World, 14th to 20th AD

Question 1

1300: Decline of Medieval Civilization

Answer 1

1. Il tramonto della civiltà medievale nel sec. XIV
   
   1. Decline of:
      
      1. Monarchism (Idea of an empire) / Papacy / Scholasticism / Medieval cosmocentricism / Crusades + Knights

Question 2

First Half of the 1300s: Avignon Papacy

Answer 2

1. La prima metà del sec. XIV: il papato avignonese
   
   1. Pope Boniface VIII (1294-1303)
      
      1. Strong will + Ambitious / 1^st conflict with France / Conflict with Belgium / 2^nd conflict with France / Bull Unam Sanctam / Phillip’s solemn acusation of Boniface
      2. the first Jubilee and Holy Year / Stati Generali / “schiaffo” di Anagni
   2. The Birth of Ecclesiology
      
      1. Giacomo da Viterbo / Egidio Romano
   3. Pope Benedict XI (1303-04)
      
      1. Master General (Dominicans) + Peaceful / Resolution to Boniface – Phillip struggle
   4. Pope Clement V (1305-14)
      
      1. Loyalty to Boniface + Friend to Phillip / Curial transfer to Avignon // Condemnation of Boniface VIII / 15^th General Council of Vienne
   5. Pope John XXII (1316-34)
      
      1. Last medieval struggle between empire + papacy / Franciscan spirituality / Fiscal system / Homily on the beatific vision
   6. Antipope Nicholas V
   7. Pope Benedict XII
   8. Pope Clement VI
      
      1. French / Purchase of Avignon / Black Death / Flagellants + persecutions of Jews / Charles IV
   9. Eastern Missions
      
      1. Mongol Empire / Marco Polo / Franciscan missionaries / China / Persia / India / Armenian Church / Khan of the Gold Clan
   10. Pope Innocent VI
       
       1. Conclave notes / In Christendom
   11. Blessed Pope Urban V
       
       1. Back to Rome / Back to Avignon

Question 3

Second Half of the 1300s and the Great Eastern Schism

Answer 3

1. La seconda metà del sec. XIV e il Grande Scisma d’Occidente
   
   1. Pope Innocenzo VI
   2. Pope Urban V
   3. Pope Gregory XI
      
      1. Florence under interdict / St. Catherine of Siena / Wycliff / Left the Curia in confusion upon death
   4. Il Grande Scisma d’Occidente
   5. Pope Urban VI
      
      1. Conclave notes / Zealous reforms / Anagni/Fondi Conclave / Avignon-Rome papacies
   6. Wycliff’s Errors in England
      
      1. Rev. John Wycliff / Errors / Ecclesial intervention / Social movement / Synod of London / Inquisition
   7. La conversione della Lituania
   8. Battle of the Saints
      
      1. St. Catherine of Siena / St. Vincent Ferrer
   9. Faith in the Primacy
      
      1. Faithful doubt primacy of Peter / State takes up power in ecclesiastical matters
   10. Conciliar Theory
       
       1. Call for General Council to solve schism / Council’s authority greater than pope’s
   11. Pope Boniface IX
       
       1. Big nepotist / University of Paris’s three Schism solutions
   12. Antipope Benedict XIII
       
       1. seriously interested in unity / after elections refused resignation

Question 4

The Council of Costanza and the End of the Great Schism

Answer 4

1. Il Concilio di Costanza e la fine del Grande Scisma
   
   1. Da due a tre obbedienze
   2. La convocazione del Concilio di Costanza
   3. La fine dello scisma
   4. La riforma della Chiesa
   5. La eresie
   6. Hus’ Errors in Prague
      
      1. John Hus / Excommunication / Constance / Hussite War
   7. Exaggerating the Schism: a second antipope
      
      1. Pope Innocent VII / Pope Gregory XII (negotiations) / Council of Pisa / Antipope Alexander V / Antipope John XXIII / Papal obedience in 1409
   8. Council of Constance
      
      1. Attendance / Main tasks / Voting / Popes / Concilar theory / Pope Gregory XII / Antipope Benedict XIII / Success of the Council / Frequens reform decree

Question 5

The Council of Basilea – Ferrara – Firenze

Answer 5

1. Il Concilio di Basilea-Ferrara-Firenze
   
   1. Pope Martin V
   2. Pope Eugene IV
   3. Concilar theory
   4. Reunion with Eastern Church
      
      1. Motives from the East / Transferring the Council
   5. Conclusion of the Council
   6. Repercussions in the East
      
      1. Isidore of Kieve / Fall of Constantinople / Rejection of Union

Question 6

The Church and Humanism

Answer 6

1. Chiesa e Umanesimo (Humanism)
   
   1. Overview / Relationship with the Church / Francesco Petrarch / Decree of Constantine / Humanist Popes (Nicholas V / Callisto III / Pius II / Sixtus IV / Innocent VIII / Alexander VI)
   2. Papal Nepotism

Question 7

The Principal European States in the 1400s

Answer 7

1. I principali stati europei nel ’400 (Main European States)
   
   1. France / Germany / England / Italy / Spain

Question 8

The Geopolitical Situation of the 1500s

Answer 8

1. Situazione geopolitica del sec. XVI
   
   1. Le grandi esplorazioni geografiche ad opera degli europei e l’incontro con nuovi mondi
      
      1. Spain / Portugal
   2. L’espansionismo aggressivo dell’Impero Ottomano
   3. La diffusione politica del protestantesimo
      
      1. Catholicism / Luteranism / Anglicanism / Zwinglinesism
   4. Il progetto universalistico dell’imperatore Carlo V e il conseguente scontro con la Francia

Question 9

The Great Crisis of the Protestant Reformation

Answer 9

1. La grande crisi della Riforma Protestante
   
   1. 1483 - 1566

Question 10

The Council of Trent and The Counter-Reformation

Answer 10

1. Il Concilio di Trento e la Controriforma
   
   1. Paolo III / 1^st Period 1545 -7 / Guilio III / 2^nd Phase 1551-2 / Paolo IV / Pio IV / 3^rd Phase / Pio V / Gregorio XIII / Sisto V / Clemente VIII

Question 11

Catholic Reform and Counter-Reformation

Answer 11

1. Riforma cattolica e controriforma
   
   1. Many new religious orders
   2. Modern Roman Inquisition

Question 12

The Religious Battles of the 1500s and Confessional Stabilization

Answer 12

1. Le lotte religiose del sec. XVI e la stabilizzazione confessionale
   
   1. England
   2. Ireland
   3. Scotland
   4. Portugal
   5. Spain
   6. France
   7. Belgium
   8. Holland
   9. Germany
   10. Switzerland
   11. Austria
   12. Hungary
   13. Denmark
   14. Sweden
   15. Italy

Question 13

Missionary Activity of the 1500s

Answer 13

1. L’attività missionaria nel sec. XVI
   
   1. European expansion: Explorations and Colonial conquests
   2. Missions of Spain and Portugal
      
      1. American continent / Kingdom of Congo / Asia: St. Francis Xavier, Japan, India, Philippines / System of Patronato: Not a delegate, Private churches, Western Schism, Documents, Most important rights, Advantages, Disadvantages, Portuguese patroado, Spanish patronato

Question 14

Catholic Latin Europe in the 1600s

Answer 14

1. L’Europa latina cattolica nel sec. XVII
   
   1. Spain / Italy / France
   2. Jansenism: Problem / Chronology
   3. Gallicanesimo: France / The Four Gallican Articles
   4. The Persecutions against the Huggonots

Question 15

Europe of the North and East in the 1600s

Answer 15

1. L’Europa del Nord e dell’Est nel ’600
   
   1. Britannic Isles
   2. Sweden
   3. Germany
   4. Eastern Europe

Question 16

Missionary Activity in the 1600s

Answer 16

1. L’attività missionaria nel secolo XVII
   
   1. Colonial powers
   2. Spanish America: doctrinas / misiones / reducciones
   3. Brasil / Japan / Indochina / India / Tibet / Persia / Canada
   4. In the actual territory of the United States: New Mexico / Maryland
   5. The Congregration de Propaganda Fide
   6. The Issues of the Chinese Rites (1645-1742): First Part
      
      1. Matteo Ricci / Inculturation / “Christianization” of Confuscian philosophy / Questione dei Termini / Questione dei Riti (official traditional ceremonies in honor of Confucius, of the dead and of the gods, Chronology)

Question 17

General Characteristics of the 1700s

Answer 17

1. Caratteri generali del sec. XVIII
   
   1. Society and Culture in 18^th AD
      
      1. Political: Great powers
      2. Social: Absolute monarchy / Divine right of Kings / Confessionalization
      3. Economic: Merchantilism / Fisiocratica theory / Liberalism (classic political economy) / Industrial Revolution (Conditions)
      4. Great Scientific and Technical development: Scientific discoveries / Technical inventions
      5. Enlightenment Culture: Kantian definition / Exaltation of reason / Rupture with tradition / Exponents of continental Enlightenment
      6. Other aspects
   2. International Politics of the 18^th AD
      
      1. North America
      2. South America
      3. Oceania
      4. Asia
      5. Africa
      6. Eastern Europe
      7. Western Europe

Question 18

The Church in Europe in the 1700s

Answer 18

1. La Chiesa in Europa nel sec. XVIII
   
   1. Popes of the 1700s
      
      1. 1700-1721
      2. 1721-24
      3. 1724-30
      4. 1730-40
      5. 1740-58
      6. 1758-69
      7. 1769-74
   2. Clergy, Consecrated Life and Popular Religiosity in the 1700s
      
      1. Popular religiosity in Latin countries of the Catholic majority
      2. Clergy
      3. Religious orders
      4. Theology of the 1700s
      5. Jansenism of the 1700s
      6. Cesaropapismo
      7. Suppresion of the Jesuits
      8. Northern Europe

Question 18

Missions in the 1700s

Answer 18

1. Le missioni nel sec. XVIII
   
   1. France and England
   2. Canada / Louisiana / California / Antille Francesi / Guiana Francese / Spanish America / India / Tibet / Indochina / The end of the issues with Chinese Rites (Chronology)

Question 19

The Pontificate of Pius VI: The French Revolution

Answer 19

1. Il pontificato di Pio VI: la Rivoluzione Francese
   
   1. The Church in France on the eve of Revolution
   2. Religious Aspects of the Revolutionary Process
   3. Exportation of Revolution

Question 20

The Pontificate of Pius VII: The Napoleonic Period

Answer 20

1. Il Pontificato di Pio VII: il periodo napoleonico
   
   1. 1799 and the Wave of Revolution / 1800 / 1801 – 15 / Ecclesiastical politics
   2. Italy in the storm of the Revolution (1789-1815)

Question 21

Period of the Restoration

Answer 21

1. Il periodo della Restaurazione
   
   1. Through 1830
      
      1. 4 popes (Pio VII / Leone XII / Pio VIII / Gregorio XVI)
      2. General characteristics of the epoch
      3. Political situation of the Pontifical State
      4. Principal aspects of the Church 1815-30
   2. The pontificate of Gregorio XVI: Confrontation with Liberalism
   3. Restoration and Birth of the Italian national movement 1815-46
      
      1. Restoration and insurrection movements/riots
      2. Politics of the popes of the Restoration
      3. National political movements in Italy
   4. Missions in the Period of the Second Colonialism
      
      1. Second Colonialism
      2. Missions

Question 22

The Pontificate of Pius IX: I Vatican Council and the end of the Pontifical State

Answer 22

1. Il pontificato di Pio IX: il Concilio Vaticano I e la fine dello Stato Pontificio
   
   1. Chronology of the life and works of Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti 1792 – 2000
   2. Principal aspects of the pontificate (1846 – 78)
      
      1. Magisterial activity in the dogmatic area
      2. Loss of temporal power
      3. Centralization of ecclesiastical governance
      4. Pastoral action
      5. Relations with the states
      6. New condemnation of Liberalism
      7. Cultural aspects
      8. Pio IX and Madonna dell’Apollinare
   3. Bilancio
      
      1. 4 great positive results and 2 great shortcomings
   4. The Italian Risorgimento and the End of the Pontifical State
      
      1. Revolution of 1848 / I Savoia at the helm of the national movement / The Kingdom of Sardegna / The Pontifical State / Catholicism and Liberalism / Birth of the Kingdom of Italy
      2. 1861 – 78
         
         1. From Castelfidardo a Porta Pia / The Final Years of the Pontificate of Pio IX
         2. Oppressive measures by the State upon the Church
         3. La Legge delle Guarantigie
         4. Il non expedit (Abroad / In Italy)

Question 23

1. Il pontificato di Leone XIII: la risposta alla questione sociale
   
   1. Chronology (1810 – 1878)
   2. Period of Imperialism, Second Industrial Revolution, and Positivism
   3. Two inherited problems (Diplomatic isolation from the Holy See / Cultural Positivism and Rationalism)
   4. Social doctrine of the Church
   5. Magisterium on the political system
   6. State and Church in Italy during Leone XIII’s pontificate
      
      1. Leone XIII
      2. Kingdom of Italy
      3. State-Church relations
      4. Works of Congresses
   7. Relations between Missionaries and Colonizzers during the Second Colonization
      
      1. Introduction / France / Portugal / Spain / Others…
      2. The French Protectorate

The Pontificate of Leo XIII: the response to the social question

Question 24

The Pontificate of Pius X

Answer 24

1. Il pontificato di Pio X 1. Biographic notes (1835 - 1904) 2. Time of His Pontificate (1903 – 14) 1. Nationalism / Communism / Liberalism 3. The pontificate 1. Relations with the States / Reforming works / Modernism

Question 25

The Pontificate of Benedict XV: the First World War

Answer 25

1. Il pontificato di Benedetto XV: la Prima Guerra Mondiale 1. Biographic sketch from birth to pontifical election (1854 – 1914) 2. The First World War: Remote causes / Scope of the War / Very devastating war / Consequences 3. The Pontificate 4. WWI and Colonialism 5. WWI and the missions: Other, Example of a missionary in line with Benedict XV: Vincent Lebbe 6. Benedict XV and Italy

Question 26

The Pontificate of Pius XI: the Church in front of totalitarianism

Answer 26

1. Il pontificato di Pio XI: la Chiesa di fronte ai totalitarismi 1. 1857 to 1922 2. World between the Two Wars 3. Few important aspects of the work of Pio XI 1. Missions / Encyclicals / France / Spain / Italy / Germany / Mexico / Portugal

Question 27

The Pontificate of Pius XII: the Second World War and Communism

Answer 27

1. Il pontificato di Pio XII: la Seconda Guerra Mondiale e il comunismo 1. 1876 to 1939 2. Pontificate: 1939 to 1958 1. First 2. Second 3. Development of Communism / Western Europe / Proclamation of the Assumption of the BVM / Encyclicals / Vatican Scavi / Internalization of the Cardinalato and Promotion of the local episcopate / Attitude of the Holy See during WWII

Question 28

John XXIII (1958-1963)

Answer 28

1. GIOVANNI XXIII (1958-1963) 1. Life journey up to the Pontificate: 1881 to 1958 2. World at the turn of the 50s and 60s 3. The pontificate: The Council / Other aspects