Work, Retirement and Leisure Flashcards
(21 cards)
Super’s life-span/life- space theory
- ideal career could change across time
- individual changes, so the career (or one’s relationship to one’s career)
can change - emphasizes that career development is a lifelong process and incorporates both the chronological stages people go through and the various life roles they occupy
5 Stages of Super’s life span/life space theory
- Growth (4-14)
- Exploration (15-24)
- Establishment (25-44)
- Maintenance (45-65)
- Disengagement (65+)
- ages aren’t fixed
Growth (4-14) Stage (Super’s life span theory)
- identify with others
- develop self concepts
- spontaneously learn about the world
- develop work-related attitudes
- developing general understanding of the world of worl
Exploration (15-24) stage (Super’s life span theory)
- Trying out different roles through classes, work experience, and hobbies
- crystallize career preference
- specify and implement an occupational choice
Establishment (25-44) stage (Super’s life span theory)
- stabilize in a job
- consolidate job
- advance in a job
Maintenance (45-64) stage (Super’s life span theory)
- hold achieved job
- update and innovate tasks
- maybe reevaluate and renew
Disengagement (65+) stage (Super’s life span theory)
- decelerate workloads and productivity
- plan for and implement retirement
- shift energy to other aspects of life
6 Life spaces (Super’s life span/life space theory)
- six life spaces that each individual embodies
- importance of these roles wax and wane across the lifespan
1. Parent/homemaker
2. Worker
3. Citizen
4. Leisurite
5. Student
6. Child
John Holland (SIREAC types)
- theory of career choice is based on the idea that people and work environments can be classified into six types
- emphasizes matching personality types to work environments
- Types are: Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional
- relates to work values inventory
James Marcia and career choice
- worked off Erik Erikson’s theory of identity formation
- Erikson argued 4 stages in process of identity formation, Marcia argued that the same processes occur for career choice
1. Diffusion: person has not explored or committed to any career path
2. Moratorium: The person is actively exploring but hasn’t made a final career decision
3. Foreclosure: person commits to a career without exploring alternatives—often influenced by parents or cultural expectations
4. Achievement (commitment): person has explored career options and made a well-informed decision - contributed to formation of work values inventory
Work Values Inventory (WVI)
- partially based on Super’s theory, and partially on the
theories of John Holland and James Marcia - tool used to assess what individuals value most in a job or career
- helps people understand their motivations and priorities in the workplace, guiding career decisions and job satisfaction
How did An et al (2023) define leisure?
“freely chosen, intrinsically motivated, enjoyable and
personally meaningful activity”
What was the study done by An et al. (2023)
- qualitative analysis
- 11 older adults living in assisted living, independent living, and attending community centres
- All had chronic medical conditions
- conducted interviews
- used constant comparative method to identify key themes in the responses
What were the key themes in the responses in An et al (2023)
- avoiding boredom
– Keeping the mind and brain active
– Meaningful social connections
– Sense of purpose and meaning
– Enjoyment and satisfaction
Job factors that contribute to decline in work performance in older adults
- physical exertion
- shift work
- age bias
- lack of collaboration
- cognitive effort
Worker factors that contribute to improvement in work performance in older adults
- openness to change
- greater expertise
- fewer absences
- know the ropes
- fewer injuries
Role theory of retirement
proposal that retirement has deleterious effects because the loss of the work role loosens the ties between the individual and society
- outdated view
- focuses on retirement as an isolated event
Continuity theory of retirement
proposal that retired individuals maintain the ties they had to society when they were working
- even though they are no longer reporting for work on a daily basis, they are able to engage in many of the same activities they did when they were working
- focuses on retirement as an isolated event
Life couse perspective on retirement
proposal that changes in the work role in later life are best seen as logical outgrowths of earlier life events
- factors that shaped the individual’s prior vocational development will have a persisting influence throughout retirement
Resource model of retirement
theory that an individual’s adjustment to retirement reflects his or her physical, cognitive, motivational, financial, social, and emotional resources; the more resources, the more favourable will be the individual’s adjustment at any one point through the retirement transition
Retirement across genders
- Men operate according to the “usual” mode of retirement view, in which decisions regarding retirement do not involve the family
- Current cohorts of older women are more likely to operate according to the new modes of retirement; they are more likely than men to be influenced by the health, financial security, and work status of their spouse
- among couples raised with more egalitarian values, both are likely to be influenced increasingly by the work status of their spouse
