Worksheet 2

Question 1

What is the pleura?

Answer 1

This is a serous membrane that folds back on itself to form a double layered membrane.

Question 2

What is the mediastinum?

Answer 2

A space between the pleural sacs that contains the heart and the great vessels.

Question 3

What is the attachment of the visceral pleura?

Answer 3

The lungs

Question 4

What are the attachments of the parietal pleura?

Answer 4

Inner surface of thoracic cavity

Question 5

Label this

Answer 5

A) Pleural cavity

B) The boundary which subdivides the parietal pleura into the diaphragmatic parietal pleura and costal parietal pleura.

C) Costal diaphragmatic recess

Question 6

Define:

• Pneumothorax
• Haemothorax
• Chylothorax
• Empyema

Answer 6

Air, blood, lymph, pus in the pleural cavity respectively.

Question 7

Where may you remove substances that have entered the pleural cavity from?

Answer 7

5th intercostal space at the mid-axillary line.

Question 8

What is the nerve supply of the parietal pleura?

Answer 8

Innervated by the:

• Intercostal nerves
• Phrenic nerve

(Parietal = Phrenic)

Sensitive to pain

Question 9

What is the nerve supply of the visceral pleura?

Answer 9

Vagus nerve and sympathetic fibres (not sensitive to pain)

_V_agus = _V_isceral

Question 10

Describe the differences in terms of lobes of the left and right lung.

Answer 10

The right lung has 3 lobes and the left has 2 lobes

Question 11

Label this and state whether it is anterior or posterior.

Answer 11

This is the anterior view of the lungs

A) Horizontal fissure

B) Oblique fissure

C) Oblique fissure

D) Superior lobe

E) Superior lobe

F) Middle lobe

G) Inferior lobe

H) Inferior lobe

Question 12

Label this (L is the arrow without a label)

Answer 12

A) Right lung

B) Left lung

C) Apex

D) Anterior border (flappy/sharp side)

E) Cardiac notch

F) Inferior border

G) Inferior border

H) Lingula

I) Mediastainal surface

J) Vertebral surface

K) Posterior border (smooth surface)

L) Diaphragmatic surface

Question 13

Label this

Answer 13

A) Hilum

B) Bronchus

C) Pulmonary arteries

D) Pulmonary veins

E) posterior border

REMEMBER ‘RALS’ (right lung, the pulmonary arteries are anterior and left lung the pulmonary arteries are superior).

Question 14

Why is the chest x-ray taken PA rather than AP?

Answer 14

AP makes the heart look larger than it is and harder to interpret.

Question 15

Why are the chest x-rays taken in full inspiration?

Answer 15

• Inspiration fills the lungs with air, so they appear black
• Diaphragm would flatten

Question 16

Is the heart radio-opaque or radiolucent?

Answer 16

The heart is radio-opaque as it appears white because it has thick walls and is filled with blood.

Question 17

Label this diagram

Answer 17

A) Trachea

B) Clavicles

C) Spine of scapula

D) Coracoid process of scapula

E) Superior vena cava

F) Aortic arch

G) Pulmonary artery

H) Right atrium

I) Left ventricle

J) Inferior vena cava

K) Dome of diaphragm

L) Apex of heart

Question 18

Where does the apex sit?

Answer 18

Under 1st and 2nd ribs

Question 19

What is the surface called that is lateral of the lungs?

Answer 19

Costal surface