Word-formation

Question 0

Morphology focuses on

Answer 0

Inflexion

Question 1

Lexicology focuses mainly on

Answer 1

Word-formation

Question 2

Word-formation is…

Answer 2

Process of generating new words. Focuses on units that are higher than a word but usually smaller than units studied by syntax

Question 3

Inflection is…

Answer 3

Focuses on modification of words that are dictated by sentence structure. Never overlaps the limits of a single word. Highly limited.

Question 4

The word-formation connects the extra-linguistic reality with linguistic elements

Answer 4

new element in reality ( inventions, technology)-> we create new word( neologism)

Question 5

Word position: what morpheme is closer to the word-root? Why?

Answer 5

Derivational morpheme.
Inflectional morphemes are always further from the root. # teach/er/s/
And derivational morphemes that are key elements of word-formation are always closer to the root. The are priorities because they give us freedom to choose while inflectional morphemes are required by sentence structure. Obligatory elements.

Question 6

Lexicology= word-formation + lexical semantics. Can be parallel to derivational morphology.

Answer 6

Study of lexicon, system of leximes

Question 7

What is Lexeme?

Answer 7

-smallest bilateral( 2aspects: thought+form) unit of meaning
-cluster of inflectional variants
-potential abstract unit
# lexeme “go”
Concrete realizations: went, gone, going( so called word-forms= alolex)
Lexeme also can be proverb, idiom, collocation, fixed expression.

Question 8

What is a word-form?

Answer 8

A concrete realization of particular lexeme or alolex.

Question 9

What is word?

Answer 9

-lexico-grammatical unit (independent form and independent meaning)
-sequence of sounds/signs used in language to express an idea and transmit a meaning to a listener
-ultimate minimal linguistic element with meaning.
There is nothing smaller than a word that has lexical meaning. Always consist of at least one free lexical morpheme.

Question 10

Why we need more context in English language (analytical) to understand a meaning?

Answer 10

Because synthetic languages such as Czech, Russian, Polish usually have more definite meaning than analytical language, one word can have several meanings and senses.

Question 11

Major word formation processes

Answer 11

• derivation
• compounding
• affixation
• conversion
• borrowing

Question 12

Minor word formation processes

Answer 12

• back-formation
• blending
• clipping
• reduplication
• acronymy

Question 13

What does it mean transparent?

Answer 13

The word is clearly analysable into constituent elements (morphemes)
# cover/age

Question 14

Opaque means

Answer 14

Not clearly transparent, dividable words into morphemes 
# carriage-> carry-> ege

Question 15

Root is

Answer 15

Without derivational and inflectional affixes
# un/believ/able

Question 16

Steam is

Answer 16

With derivational morphemes but without inflectional morphemes
# teacher/s

Question 17

Process of new word formation

Answer 17

Nonsense formation
Institutionalisation
Lexicolisation

Question 18

Types of lexicolosation

Answer 18

Phonological ( stress shift)
Morphological (productive/ unproductive)
Semantic (meaning shift-> playboy)
Syntactic ( disbelieve-> different use in different contexts)

Question 19

Factors of acceptance of a newness

Answer 19

• status of user
• prestige
• effect( exploited by the media)
• lack of knowledge

Question 20

Lexicolisation is

Answer 20

When lexeme takes on a form that it couldn’t have if it was created through regular formation processes. Productive rules aren’t applied.

Question 21

Types of defining methods in dictionaries

Answer 21

• analytical ( categorisation and then defining #furniture: table how it differs from other furniture)
• typifying (typical use or inhabitance, typical behavior)
• substitutional (use synonyms)
• exemplifying (use in context)
• simplifying

Question 22

Secondary noun

Answer 22

Derived noun from the first noun
# child- childhood

Question 23

Derivation by “zero”

Answer 23

Conversion, no root change, but we create different word class
# work- to work ( need of context)

Question 24

Word root

Answer 24

Meaningful independent part of the word that can exist on its own without any inflectional derivations

Question 25

Word-base is

Answer 25

``` Immediate independent part of the word without adding last affix # un/happi/ness- happi-is root, happiness is word-base ```

Question 26

" reversed" derivation is

Answer 26

``` Back-formation. The word is usually longer before derivational process. Deletion of an affix #housekeeper- housekeep ```

Question 27

Conversion is

Answer 27

``` Process where item changes word-class without the addition of an affix. Any lexeme can undergo conversion into any open class. Reason is language economy. The only type of conversion in Czech is deadjectival. ```

Question 28

Derivational dependence

Answer 28

The item that existed first will have a longer head-word

Question 29

Semantic dependence

Answer 29

Noun to a verb, because noun has more meanings than a verb

Question 30

Phrase

Answer 30

Constructive unit of higher semantic and syntactic structure

Question 31

Recursiveness

Answer 31

The way sentence can contain supplementary information, which adds further explanation

Question 32

Syntactic group vs compound

Answer 32

``` Syntactic group differs from compound by meaning, stress and spelling. Syntactic group it's two words that were putted together accidentally and every word has own meaning, however compound is a fixed phrase and meaning shift # black bird- a blackbird, dark room- a darkroom ```

Question 33

Endocentric compounds

Answer 33

Consist of a head (basic meaning container) | +modifier ( meaning restricter)

Question 34

Exocentric compounds

Answer 34

``` Hyponyms of unexpressed semantic head ( person, animal...). Meaning cannot be guessed from constituent parts #white-collar, flight attendant ```

Question 35

Copulative compounds

Answer 35

``` Have two semantic heads #sleepwalk, bittersweet ```

Question 36

Appositional compounds

Answer 36

``` Two contrary attributes #actor-director, maidservant ```

Question 37

Reduplicatives

Answer 37

``` Two or more constituents that are similar or identical. Usually made to achieve prosody, used in advertisement, imitate sounds, movements. # tick-tock, seesaw, tip-top ```

Question 38

Clippings

Answer 38

``` Shortened polysyllabic words with independent stress pattern+ informal spelling, semantically restricted( not in contexts can be used) #showbiz, flu,exam,phone,pub ```

Question 39

Acronyms

Answer 39

``` Words from initial letters #bbc- British Broadcasting Corporation ```

Question 40

Blends

Answer 40

``` Blending one word with another #lubritection, swimsation ```

Question 41

Semasiological approach

Answer 41

From form to meaning | One word has several meanings. We focus on polysemy and homonymy mainly

Question 42

Onomasiological approach

Answer 42

We start from meaning and you are looking for the different forms that meaning can take in language. We focus on synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy

Question 43

Semiotics studies

Answer 43

Any sign system that is used for communication. It could be traffic signs, gestures, body language, facial expressions, sign language

Question 44

Pragmatics studies

Answer 44

How user in context uses words and what meaning raises. Mainly study what we don't say but mean

Question 45

Seme is

Answer 45

concrete realisation when one particular meaning choose and use the lexeme in a sentence Seme of a chair, it can be anything that can chair mean: -piece of furniture -function or position

Question 46

Lexical semantics and paradigmatic relations focuses on

Answer 46

Homonymy, polysemy, synonymy, antonymy, hypo/hyperonymy

Question 47

Syntagmatic relations focus on

Answer 47

Collocational ranges, fixed expressions