Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

World Archaeology > World Archaeology Exam 2 > Flashcards

World Archaeology Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Mesopotamia’s environment

A
  • The Alluvial plains of Iraq and North Syria.
  • Bounded by deserts and mountains.
  • Very little rainfall, but home to the Tigris and Euphrates River, lakes, and deltas.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How did Mesopotamian (Neolithic) farmers adapt to their little rainfall?

A
  • Farmers settled near the Tigris and Euphrates River.
  • Farmers built ditches, water gates, and canals that spanned up to 3 miles.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How did Mesopotamian farming practices damage the environment?

A

The canals caused salt build up, leading to salt pollution of the land, water, and crop.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Upper vs. Lower Egypt

A

Upper: Full of Valleys (Black lands) and Deserts (Red lands) and consisted of the upper nile. Home to the Nubians.
Lower: Much wetter and consisted of the Nile Delta, which flooded seasonally in late summer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why did Mesopotamians need to trade?

A

Lack of resources in alluvial plains.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What Neolithic civilizations made up Mesopotamia?

A

Sumer, Assyria, Akkad, Eridu, Uruk Culture, and Ur.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Eridu

A
  • Neolithic Mesopotamian, 6750BP
  • Theorized to be a religious site due to mud brick “keyhole” houses surrounding the church.
  • Approx. 5000 population.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Agriculture in Ancient Egypt

A

Used the seasonal flooding of the Nile to grow crops. Mainly grew wheat and barley, along with maintaining cattle like cows, pigs, sheep, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Uruk Culture

A
  • Mesopotamian Neolithic
  • Walled Sumerian cities acting as political and religious centers. Approx. 100 small communities depended on the Capitals.
  • Urbanization, 30k–50k population, and social classes.
  • Barter system: Civilians offered labor or goods to the city in exchange for food rations.
  • Cuneiform: Used to document numbers, laws, and history.
  • Kings are also religious leaders.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cuneiform

A

Mesopotamian writing system of wedge marks on clay tablets.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sumer

A
  • Mesopotamian Neolithic, 5000BP
  • Urbanized, approx. 80% of population lived in walled Capitals.
  • Aristocracy/high class
  • Ziggurats
  • Kings are also religious leaders.
  • Hammurabi’s Code, both legal rule from the King and religious word from the Gods
  • Contained Ur and Uruk.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a Ziggurat?

A

A rectangular stepped tower of Mesopotamian design and worship.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Life in Neolithic and Predynastic Egypt

A

Multiple cultures were spread out among the Upper and Lower Nile. Eventually, they all started engaging with each other and playing a real-life game of “Monopoly”.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Nubia

A
  • Modern Sudan
  • Engaged in trade with Lower Egypt
  • Known for their deposits of Gold
  • 2000 BCE - 1504AD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ur

A
  • Mesopotamian Neolithic, Sumerian 4600BP
  • 24k–34k population.
  • Known for elaborate tombs and burial rites.
  • Sir Leonard Woodley excavated 16 tombs and 2000 commoner graves. His finds went to the British Museum.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Tell al-Raqa’l

A
  • Mesopotamian Neolithic, Sumerian 4800BP
  • Rural. 30–60 population.
  • Silos held enough grain to feed 500 people for a year.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Assyria

A
  • Mesopotamian Neolithic, 9000BP
  • Also had Ziggurats
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Neolithic

A
  • Starts 10,000 BP
  • Introduced agriculture, pottery, class differences, and warfare.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Upper Paleolithic

A
  • Starts 40,000BP and ends 10,000BP (Neolithic).
  • Microliths, hunters and gathers, and nomadic settlements.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Nekhan Culture

A
  • Beer brewing, pottery kilns
  • Elite activities, especially burials
  • Believers of Horus: A deity with a falcon head that their pharaoh embodied.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Abu Hureyra

A
  • Syria, near Euphrates River.
  • Upper Paleolithic to Neolithic (13K BP–9000 BP)
  • Originally nomadic hunters and gatherers.
  • Home to the first farmers.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Narmer

A

Is believed to be the first to unify all of Egypt into one kingdom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Catalhoyuk

A
  • Turkey. Neolithic 9000 BP
  • Home to advanced Bronze Age technology.
  • Had mud brick homes, fire pits, storage areas, and waste areas.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Narmer Palette

A
  • Depicts Egypt’s first Pharaoh wearing a white crown, with further depiction of him defeating his enemies with Horus as a witness.
  • On the other side, he is wearing a red crown and victorious over decapitated prisoners.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

King Scorpion

A
  • Predynastic ruler of Egypt
  • Has depictions of him as a ruler
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Jericho

A
  • Jordan Valley, Israel. Neolithic
  • Domed housed. Cities protected by walls and ditches.
  • Graves were within city lines under houses, buildings, and paths.
  • Jericho skulls: Plastered skulls and figurines kept as trinkets and decoration.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How does Michael Wood define “civilization?”

A

A settlement rich with advancement, culture, and history.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Great Sphinx

A

Ancient statue that watches over the pyramids of Giza. Made by and in the likeness of Khafre.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Giza

A

-Home to the pyramids
- Capital of the Old Kingdom.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Thebes

A

Ancient Capital of Egypt during the New Kingdom period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Old Kingdom of Egypt

A
  • 3100 - 2180 BCE
  • Kings
  • Bureaucracy
  • Rural population dominant.
  • Population of Old Kingdom perhaps 1.2 million, with only 5% in urban centers.
  • Major collapse around 2200 BCE with no known main cause.
32
Q

Middle Kingdom of Egypt

A
  • 2040-1640 BCE (or shorter)
  • Incursions into Nubia
  • Small pyramids (clay bricks rather than stone), within larger memorial complexes, more emphasis on temples
33
Q

New Kingdom of Egypt

A
  • 1640-1070 BC
  • Civil war with ‘hyksos’ rulers in Delta
  • Introduction of bronze weapons, bronze tools, horse, and chariots
34
Q

In which period did Egypt try to build a larger empire into the Middle East?

A

The Middle Kingdom period

35
Q

Was Egyptian life based in rural or urban settings?

A

It was mostly based in rural settings, although there were some urban settings.

36
Q

Why was magic so important in burial rituals, and what was the purpose of mummies?

A
  • Burials are part of their beliefs in the afterlife. They believed that, whatever you’re buried with, will be carried over into the afterlife.
  • The Egyptians believed that the mummified body was the home for this soul or spirit. If the body was destroyed, the spirit might be lost.
37
Q

What did Djoser have built that was so revolutionary?

A
  • He had them build a pyramid inside an enclosure with a throne in it
  • His pyramid is classified as the first ‘step pyramid’
  • It was made of stone instead of mud bricks
38
Q

How much labor and raw materials was required to build Khufu’s pyramid?

A

Thousands of laborers and thousands more raw materials

39
Q

Khufu

A

The Pharaoh who built one of the pyramids of Giza to be buried in and preserve his legacy

40
Q

How did the pyramids function?

A
  • The pyramids contained burial chambers where the pharaoh’s body would rest.
  • They also contained treasured items the pharaoh would need in the afterlife.
  • The pyramids are surrounded by mastabas, or smaller, older pyramids.
41
Q

How did Saddam Hussein use Mesopotamian symbols and sites?

A
  • Saddam Hussein was the fifth president of Iraq who believed himself to be the descendant of Babylonian ruler, Nebuchadnezzar II.
  • He conducted reconstruction of Babylon and added stamped bricks with his name and monuments of his image beside such monuments of Nebuchadnezzar II.
42
Q

Great Zimbabwe

A

-South-central Africa.
-Mid-thirteenth century AD
-Largest and most famous Karanga site.
-The area is rich in raw materials and is mainly composed of large granite hills.
-Stone walls, structures, terraces, and enclosures.
-Monopolization of coastal and long-distance trade.
-Textiles and metalworking were prominent.

43
Q

Jenne-Jeno

A

-Located in the Inland Niger Delta close to the Niger river.
-200 BC
-Lacked raw materials, which encouraged trade.
-Traded fish and animal products for Iron ore. This trade route spanned at least 50 km—evidence of blacksmiths working with the iron ore at furnaces.
-Urbanized

44
Q

How were trade routes and camels important to the kingdoms of West Africa?

A

They were used to transport goods across the desert and connect distance trade centers.

45
Q

From what area did some farming technology reach Neolithic Europe?

A

Appearance in Greece and Balkans around 9000 BP

46
Q

Bandkeramik Culture

A

-Northern Europe.
-Small communities along river valleys.
-Longhouses, up to 46 m long. Used by extended families and their livestock.
-Thatch roofs, wattle and daub (sticks and clay) walls.

47
Q

When and where did Megalith culture occur?

A

-Date to ca 4000-2000 BC, the beginning of the “Bronze Age.” Many appear to have been built ca. 4000 BC.
-Western and Northern Europe

48
Q

Gallery grave

A

A megalithic tomb lacking an entrance passage, the burial room(s) form the entire internal structure.

49
Q

Dolmen

A

A generic term for a Megalithic tomb/chamber with a roof.

50
Q

Passage grave

A

A megalithic tomb entered via a long, low, narrow passage that opens into a more expansive room, usually near the center of the structure.

51
Q

Sickle polish

A

A clear polish that forms along the edges of flakes and blades that are used to cut reeds, grass, wheat, and other long-stemmed plants.

52
Q

Cenotaph

A

A grave that does not contain a skeleton.

53
Q

Charavines

A
  • A Neolithic lakeside village
  • Noticed in 1906 when the tops of hundreds of large wooden posts were seen under the water, approximately 100 m (330 ft) off the shore of Lake Paladru
54
Q

Who were the bog people?

A
  • Hundreds of individuals have been found in the peat bogs of northern Germany and southern Scandinavia, dating to the centuries around the birth of Christ.
  • Very well preserved due to the environment.
55
Q

Knossos

A

-Largest Bronze Age archaeological site on Crete.
-3000 BC
-Lots of sophisticated and extensive rooms for storage, living spaces, political arrangements, bathhouses, etc.
-Destroyed multiple times.

56
Q

What does the Varna site say about early European metalworking and class differences?

A

-When excavating the site, archaeologists thought they found copper, but in reality, it was gold
-Graves may have been those of religious or political leaders or merchants.
- The heads of the bodies in the graves were facing the Black Sea
-Functional space was carefully designed and separated according to residential, administrative, storage, religious, and manufacturing uses.

57
Q

Who is the “Iceman,” and when did he live, and how did he die?

A

-He lived 5300 years ago
-He was an individual who was traveling over the Alps until he succumbed to the freezing temperatures (the border of Italy and Austria)

58
Q

How can we learn things about the “Iceman” from his body, tattoos, and associated belongings?

A

-The items that were with him show that he might have lived in a hunting/gathering society (a bow and quiver of arrows, bowstrings, bone points, a needle, a hafted copper axe, a wooden rucksack frame, two birchbark containers, a hafted knife of flint and its sheath, several flint tools (including a scraper, an awl, a flake, and a tool for pressure-flaking flint), a net (perhaps for catching birds), a piece of ibex horn, a marble pendant, and birch fungus)
-Tattoos were clearly visible on his back and right leg (therapy for arthritis?)
- X rays revealed several broken ribs
-suffered from arthritis in his neck, lower back, and right hip.

59
Q

Vix

A

A Celtic, princess burial from the Iron Age

60
Q

Maiden Castle

A

In Dorset, England, showing the fortifications of multiple walls and ditches. This high hill has archaeological remains from the Neolithic through the Roman period.

61
Q

Hallstatt

A

-The earlier Celtic period, approximately 800–500 B.C., was centered in Austria, southern Germany, and the Czech Republic.
-During the early Iron Age, salt and iron mines in these regions led to economic boom times.

62
Q

La Tene

A

-The La Tène period followed Hallstatt.
-The major concentrations of sites from this period are found in eastern France, Switzerland, southern Germany, and the Czech Republic.
- The Celtic Iron Age came to an end in most of western Europe around 50 B.C. with the Roman conquest, led by Julius Caesar.

63
Q

With what historic group do we associate La Tene people?

A

The Celtic People

64
Q

What sort of grave goods were placed in the tombs of elite individuals of Hallsatt and La Tene?

A
  • Baltic Amber beads
  • Locally made bronze brooches,
  • And other pins and jewelry.
65
Q

How do Megaliths relate to annual events?

A

Some Megaliths are thought to predict/correlate to solar eclipses, equinoxes, and cycles of the moon.

66
Q

How urbanized or centralized were La Tene people?

A

-more centralized
-a stratified society
-lots of trade

67
Q

From where was the stone at Stonehenge taken?

A

-The earliest stones (bluestone) at the site are from a source in western Wales.
-Sarsen Stones. These rocks are from a source only 20 miles away from Stonehenge.

68
Q

When and where was Minoan Civilization?

A

-Minoan culture in Crete
-2000-1200 BC

69
Q

When and where did Mycenaen civilization occur?

A

-Mycenaean sites in southern Greece and western Turkey.
-1600-1200 BC

70
Q

What were the essential foods for the Aegean Bronze age?

A

-Wheat, barley, lentils, grapes.
-Grains, wine grapes, oil.

71
Q

North vs. South China

A

-North China: North China–Huang Ho River. 9000 BP. Milder, drier summers. Pottery was for graves.
-South China: Yangtze River. Hotter and wetter summers. 9000 BP. Pottery was decorative.

72
Q

Shang

A
  • Ca. 4000-3000 BP (to 1027 BC).
  • Develops out of Longshan.
  • Had elite tombs full of jade, bone, bronze, and ceramic artifacts.
  • Used oracle bones.
73
Q

Longshan

A

-North China.
-Ca. 4700-4000 BP.
- Known for “black pottery.” Fine pottery and copper vessels.
-Scapulomancy.
-Rammed earth walls. Towns up to about 42 acres in size.
- Violence due to class differences evident by black pottery.

74
Q

Zhou

A

-1027 to 221 BC
-Development of major urban centers.
-Iron work
-Local currency–the shape of knives and spades, for example.
-Lack of central authority by the late Zhou

75
Q

Angkor & Angkor Wat

A
  • Known as the largest pre-industrial society in the world.
  • Angkor Wat: A massive Hindu temple. The largest religious temple in the world.
76
Q

Indus Valley Civilization

A
  • A Bronze Age civilization.
  • Known for urban city planning, baked brick houses, and waterway systems.
  • Harappa and Mohenjodaro were two major walled cities of the IVC
  • Had written language.

World Archaeology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions