation (reengagement with rewards)

47
Q

Benefits of behavioural model? 3

A

Possible to test in labs 
lab results support the model 
Many techniques still useful

48
Q

Weaknesses of behavioural model? 3

A

No evidence that abnormal behaviour is due to improper conditioning 
Too simplistic 
Over-emphasis on learning and environmental determinants

49
Q

What is the cognitive model?

A

Antecedent/Event -> Belief -> Consequence

50
Q

What is the cognitive principle?

A

Emotions and behaviour are strongly influenced by cognitions (thoughts, beliefs, interpretations

51
Q

What are beck’s common cognitive distortions? 4

A

Arbitrary inference 
Overgeneralising 
Dichotomous thinking 
Magnification and Minimisation

52
Q

Benefits of cognitive model? 2

A

Complements behavioural therapy 
Empirically investigated

53
Q

Weaknesses of cognitive model?

A

Mechanistic role of cognitions unclear 
Lack of evidence that Cog therapy is adding to behaviour therapy (looking at just averages)

54
Q

What does mindfulness say about psychological problems?

A

They arise when we dwell in the past or ruminate on the future

55
Q

What are 2 mindfulness-based therapies?

A

Mindfulness-based stress reduction 
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

56
Q

Where did MBSR originate from?

A

developed for chronic pain and stress related illness

57
Q

Where did MBCT originate from?

A

Developed for prevention of depressive relapse

58
Q

What is ACT? How does it explain psychological problems?

A

Acceptance and mindfulness. Problems come from thought and language.

59
Q

What is the goal of ACT?

A

Psychological flexibility

60
Q

Explain the passengers on the bus metaphor.

A

Where are you headed? (values)
What passengers? (Mindfulness) 
What do they say? (Fusion) 
What do they tell you to do? (Avoidance, fusion)
What happens, do they harm you? (Consequence, deliteralisation)
Who is in the driver’s seat? (Self as context) 
What if its possible to “drive where you choose” regardless of what they say? (Committed action)

61
Q

Benefits (1) & weaknesses (2) of the third wave therapy approaches?

A

Alternative to CBT based treatments 

Not a huge body of evidence 
Same criticisms of CBT (mechanisms unclear)

62
Q

What is the diathesis (3) stress (3) perspective?

A

Diatheses: 
- Genes
- Biological characteristics 
- Psychological traits

Stress: 
- Environmental trauma 
- Economic adversity 
- Loss of loved ones 
- Harsh family background 

These interact to create mental disorders.

PSYC3102 (2 decks)

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