Workshop: Arterial blood gasses

Question 1

What are the four acid base disorders?

Answer 1

• Metabolic acidosis
• Metabolic alkalosis
• Respiratory acidosis
• Respiratory alkalosis

Question 2

What happens to the pH in metabolic acidosis?

Answer 2

Decreased

Question 3

What happens to the pH in metabolic alkalosis?

Answer 3

Increases

Question 4

What happens to the pH in respiratory acidosis?

Answer 4

Decreases

Question 5

What happens to the pH in respiratory alkalosis?

Answer 5

Increases

Question 6

What happens to the hydrogen ion concentration in metabolic acidosis?

Answer 6

Increases

Question 7

What happens to the hydrogen ion concentration in metabolic alkalosis?

Answer 7

Decreases

Question 8

What happens to the hydrogen ion concentration in respiratory acidosis?

Answer 8

Increases

Question 9

What happens to the hydrogen ion concentration in respiratory alkalosis?

Answer 9

Decrease

Question 10

What is the primary disturbance of metabolic acidosis?

Answer 10

Decreased bicarbonate

Question 11

What is the primary disturbance of metabolic alkalosis?

Answer 11

Increased bicarbonate

Question 12

What is the primary disturbance of respiratory acidosis?

Answer 12

Increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide

Question 13

What is the primary disturbance of respiratory alkalosis?

Answer 13

Decreased partial pressure of carbon dioxide

Question 14

What is the secondary response of metabolic acidosis?

Answer 14

Decreased partial pressure of carbon dioxide

Question 15

What is the secondary response of metabolic alkalosis?

Answer 15

Increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide

Question 15

What is the secondary response of respiratory acidosis?

Answer 15

Increased bicarbonate

Question 16

What is the secondary response of respiratory alkalosis?

Answer 16

Decreased bicarbonate

Question 17

What are metabolic problems?

Answer 17

Problems in your body/ blood stream

Question 18

What pH does acids occur at?

Answer 18

Below 7.4

Question 19

What causes respiratory acidosis?

Answer 19

• Hyperventilation
• Airway obstruction
• Mechanical ventilation
• Neauromascular disease
• Pulmonary edema
• Drug overdose: opiates
• Weakness of respiratory muscles

Question 20

What causes metabolic acidosis?

Answer 20

• Diabteic ketoacidosis
• Shock
• Severe diarrhea
• Renal failure
• Salicylate overdose
• Iron tablets
• Isoniazid
• Phenformin
• Paraldehyde
• Methanol
• Metformin
• Ethylene glycol
• Uremia
• Lactic acidosis

Question 21

At what pH does alkalosis occur?

Answer 21

Above pH 7.4

Question 22

What causes respiratory alkalosis?

Answer 22

• Anxiety
• High altitudes
• Pregnancy
• Fever
• Hypoxia
• Initial stages of pulmonary emboli
• Hyperventilation

Question 23

What causes metabolic alkalosis?

Answer 23

• Loss of gastric juices
• Potassium wasting diuretics
• Overuse of antacids
• Vomitting
• Aldosterone

Question 24

When does respiratory failure occur?

Answer 24

When PaO2 < 8 kPa

Question 25

What is type 1 respiratory failure?

Answer 25

Hypoxaemia but not hypercapnia: (Oxygen not getting in) Oxygen therapy and treat precipitating cause

Question 26

What is type 2 respiratory failure?

Answer 26

- Hypoxaemia WITH hypercapnia: (Oxygen not getting in, CO2 not getting out) - Low oxygen therapy and monitor frequently. - CO2 sensitivity may be decreased and respiratory drive dependent on low oxygen levels

Question 27

What are the symptoms of metabolic acidosis?

Answer 27

- Headache - Decreased BP - Hyperkalemia - Muscle twitching - Warm, flushed skin - Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea - Kassmaul respirations (compensatory hyperventilation)

Question 28

What are the symptoms of respiratory acidosis?

Answer 28

- Hypoventilation - Hypoxia - Rapid, shallow respirations - Decrease blood pressure with vasodilation - Dyspnea - Headache - Hyperkalemia - Dysrhythmias - Drowsiness - Dizziness - Disorientation - Muscle weakness - Hyperreflexia

Question 29

What are the symptoms of respiratory alkalosis?

Answer 29

- Seizures - Deep, rapid breathing - Hyperventilation - Tachycardia - Decrease or normal blood pressure - Hypokalemia - Numbness and tingling of extremeties - Lethargy and confusion - Light headed - Nausea/ vomiting

Question 30

What are the symptoms of metabolic alkalosis?

Answer 30

- Restlessness followed by lethargy - Dysrhthimias (tachycardia) - Compensatory hypoventilation - Confusion - Nausea/ vomiting/ diarrhea - Tremors, muscle cramps, tingling of fingers and toes - Hypokalemia