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Lower Limb Anatomy > Workbook 1 > Flashcards

Workbook 1 Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

What are the primary risks associated with trauma in the lower limb?

A

Complex pelvic and femoral fractures can lead to significant blood loss

Up to 1L (20%) of the circulating volume can be lost in serious injuries.

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2
Q

What long-term health conditions can affect mobility in the elderly?

A

Diabetes and osteoarthritis

These conditions can impair the coordination of body systems.

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3
Q

What urgent clinical issue is associated with a fractured neck of femur in the elderly?

A

Risk of morbidity and mortality

Fractures in this area require immediate medical attention.

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4
Q

Which veins are considered superficial in the lower limb?

A
  • Great saphenous vein
  • Small saphenous vein

These veins begin as tributaries from the dorsal venous arch of the foot.

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5
Q

What is the primary function of the valves in the saphenous veins?

A

Prevent pooling of blood

Incompetent valves can lead to varicose veins.

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6
Q

What condition is characterized by blood clot formation in the deep veins of the lower limb?

A

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

DVT can lead to pulmonary embolism if the clot dislodges and travels to the lungs.

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7
Q

What are the three groups of lymph nodes that drain the lower limb?

A
  • Superficial Inguinal
  • Deep Inguinal
  • Popliteal

Enlargement of these nodes can indicate infection or malignancy in the lower limb.

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8
Q

Which plexuses provide sensory supply to the lower limb?

A

Lumbar and sacral plexuses

This is also referred to as the lumbosacral plexus.

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9
Q

What type of joint is the hip joint?

A

Ball and socket synovial joint

It is known for being strong and stable.

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10
Q

What is the function of the acetabular labrum?

A

Surrounds and deepens the rim of the acetabulum

It helps hold the femoral head in place.

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11
Q

Name the three main ligaments of the hip joint.

A
  • Iliofemoral ligament
  • Pubofemoral ligament
  • Ischiofemoral ligament

These ligaments provide stability and prevent excessive movements.

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12
Q

What muscle is primarily responsible for hip flexion?

A
  • Iliacus
  • Psoas major
  • Pectineus

These muscles are innervated by branches from the lumbar plexus.

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13
Q

What are the movements possible at the hip joint?

A
  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Abduction
  • Adduction
  • Internal Rotation
  • External Rotation
  • Circumduction

Circumduction is a combination of the above movements.

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14
Q

Which nerve primarily supplies the adductor compartment of the thigh?

A

Obturator nerve

This nerve exits the pelvis via the obturator canal.

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15
Q

What is the primary action of the gluteus maximus?

A

Hip extension

It is the main extensor of the hip joint.

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16
Q

What is the anatomical position of the hip joint during adduction?

A

Leg crosses the axis of the other leg

This movement brings the leg inward.

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17
Q

What are the key features of the femur?

A
  • Longest bone in the body
  • Runs from hip joint to knee joint

The femur is exclusively found in the thigh.

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18
Q

What is the significance of the popliteal artery pulse?

A

Indicates blood flow in the lower limb

It is important for assessing vascular health.

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19
Q

What are the five hip adductor muscles?

A
  • Adductor longus
  • Adductor brevis
  • Adductor magnus
  • Gracilis
  • Obturator Externus

These muscles play a key role in adducting the thigh at the hip joint.

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20
Q

Which muscles are responsible for hip abduction?

A
  • Gluteus medius
  • Gluteus minimus
  • Piriformis

These muscles stabilize the pelvis during walking, especially when one leg is lifted off the ground.

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21
Q

True or False: There is a specific abductor compartment of the thigh.

A

False

The deep gluteal muscles perform the abductor role via attachment to the greater trochanter of the femur.

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22
Q

What type of rotation do the muscles involved in external rotation of the hip perform?

A

Lateral (external) rotation

These muscles cross the hip joint from the posterior side.

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23
Q

Name the muscles involved in external rotation of the hip.

A
  • Piriformis
  • Obturator Internus
  • Obturator Externus
  • Superior Gamelli
  • Inferior Gamelli
  • Quadratus Femoris

These muscles play a role in turning the foot inward or outward.

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24
Q

What are the medial rotators of the hip joint?

A
  • Gluteus medius
  • Gluteus minimus
  • Tensor Fascia Lata

These muscles cross the joint on the anterior side.

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25
What are the four heads of the quadriceps femoris?
* Rectus femoris * Vastus lateralis * Vastus intermedius * Vastus medialis ## Footnote The quadriceps forms the main bulk of the anterior thigh region.
26
Which nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the thigh?
Femoral nerve ## Footnote This nerve is responsible for motor control of the quadriceps.
27
What action does the rectus femoris perform at the hip joint?
Flexes the hip joint ## Footnote The rectus femoris plays a dual role in flexing the hip and extending the knee.
28
Where does the patellar ligament attach on the tibia?
Tibial tuberosity ## Footnote This attachment is crucial for knee extension.
29
Fill in the blank: The sartorius muscle runs from the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) to the _______.
Pes anserinus ## Footnote This muscle is the longest in the body.
30
List the three actions of the sartorius on the hip joint.
* Flexes the thigh * Abducts the thigh * Laterally rotates the thigh ## Footnote The sartorius also flexes the leg at the knee joint.
31
Which nerve innervates the medial thigh muscles?
Obturator nerve ## Footnote This nerve is responsible for the adduction of the thigh.
32
Through which foramen does the obturator nerve enter the thigh?
Obturator foramen ## Footnote This foramen is mostly occluded by muscle.
33
What are the three major structures present in the femoral triangle?
* Femoral nerve * Femoral artery * Femoral vein ## Footnote These structures are crucial for vascular and nerve supply to the lower limb.
34
What forms the base of the femoral triangle?
Inguinal ligament ## Footnote This ligament connects the pelvis to the lower limb.
35
What is the main artery of the lower limb?
Femoral artery ## Footnote It begins as a continuation of the external iliac artery.
36
Fill in the blank: The femoral vein becomes the ________ as it passes under the inguinal ligament.
External iliac vein ## Footnote This transition is important for venous return from the lower limb.
37
What are the two main branches of the sacral plexus?
* Sciatic nerve * Pudendal nerve ## Footnote The sacral plexus supplies the posterior aspect of the lower limb and perineum.
38
What is the root value of the femoral nerve?
L2-4 ## Footnote This range indicates the spinal nerves contributing to the femoral nerve.
39
What is the function of the iliotibial tract?
Provides stabilization to the lateral aspect of the knee joint ## Footnote It is formed by the thickening of the fascia lata.
40
What is the primary action of the gluteus maximus?
Extends and laterally rotates the thigh at the hip joint ## Footnote This muscle is the largest in the gluteal region.
41
What are the root values of the superior gluteal nerve?
L5-S2
42
List the muscles supplied by the superior gluteal nerve.
* Gluteus medius * Gluteus minimus * Tensor fasciae latae
43
Which muscle is supplied by the inferior gluteal nerve?
Gluteus maximus
44
Name some other branches of the sacral plexus that innervate muscles in the lower limb.
* Nerve to piriformis * Posterior Cutaneous Nerve to the Thigh * Nerve to quadratus femoris * Nerve to obturator internus
45
What is the largest nerve in the body?
Sciatic nerve
46
What are the root values of the sciatic nerve?
L4 to S3
47
What does the sciatic nerve primarily contribute to in the gluteal region?
Very little motor or sensory innervation
48
How does the sciatic nerve enter the posterior compartment of the thigh?
It passes through the greater sciatic foramen, inferior to the piriformis muscle.
49
What are the two branches of the sciatic nerve at the popliteal fossa?
* Tibial nerve * Common fibular nerve
50
What is the syndrome called that results from compression of the nerve roots in the lower lumbar spine?
Sciatica
51
Which vertebrae is most likely to experience nerve root compression leading to sciatica?
L5 vertebrae
52
What are the three muscles that comprise the hamstrings?
* Biceps femoris * Semimembranosus * Semitendinosus
53
What is the action of the hamstring muscles on the hip joint?
Extension of the thigh
54
What is the action of the hamstring muscles on the knee joint?
Flexion of the leg
55
Which nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the thigh?
Sciatic nerve
56
Which artery contributes to the blood supply of the posterior muscle compartment?
Profunda femoris artery
57
What type of joint is the knee joint?
Synovial hinge joint
58
List the bones involved in the knee joint.
* Patella * Fibula * Tibia * Femur
59
What is the most important muscle for stabilizing the knee joint?
Quadriceps femoris muscle
60
What are the collateral ligaments of the knee joint?
* Fibular collateral ligament * Tibial collateral ligament
61
What is the clinical significance of the attachment of the MCL to the medial meniscus?
Injury to the MCL often causes injury to the medial meniscus.
62
What does the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) prevent?
The femur from sliding posteriorly on the tibia.
63
What does the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) prevent?
The femur from sliding anteriorly on the tibia.
64
What is the function of the popliteus muscle?
Helps release the fully extended or 'locked' knee.
65
What are the main functions of the menisci in the knee joint?
* Shock absorption * Deepening the articular surfaces * Distributing weight evenly across the joint * Facilitating lubrication and nutrition
66
Which meniscus firmly adheres to the deep surface of the tibial or medial collateral ligament?
Medial meniscus
67
What is housemaid's knee?
Inflammation of the pre-patellar bursa.
68
What movement of the knee causes the patella to move?
Flexion and extension
69
Which bursa communicates with the articular cavity of the knee joint?
Suprapatellar bursa
70
What is the clinical significance of the suprapatellar bursa?
Infections or fluid build-up can spread to the knee joint.
71
List the muscles involved in knee flexion.
* Hamstrings (semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris) * Gastrocnemius * Sartorius * Gracilis * Popliteus
72
List the muscles involved in knee extension.
* Rectus femoris * Vastus lateralis * Vastus medialis * Vastus intermedius

Lower Limb Anatomy (1 decks)

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