Wk4 L1 - Upper limb Flashcards
(28 cards)
LO
- Identify the major bones and joints of the upper limb, and the parts of the body to which they contribute
- Compare different functional classifications of synovial joints
- Understand the broad mechanical principles behind muscle movements, and describe actions in correct terminology
- Identify some of the major muscles of the upper limb and describe their actions
- Describe the innervation of the major nerves within the upper limb
- Describe the major blood vessels and their location in the upper limb.
Bone
Provides:
- Framework for body, allowing transfer of force
- Attachment and leverage of muscles
- Protection for internal structures
Living, responds to pressure and remodels shape
Constant turnover by osteoclasts and osteoblasts
Bone is always working
Added where required:
- Something pulling on it
- Bare more weight
- Resisting cracking under repetitive loading
Removed where not required:
- Centre of many bones
- Where weight is removed (paralysis)
Bone features
Projections:
- where bone sticks out or is roughened, are where something attaches, pulling on the bone
- Tubercle
- Tuberosity
- Epicondyle
Depressions:
- Where something fits into the bone
[heft]
Humerus bone features
Lesser Tubercle:
- anterior to head
Greater Tubercle:
- Lateral to head
Deltoid tuberosity:
- anterior of shaft
Lateral epicondyle:
- Lateral side of distal end
Medial Epicondyle:
- Medial side of distal end
Olecranon Fossa:
- Posterior distal end
Upper limb bones
Pectoral Girdle:
- Clavicle
- Scapula
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals (8)
Metacarpals (5)
Phalanges (14)
Upper limb components
Arm:
- Shoulder to elbow
Forearm:
- Elbow to wrist
Hand:
- Everthing distal to wrist
Movements
Flexion - decrease angle of joint
Extention - increase angle of joint
Abduction - Away from sagital plane
Adduction - Towards sagital plane
Medial rotation - anterior surface turns medially
Lateral rotation - anterior surface turns laterally
Circumduction - creating 360º with distal segment
Pronation - palm posteriorly
Supination - palm anteriorly
Synovial joints characteristics
- Space between joints
- Joint cavity (synovial fluid)
- Articular cartilage
- Synovial membrane
- Joint capsule
- Ligament
Functional classification of synovial joints
Ball and socket: (shoulder)
- 3 axes of movement
- Flex/ Ext
- Abd/Add
- Med/ Lat rotation
Condyloid: (wrist)
- 2 axes of movement
- Flex/ ext
- Add/ Abd
Saddle: (Thumb base)
- 2 axes of movement
- Flex/ ext
- Add/ Abd
**Hinge: **(elbow)
- Flex/ ext only
Pivot: (Proximal Radioulnar joint)
- Rotation only
**Plane: **(Intercarpal joints)
- Some gliding
Scapula on chest wall
Not a joint but still moves 6 directions
- Elevation and Depression
- Retraction (medial slide) and Protraction (laterally around chest wall)
- Upward (gleroid fossa up) and downward rotation (gleroid fossa down)
Working out the mucle action
- Where does the muscle attach at each end?
- What joint(s) does it cross?
- Where does it cross the joint (anterior, posterior, medial, lateral)?
- What is the direction of the muscle fibres?
Shoulder joint
Humerus and scapula
Ball and socket (synovial)
Muscles:
- Deltoid
- Pectoralis major
- Latissimus dorsi
Deltoid
All fibres:
- Abducts shoulder joint
Anterior fibres:
- Flex shoulder joint
Posterior fibres:
- Extend joint
Pectoralis major
Adducts and medially rotates shoulder joint
Latissimus Dorsi
Entends and medially rotates shoulder joint
Trapezius
Acts on scapula
Different fibres act independently:
- Descending fibres = Elevation
- Ascending fibres = Depression
- Transverse fibres = Retraction
- Ascending & Descending = Upward rotation
Muscles of elbow joint
Biceps brachii
- flex elbow joint
- Supinate forearm
- Helps flexion of shoulder joint
Brachialis
- Flex elbow joint
Triceps brachii
- Extends elbow
Muscles of wrist/ hand
Flexor Carpi Radialis
- Flex wrist
- Abducts wrist
- Extrinsic muscle
Flexor digitorum superficialis
- Flex proximal phalangeal joints
- Flex metacarpophalangeal joints
- Flex wrist joint
- Extrinsic muscle
Posterior forearm = extensors
Extensor carpi ulnaris
- Extend wrist
- Adduct wrist
Extensor digitorum
- Extend interphalangeal joints
- Extend metacarpophalangeal joints
- Extend wrist joint
Extensor Digiti minimi
- Extend interphalangeal joints
- Extends metacarpophalangeal joints of little finger
Muscles of joints of hand
Intrinsic muscles
Muscles of Thenar Eminence:
- 3 muscles at base of thumb
Muscles of Hypothenar Eminence:
- 3 muscles at base of little finger
Both are anterior of hand (palmar)
Major nerves of upper limb
5 emerging from brachial plexus:
- Musculocutaneous
- Median
- Ulnar
- Radial
- (Axillary)
Musculocutaneous nerve
- Anterior of arm
- Between Biceps brachii and Brachialis
Median Nerve
Most anterior forearm
In middle of forearm
Ulnar nerve
- most intrinsic hand muscles
- Medial palm and
- medial 1½ digits
