Worksheets Flashcards
List the 9 Amino acids with non polar side chains.
Glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, methionine, proline
Which of the non polar amino acids has a secondary amino group and may be referred to as an imino acid?
Proline
Are non polar amino acids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
hydrophobic
Which non polar amino acid can contribute to a disulfide bond?
Methionine
Which non polar amino acid is used to form serotonin?
Tryptophan
List the 6 amino acids with uncharged polar side chains.
Asparagine, cysteine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine
Which amino acid with an uncharged polar side chain is used to form dopamine?
Tyrosine
List the 2 amino acids with acidic side chains.
Aspartic & glutamic acid
List the 3 amino acids with basic side chains.
Histidine, lysine, arginine
Are all amino acids found in proteins in people of the D or of the L configuration?
L
In sickle cell anemia, the amino acid _______ is substituted for glutamate at the sixth position in the beta subunit of hemoglobin.
valine
In hemoglobin C disease, the amino acid _______ is substituted for glutamate at he sixth position in the beta subunit of hemoglobin.
lysine
The sequence of amino acids in a protein is referred to as the ______ structure of a protein.
primary
Alpha helix, beta sheets, and beta bends are examples of the _______ structure of a protein.
secondary
The three dimensional shape of a folded protein is referred to as the _______ structure of a protein.
Tertiary
Arrangement of multiple poly-peptide subunits in the protein are referred to as the _______ structure of a protein.
Quaternary
Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure all contribute to the ______ _______ of the protein.
Native confirmation
Specialized groups of proteins named ______ are required for proper folding of some nascent peptides.
Chaperones
Unfolding and disorganization of the protein’s secondary and tertiary structure is referred to as ________ of the protein.
denaturation
Misfolding of proteins and abnormal tau proteins, may result in amyloids and neurofibrillary tangles, which are characteristics of _______ disease.
Alzheimer’s
As altered version of a prion protein can cause a group of diseases known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). An example in humans is _____________ disease.
Creutzfeldt - Jakob
In proteins, amino acids are joined covalently by ______ bonds, which are amide linkages between the alpha carboxyl group of one amino acid and the alpha carboxyl group of one amino acid and the alpha amino group of another.
peptide
Hemoglobin ____ is the major hemoglobin in adults. It is comprised of two _____ and two _____ chains. Hemoglobin can carry _____ oxygen molecule(s).
A ; alpha ; beta ; 4
Myoglobin is a hemeprotein present in _____ and ______ muscle. Myoglobin can reversibly bind ____ oxygen molecule(s).
heart; skeletal; 1
The myoglobin oxygen dissociation curve is described as ______. The hemoglobin oxygen dissociation curve is described as ______.
hyperbolic ; sigmoidal
Cooperative binding of oxygen by the four subunits of hemoglobin means the binding of an oxygen molecule at one heme group ______ the affinity for oxygen of the remaining heme groups in the same hemoglobin molecule.
increases
With the ____ effect, release of oxygen from hemoglobin is enhanced when the pH is ______ and the pCO2 is _______. This is also described as a shift to the _____ of the oxygen dissociation curve.
Bohr ; lowered ; increased; right
Lungs have a _____ pH, tissues have a ____ pH.
higher ; lower
Carbon monoxide shifts the oxygen dissociation curve to the ____, thus decreasing the ability of hemoglobin to release oxygen to tissues.
left
Hemoglobin ___ is themajor hemoglobin found in the fetus and newborn. Fetal hemoglobin has a _____ affinity for oxygen compared to hemoglobin A.
F ; higher
Increased amounts of hemoglobin _____ are found in RBC’s of patients with diabetes mellitus. This type of hemoglobin is described as ______ hemoglobin.
A1C ; glycosylated
______ is a hereditary hemolytic disease in which an imbalance occurs in the synthesis of glob in chains of hemoglobin.
Thalassemias
_______ is the most abundant protein in the body and includes three alpha chains which form a triple helix.
Collagen
_______ is a group of connective tissue disorders, which result in fragile, stretchy skin and loose joints.
Ehlers - Danlos Syndrome (EDS)
__________ is a group of connective tissue disorders, which result in bones that easily bend and fracture.
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI)
Alpha 1 -Antitrypsin prevents elastin degradation in the _____ walls. A deficiency of alpha 1-antitrypsin can cause a lung disease called _____.
alveolar ; emphysema
Mutations in the fibrillin -1 protein are responsible for ____ syndrome.
Marfans
_______ are protein catalysts that increase the rate of reactions without being changed in the overall process.
Enzymes
Statin dugs are examples of ______ inhibitors. They compete effectively to inhibit the enzyme _______ , thereby inhibiting de novo cholesterol synthesis.
competitive ; HMG CoA reductase
The presence of elevated levels of the enzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in plasma signals damage to _____ tissue.
hepatic
Elevation of the fraction of the isoenzymes of creatine kinase (CK) referred to as CK2 or MB indicates damage to the ______, whereas elevation of CK3 or MM only signals damage to _______.
myocardium ; skeletal
Troponins are regulatory proteins that are highly sensitive and specific for damage to ______ tissue.
cardiac
Enthalpy and entropy can be used to determine a third quantity called ______ which predicts the direction in which a reaction will spontaneously proceed.
free energy