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The Alimentary Canal - Anatomy > Workbook 1 > Flashcards

Workbook 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the abdomen?

A

Between the thorax and the pelvis

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2
Q

What is the name of the ligament that acts as an inferior border for surface marking of abdomen?

A

Inguinal ligament

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3
Q

What are the 4 quadrants of the abdomen?

A

Right upper
Left upper
Right lower
Left lower

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4
Q

What are the 2 planes which make up the 4 quadrants of the abdomen?

A

Transverse umbilical line
Midsagittal line

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5
Q

What are the 9 regions of the abdomen?

A

Right and Left hypochondriac
Epigastric
Right and Left lumbar
Umbilical
Right and Left iliac
Hypogastric/ pubic

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6
Q

What are the planes which make up the 9 regions?

A

Midclavicular lines
Transpyloric and intertubercular planes

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7
Q

What structures are in the right hypochondriac region?

A

Liver, gall bladder and right kidney

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8
Q

What structures lie in the epigastric region?

A

Stomach, liver, pancreas and kidneys

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9
Q

What structures lie in the left hypochondriac region?

A

Stomach, liver tip, left kidney and spleen

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10
Q

What structures lie in the right lumbar?

A

Tip of liver, small intestine, ascending colon and right kidney

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11
Q

What structures lie in the umbilical region?

A

Stomach, pancreas, small intestine and transverse colon

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12
Q

What structures lie in the left lumbar region?

A

Descending colon, left kidney and small intestine

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13
Q

What structures lie in the right inguinal region?

A

Caecum, appendix, ascending colon and small intestine

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14
Q

What structures lie in the pubic region?

A

Small intestine, sigmoid colon and bladder

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15
Q

What structures lie in the left inguinal?

A

Small intestine, descending colon, and sigmoid colon

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16
Q

What is the dermatome level of the umbilicus?

A

T10

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17
Q

What is the vertebrae level of the umbilicus?

A

L3 and L4

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18
Q

Explain herpes zoster infection

A

Shingles
All dermatomes can be affected
Presents with painful vesicles at exact location of dermatome

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19
Q

What are the 4 muscles of the anterior abdominal wall?

A

External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis

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20
Q

What is the linea alba?

A

Band of connetcive tissue down middle of rectus sheath

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21
Q

What is the large connective tissue which covers the anterior abdominal wall?

A

Rectus sheath

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22
Q

What 3 muscle aponeuroses form the rectus sheath?

A

Internal oblique
External oblique
Transversus abdominis

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23
Q

What 2 muscles lie within the rectus sheath?

A

Rectus abdominis
Pyramidalis muscles

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24
Q

What is the function of the pyramidalis?

A

Tense the linea alba

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25
What is the name of where the posterior layer of the rectus sheath ends?
Arcuate line
26
Describe the superficial vasculature of the anterior abdominal wall
Superior epigastric artery and vein Inferior epigastric artery and vein
27
Where do the superior epigastric arteries arise from?
Distal aspect of the internal thoracic arteries
28
Where do the superior epigastric veins drain to?
Internal thoracic vein
29
Where do the inferior epigastric arteries arise from?
External iliac arteries
30
Where do the inferior epigastric veins drain to?
External iliac veins
31
Describe caput medusa
Formation of dilated abdominal wall veins which extend from umbilicus Secondary to portal hypertension
32
Which lymphatic nodes does lymphatic drainage go to above the umbilicus?
Axillary
33
Which lymphatic nodes does the lymphatic drainage go to below the umbilicus?
Superficial inguinal
34
What are the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall?
Psoas major Iliacus Quadratus lumborum
35
What are the 3 opening of the diaphragm?
Aortic, Oesophageal and vena caval openings
36
At what levels are there openings in the diaphragm?
T8 T10 T12
37
What does the foregut run from and to?
Oesophagus to the duodenum
38
Where does the midgut run from and to?
Opening to bile duct in duodenum to the proximal 2/3rds of transverse colon
39
Where does hindgut run from and to?
Distal 1/3rd of transverse colon to the rectum
40
What arteries supply the foregut, midgut and hindgut?
Foregut - coeliac trunk Midgut - inferior mesenteric artery Hindgut - superior mesenteric artery
41
What are the 3 branches of the coeliac trunk?
Left gastric artery Common hepatic artery Splenic artery
42
Where does the superior mesenteric artery leave the abdominal aorta?
L1
43
At what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta divide into 2 common iliac arteries?
L4
44
Describe the level of main arteries leaving the abdominal aorta
Coeliac trunk - T12 SMA - L1 Renal artery - L1-2 IMA - L3 Common iliac arteries - L4
45
Where are the 4 sites if portal-systemic anastomoses?
Oesophageal Rectal Para and peri-umbilical Colic veins with retroperitoneal veins
45
Describe the abdominal venous drainage
Splenic vein Inferior mesenteric vein Superior mesenteric vein All drain to portal vein which goes into liver
46
What are the relevance of the anastomoses?
Oesophageal varices Haemorrhoids Caput medusa
47
Explain lymph nodes around the aorta
If vessel comes out aorta anteriorly the drainage will be pre-aortic and if vessel protrudes out side of aorta then there is para-aortic nodes
48
Describe the sympathetic innervation of the abdominal wall
Abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves Prevertebral sympathetic ganglia Abdominal aortic plexuses
49
Describe the parasympathetic innervation of the abdominal wall
Anterior and posterior abdominal trunks - 10th cranial nerve Pelvic splanchnic nerves - S2,3,4
50
What is the parasympathetic effect on the GI tract?
GI secretion increased Peristalsis or motility increased Blood vessels vasodilation
51
What is the sympathetic effect on the GI tract?
GI secretion decreased Peristalsis or motility decreased Blood vessels vasoconstriction
52
What is a vagotomy?
Cutting of the vagal nerve Reduces gastric acid secretion
53
Where does pain in the foregut, midgut and hindgut refer to?
Foregut - epigastric region Midgut - umbilical region Hindgut- suprapubic region
54
What ventral rami does the lumbar plexus come from?
L1-L4
55
Where is the lumbar plexus?
Within major psoas muscle and branches emerge lateral to, on surface of or medial to psoas major muscle
56
What is the root of the iliohypogastric nerve?
L1
57
What is the root of the ilioinguinal nerve?
L1
58
What is the root of the lateral cutaneous nerve?
L2
59
What is the root of the gentiofemoral nerve?
L1 and L2
60
What is the root of the obturator nerve?
L2,3 and 4
61
What is the root of the femoral nerve?
L2-4
62
Where is the the kidneys level on vertebrae?
T12-L3 Right kidney slightly lower than left due to liver
63
What are the 3 main structures entering or leaving the hilum of the kidneys?
Renal artery Renal vein Ureter
64
How are the kidneys peritonised?
Retroperitoneal
65
Describe the Ureters
Are muscular ducts that carry urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
66
How is the ureters peritonised?
Retroperitoneal
67
What is the term to describe the expanded upper part of the ureter?
Renal pelvis
68
Where are the 3 constrictions of the ureter on route to urinary bladder?
Pelviureter junction Ureter crosses the brim of pelvic inlet During their passage through the wall of urinary bladder
69
Where is the anatomical location of the adrenal gland?
Between supra-medial aspect of the kidneys and the diaphragmatic crura
70
What type of gland is the adrenal gland?
Endocrine
71
What is the peritoneum coverings of wall and viscera?
Wall - Parietal peritoneum Viscera - Visceral peritoneum
72
What peritoneal layer is more sensitive to pressure, pain, heat and cold?
Parietal peritoneum
73
What is present within the peritoneal cavity?
Peritoneal fluid
74
What is the difference between intra and retro peritoneal?
Intra - completely surrounded by visceral peritoneum Retro - only covered on anterior surface and therefor firmly attached to posterior wall
75
Name the retroperitoneal organs
SAD PUCKER Suprarenal gland Aorta/IVC Duodenum -2 and 3rd part Pancreas - except tail Ureters Colon - ascending and descending Kidneys Oesophagus Rectum
76
Name the intraperitoneal organs
Stomach Spleen Liver Ileum and jejunum Transverse and sigmoid colon Bulb and first part of duodenum
77
What is the space behind the stomach called?
The lesser sac and remainder of cavity is the greater sac
78
What is the opening between the lesser and greater sac?
Epiploic foramen
79
What is another name for the lesser sac?
Omental bursa
80
Describe the boundaries of the epiploic foramen
Situated posterior to free edge of lesser omentum to the hepatoduodenal ligament
81
What is an omentum?
Double layer extension of the peritoneum - there is the lesser and greater omentum
82
What are the attachments of the greater and lesser omentum?
Greater - greater curvature of stomach Lesser - lesser curvature of the stomach
83
What is the ligament called which is part of the lesser omentum?
Gastro-hepatic ligament
84
What is the ligament called which is part of the greater omentum?
Gastro-colic ligament
85
What is the difference between omentum and mesentery?
Omentum extends from stomach Mesentery is the peritoneal extension from posterior abdominal wall
86
Describe the innervation of the parietal peritoneum
Lower 6 thoracic nerves and L1 Pain is somatic and precisely loacalised
87
Describe the innervation of the visceral peritoneum
Autonomic nerves Pain is referred, dull and poorly localised Referred to midline
88
What is the falciform ligament and what structures lie within its free border?
Connects anterior part of liver to ventral wall of abdomen Contains the umbilical vein
89
Where do you locate the transpyloric plane?
Halfway between the suprasternal notch and upper border of pubic symphysis
90
What are the costal cartilage markings of the gall bladder?
9th right
91
Does the liver move with inspiration?
Yes as intraperitoneal so its mobile
92
Explain Murphy's Sign
Elicited in patients with acute cholecystitis Pain on inspiration If inflamed when examined then positive
93
Where does the spleen site in relation to ribs?
Left 9 to 11 ribs

The Alimentary Canal - Anatomy (3 decks)

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