World cities Flashcards

Question

Case study - Suburbanisation - LOS ANGELES | management of Suburbanisation in LA

Answer 1

Progressive Los Angeles Network - proposal for a sustainable city - by improving the city they hope to pull people back from the suburbs or stop them moving out - increased urban parks - promote clean fuel vehicles and green energy - require developer to build affordable housing - ban new retail developments which undermine local retailers - improve public transport - attract food markets and community gardens - promote safe walkable neighbourhoods

Answer 2

Push factors - many people move out of urban areas to escape the air and noise pollution of towns and cities - suburbs and city centres often have problems with congestion and parking - as suburbs become more popular house prices rise and people feel like they are not getting their value for money and move further from the city, in Surbiton £300,000 would only buy a two bedroom house but in St Ives it would buy four bedrooms Pull factors - houses in rural areas are often less densely packed, bigger and have more outside space - people think living somewhere quieter and with more open space will improve their quality of life - improved communications makes it easier for people to live in rural areas and work from home - technological improvements also mean that some companies no longer need to be in the cities and can move to rural areas where land is cheaper - this creates jobs in the rural areas

Answer 3

Positive - some services see an increase in business because newer residents are often professionals or retired people who will have a higher disposable income - in some villages the existing houses are improved as farm buildings are renovated and upgraded, farmers are able to make money by selling unwanted land or buildings for housing developments - some rural schools have to close due to a lack of pupils, but if families move to rural area then more schools may be needed in the areas and existing residents can continue to go to school in the area Negative - development can affect the characteristics of the rural settlements - some rural shops and services may close as wealthier residents who own cars are more likely to travel to larger shops and services in urban areas - rural roads and infrastructure may struggle to cope with additional traffic, this could cause increased congestion and air pollution - schools may close if new residents are old people rather than families - there is more demand for houses so prices increase, younger people may not be able to afford to buy a house

Answer 4

- Developments in some areas are only allowed if they are in keeping with the rest of the area - Some companies offer mobile services that visit the areas e.g. NatWest bank has mobile banking units that visit rural communities in Cornwall, Devon, Cumbria and South Wales. - In some rural areas there are local occupancy clauses on houses, in parts of Cumbria some relatively low-cost houses can be brought by people who have lived in the areas for at least three years

Answer 5

St Ives, Cambridgeshire, is about 70 miles north of London, a town that has grown through counter-urbanisation. In 1961 its population was 3800 but by 2012 it had reached 16400. It has good road access and rail links to Cambridge and London and is home to many daily commuters.

Answer 6

- Traffic congestion particularly during rush hour on the A14, the main commuter route to Cambridge - The average price of a detached house rose for £130,000 to £291,000 between 2000 and 2010. Commuters often have higher wages so are able to afford the higher price - St Ives is on the River Great Ouse and has a history of flooding problems. As the demand for housing has grown new developments have been built on the floodplain. This puts more residents at risk of flooding, 1000 properties are at risk of flooding from a 1 in 100 year event - There are now more shops and services in the town, in addition to everyday food stores there are now clothes and antique shops as well as more cafes and restaurants - The original ageing population has changed with an influx of families, there is now more people under that age of 16 than over the age of 65. This has put pressure on schools as more places are needed.

Answer 7

- In 2010 plans were approved to build 200 new homes in St Ives, at least 75 of which will be affordable housing aimed at people on lower incomes e.g. social rents and low-cost ownership - There are plans to expand primary schools to make 240 more places available - Flood protection works costing £8.8 million were completed along the Great Rive Ouse, this included ne embankments and flood walls - A £116 million guided bus way which links St Ives to Huntingdon and Cambridge has been built. it is hoped that this will reduce congestion as commuters no longer need to use the A14. There are also plans to extend the bus way to a new train station in Cambridge from which journey time to London will be quicker to reduce the number of commuters using Huntingdon station

Answer 8

The movement of people back into the city centre or inner city as part of urban regeneration

Answer 9

Push factors - there may be a lack of jobs in some rural or suburban areas - rural areas provide fewer leisure or entertainment facilities - counter-urbanisation may cause high house prices in rural areas Pull factors - the movement of industry and businesses out of cities as a result of suburbanisation, counter-urbanisation and deindustrialisation may leave derelict land. Government policies often favour redevelopment of brownfield sites in the city centre, people are attracted back to the city by the new developments - Urban development corporations set up in the UK to regenerate derelict urban areas and provide a more attractive environment for people to live and work. They have the power to buy land in a city and plan how it should be used in order to encourage business and people back to regenerated areas - most universities are based in urban areas so young people move there for education - young single people often want to live close to their work in areas with good entertainment services - once re-urbanisation has started it tends to continue

Answer 10

Positive - as people move back into the city centres, new shops and services open which boosts the economy - as services return jobs are created - less unemployment - reduction in crime - tourism in the city may increase which brings money to the area - local state schools an benefit from the increased number of students, however wealthier residents may chose to send heir children to private school away form the city Negatives - original resident are often on low incomes and may not be able to afford housing as prices rise - there may be tension between original residents and new residents which could lead to violence and crime - jobs created may not be accessible to original residents whom may be unskilled or semi-skilled - shops and services catering to newer wealthier residents may replace shops and services targeted at original residents, these may be too expensive for the original residents so they will have to go elsewhere

Answer 11

- Projects can include guarantees to bring affordable housing to an area - a redevelopment programme in Camden guaranteed that 25% of new homes would be made affordable for council tenants - Some charitable projects aim to improve the skills of the existing population to increase employment levels - city gateway is a charity set up by the London Docklands who work with disadvantaged young people running training courses to give them the skills to get into employment

Answer 12

The London Docklands are on the River Thames in the east of the city. During the 19th and early 20th centuries he docks were globally important and there was a lot of economic activity in the area. From he 1960s onwards the docks began to decline because of changes in the shipping industry, larger container ships became more common and the London Docklands were in a derelict state, 1500,000 people had lost their jobs, 20% of the housing was not suitable to live in and poor public transport meant it wasn't well linked to the city. The London Dockland development corporation was set up in 1981 to redevelop the area.

Answer 13

Positive Economy-part of the area was made an Enterprise zone form 1982 until 1992. By 1998 there were 2700 businesses trading in the Docklands and the area had attracted £7.7 billion of private investment. By 1998 85 000 people worked there Housing - 24 000 new homes were built including 6250 housing associations or local authority houses Transport - the Docklands Light Railway opened in 1987 which cut journey times to London by 20 mins Community - new public facilities including a sailing and water sports centre, a shopping centre and five new health centres Education - new schools and colleges were built and existing schools were improved Environment - docks were refurbished, new outdoor spaces Negative - some conflict between original and newer more affluent residents, original residents felt as if the LDDC was favouring luxury developments - Many of the original residents were unable to find work in the new businesses because jobs were often skilled

Answer 14

- In some areas of the Dockland the LDDC asked for 40% of new housing to be sold at an affordable price to original residents - Centres were set up to provide training in basic literacy, numeracy and IT, e.g. £1.5 million was spent on an IT centre, it trained unemployed 16-18 year olds in basic electronics and computer programming giving them work experience and qualifications

Answer 15

Population loss and social decline - money leaves, counter-urbanisation, developments in technology give ability to work form home Economic decline - based around 19th century deindustrialisation, industry and jobs have moved overseas so the inner city is lacking in investment, new developments out of town where there is room for expansion and improved communications and accessibility Poor physical environment - 19th century terraced housing, lacking investment - vacant land and disused factories, poor quality housing, vandalism, bleak concrete dominated land Political problems - turn out at both local and national elections is low

Answer 16

in the 1950-70s many local authorities built estates on the city edge to accommodate for overspill population of inner city slum clearance. For example Wythenshawe on the Southern degree of Manchester. The estates were huge in size and development of services lagged well behind the building of housing. The area was remote from the city and involved an approximately 40 minute bus journey. As time has passed the physical fabric and the environmental quality has deteriorated. Whilst a number of properties were moved into private ownership under the right-to-buy legislation many are still rented. This estate like many others is composed mainly of social housing containing an above average number of vulnerable groups such as low income groups, long term unemployed and elderly living in poverty.

Answer 17

The process when wealthier people move into a run down area and regenerate it by improving their own housing.

Answer 18

Positives - Housing is improved as wealthy newcomers regenerate buildings - Value of house in the area increase, existing homeowners are able to sell their homes for more money - New businesses move to the area to cater for the wealthier newcomers creating jobs - Crime rate may fall as there are fewer derelict buildings that attract vandalism and graffiti Negatives - The high demand for housing can cause problems, tenants in the area may be forced out of their homes because landlords want to sell the house at high value - Increased house prices meant that children of original homeowners may be unable to afford homes nearby and be forced to move elsewhere _ Original residents may lose the shops and services they need as these are replaced by up-market shops aimed at the wealthier residents - All of these problems can contribute to tension between local people and the new residents

Answer 19

In the 1950s it was an area of slums and inner city deprivation and by 1958 was a scene of race riots due the newly arrived Afro-Caribbean. Now Notting Hill is London's most desirable area for families and is home to movie stars, singers and fashion designers. Notting Hills gentrification started in the 1960s/70s with pioneers that tended to be young public sector workers, these were followed by high earning professionals who often moved into property that had already been improved. Notting Hill also received a large amount of publicity from the film.

Answer 20

It now hosts a number of fashionable services - Veronicas, offering British culinary heritage - Trendy pubs, Westbourne pub, sausage and mash pub - Portuguese and Moroccan restaurants - Market, antiques and brick-a-brac Over all gentrification has had a positive impact, the overall image has improved and it has become much more desirable place to live. Crime rates have fallen and the wealth of residents have created new businesses and jobs. Prices of houses have increased which has benefited existing homeowners, however some of the poorer residents may be displace and tension may arise between the original residents

Answer 21

Property-led regeneration involves building or improving property in an area to change its image and improve the local environment. These changes encourage further investment and the return of people and business to the area. They are often set up by UDCs

Answer 22

Castle field, in the inner city of Manchester experienced property led regeneration centred upon leisure and tourism aiming to compliment industrial heritage. The central Manchester development corporation was established in 1988 to regenerate 200 hectares and Castlefield came under this project. - £120 million was spent on the regenerating, £30 million from public funds and £90 million from private investors - Old buildings were renovated into contemporary office space and the canal network was cleared improving the appearance and giving the area a more modern, clean image - New homes for nearly 700 residents were constructed on the canal side and in converted mills, which mainly house a youthful population who are likely to be wealthy young professionals bringing money into the area - Outdoor spaces were also improved with the addition of an outdoor arena to replace the old tyre depot which now host events such as festivals - This expands the tourism in Castlefield which is also encouraged by the museum of science and industry, Granda studio tour and high class bars and restaurants such as Dukes 92 and Barca

Answer 23

The scheme created 1587 jobs however has been considered a low number due to the amount of money spent and many of these jobs have just been relocated from other parts of the city. By giving the area a contemporary image an island of wealth has been created close to deprived areas such as moss side and has led to the displacement of original residents. This has increased social division of wealth in the area. It has been argued that UDCs are the single most effective method in regeneration or urban areas, however it is clear that in this case that the interests of locals were ignored partially due to their unaccountable status. This has exacerbated the problem in neighbouring urban areas of Manchester like Moss Side

Answer 24

A partnership scheme is the collaboration between local councils, business and local communities to improve the local urban area through the economy, the environment and social improvements.

Answer 25

Hulme, an area of central Manchester underwent regeneration due to a partnership scheme after their successful bid in the 1991 city challenge where they were awarded £37.5 million over 5 years from the central government. City challenge was established in over 30 locations by the mid 1990s and accounted for over 20% of expenditure on urban regeneration. It put great emphasis on including local people who had been excluded by the UDCs Before this, in the 19th and early 20th century Hulme housed a working community for Manchester's industries. However overcrowding and disrepair led to Hulme being declared a clearance area in 1954and in the 1960s the are was redeveloped into crescent blocks know as "streets in the sky". This was unsuccessful due to many problems such as damp, expense of electricity, increased unemployment and a lack of community. These problems are what led to the city challenge bid and the regeneration through the partnership scheme.

Answer 26

Manchester city worked with private companies, a partnership between the local council and the private sector which become known as the Manchester regeneration ltd. There were 7 aims for this strategy but two key areas related to housing in the area. To improve the condition of the housing stock and to increase the housing choices for local people. The housing programme was led by the Guinness trust and the North British housing association. - The tower blocks were demolished, seeing out 3016 units of unfit council housing which was replaced with a mixture of private and council owned homes - The sense of community was encouraged by increasing contact with neighbours through the way the houses were built, 2 storeys, giving a more street like neighbourhood which caused natural surveillance to be enhanced - This made the area a more attractive place to live with an estimated population growth of 3.3% between 1992 and 2002. There were also great improvements to services in the area - The main shopping area was refurbished to include a range of shops and a supermarket which has created new jobs in the tertiary sector, contributing to the fall in unemployment from 32% in 1989 to 6% in 2010 - Private investment was encouraged through the partnership by a business park in Birley fields, where high profile companies such as Colgate have located some of their offices. This brought outsiders who work for these companies into the area who often are wealthy so have spending power.

Answer 27

Overall the city challenge partnership scheme in Hulme was a success as the social, economic and environmental well being were improved. Net satisfaction within the new housing scheme was 87% in 1997 suggesting that this particular partnership scheme was highly successful. However Hulme is still a poor area with 47.5% of the population living in social housing and unemployment is still high in comparison to the rest of Manchester. Increasing house prices has made private housing unaffordable for many who have had to move to other areas thus suggesting that there is still work to be done.

Answer 28

These were schemes introduced in the last labour government to further urban regeneration. Flagship project/prestige property development - prestige projects which seek to exert a positive influence and lead to urban regeneration e.g. Cardiff water Sustainable communities - these have developed in a variety of UK cities. Decent houses for sale at affordable prices, green and open space, money, employment in the area, transport is readily available, strong sense of community and well governed e.g. The Olympic village The St Stephens Development was a brown site which originally comprised of a mixture of ownerships, building and vacant lots. Development sponsors are Kingston-Upon-Hull city council and Yorkshire forward. The scheme is a flagship development intended to complement and reinforce city-centre activities by having a mixture of retail, food, leisure, hotel, theatre and car parking. It is to include a new integrated transport interchange.

Answer 29

The traditional shopping patterns started to change in the 1970s when supermarkets and DIY shops started to move to the outskirts of town. Nowadays most cities have large out-of-town retail complexes

Answer 30

- Increased car ownership means more people drive to shops and by going out of town there is less worry over parking, which is usually free, and congestion - The use of cars and home freezers mean they can get everything they need under one roof - Increased road building has increased access and attracts customers to travel further away because they can get there by a shorter journey on a motorway - Cheaper to build out-of-town and are often built on reclaimed derelict land so planning permission is received easily - Decentralisation of the population and their affluence by the process of counter-urbanisation - Change in family patterns, a large proportion of families have two working parents so there is even less time, these out-of-town shopping centres provide entertainment for children as well as all the shops and supermarkets

Answer 31

Negative - Out of town shopping centres compete with the city centre shops so fewer people shop in the city centre - There is a decrease in the number of customers using services so they may be forced to close - Decline in business leads to a general decline in the area which can become run down increasing problems like vandalism Positive - Local councils and governments sometimes invest money to improve the city centre and attract customers back, improvements include pedestrian zones, renovating old shopping malls and organising events

Answer 32

Negative - Out of town centres require a lot of construction creating noise pollution - Most people will now drive out to retail centres which causes congestion and air pollution - Small villages and towns will see a decline as people shop at out-of-town centres, less mobile residents may become isolated as local services are forced to close, this leads to the decline of traditional villages e.g. Dudley is a town that has been negatively affected by the Merry Hill shopping centre. Its anchor stores, Debenhams, Matalan and M&S, have drawn the affluence away form Dudley's town centre. Stores have been replaced by amusement arcades, discount and charity stores like home bargains and B&M. - Loss of agricultural land

Answer 33

Opened in 1998, built on a brownfield site in the industrial area of Trafford park, 5 miles west of Manchester. The site covers over 150 acres and cost £600 million. The Trafford centre has the largest catchment area of any shopping centre in the UK, 5.3 million people live within 45 minute drive and more than 30 million visit it each year with a potential retail spend of £13 billion a year. The centre includes: - Over 280 shops, including the anchor stores, Selfridges, John Lewis and Debenhams - 1600seat food court - 20 screen cinema - Crazy golf, laser quest, bowling and an indoor climbing wall - 11,500 free parking spaces, 1/2 the traffic enters on to each level to reduce congestion -Air conditioned - Long opening hours, till 10pm on weekdays, 8pm on Saturdays and 6pm on Sundays - Good access, between junctions 9 and 10 of the M60, 90% of visitors by car - capacity to deal with 120 buses per hour - 4 distinct areas, Peel Avenue, Regent Crescent, Dome, Orient - plus Barton square the new furniture centre

Answer 34

Negatives - Most visitors drive causing congestion and pollution especially during busy periods - Fewer people shop at town centres or use other leisure facilities because they cannot compete with the advantages of the Trafford centre - Stockport is a town located off junction 1 of the M60 just 13 miles from the Trafford centre, it has experienced loss of trade, closure of shops and the arrival of cheaper shops like the pound shop. Before the building of the Trafford centre it was predicted that Stockport would see a loss in about 26 million a year, 27.4% of shops are now vacant and residents who cant afford a car are very reliant on public transport to get to these out of town shopping centres. Positives - Supports local community projects and charities such as Royal Manchester Children's Hospital - The centre provides work experience for local school students - 8000 people are employed at the Trafford centre, they receive benefits such as health care and childcare vouchers - It is growing so that it offers a wider range of services which attract more customers e.g. the LEGOLAND discovery centre opened in 2010 - Stimulus to the redevelopment of Manchester's city centre

Answer 35

Before the development of put-of-town retail centres, the CBD was the hub of the city where most of the shops and entertainments were and where many businesses had their offices. In many cities this is still true, but in others there has been a decline in the CBD when shops and business have shut down of relocated. Shops can be left empty which is unattractive and attracts vandalism. There is often problems with crime. If people don’t feel safe in an area they won’t go there. As fewer people go to the city centre to shop and for entertainment, investment is likely to decrease leading to further to decline.

Answer 36

Governments and local councils redevelop city centres to draw people back. There are different strategies for redevelopment: - Making shopping areas more attractive by creating pedestrian zones, adding benches and planting trees and flower beds. Pavements are also improved to make it easier for people with prams and wheelchairs - Building new shopping malls or renovating old ones - Opening street markets to improve atmosphere and encourage people to shop in the city centre by increasing the range of products available e.g. farmers’ markets selling local food - Improving public transport into the town centre to decrease congestion e.g. park and ride schemes - Installing CCTV and security alarms and improving street lighting to reduce crime and make the CBD safer - Increasing opening hours to include late night and Sunday shopping - Conserving historic buildings in the city centre to attract tourists To compete with the range of facilities available at out-of-town shopping centres, some cities are investing in entertainment and leisure facilities and cultural events in their CBD and others are building new housing. - More cafes, bars, restaurants and entertainment venues to bring people into the city centre. Overall, this helps to reduce crime and vandalism because the city centre is busier, but can produce other problems that mean more police are needed on streets at busy times - Promoting free cultural entertainment in the city centre, e.g. cultural festivals or street theatre. In Liverpool, the Liverpool Light Night is a cultural evening where galleries and museums stay open late and offer free entry to visitors - Opening flagship attractions, major attractions that draw people in from a wide area and acts as a focal point for tourism and regeneration - The establishment of theme areas such as the gay village in Manchester - The development of more residential property, building new apartments and renovating old industrial buildings. If more people live in the CBD they are more likely to use the facilities

Answer 37

It can be argued that the Trafford centre has stimulated retail improvement in the CBD. The redevelopment was to a certain extent forced on the city centre by the 1996 IRA bombing outside the Arndale centre. Manchester Millennium Ltd. was formed weeks after the bombing to design and manage the redevelopment. Its aims were to re-design and rebuild large parts of the CBD to create a safe, accessible centre for the whole north west region where people would come to live shop and for entertainment and to make sure that the success of the city would cause long term investment.

Answer 38

* The renovation of old buildings, the corn exchange was rebuilt internally to become an upmarket mall selling designer clothes and jewellery * Run down and unattractive buildings including the Arndale were rebuilt and restyled * New upmarket anchor stores, Britain’s largest Marks and Spencer, Selfridges * Large areas were pedestrianised, Exchange square a mixture of retail and restaurants and open area where people can socialise – also has a giant TV screen * The print works entertainment complex was built on the site of the old print works – multi-screen cinema, gym, restaurants, bars and a night club * Urbis, an exhibition centre that hosts the National Football Museum built in Cathedral Gardens * Leisure facilities – MCR Ferris wheel * Improved safety – more accessible, pedestrian links in the CBD, well lit, panic buttons, CCTV, lady cabs * Improved transport – park and ride, metro link * Improved environment – Piccadilly gardens, open space in the CBD

Answer 39

The population of the city centre doubled between 2003 and 2009 to over 19,000 people. Manchester has become the third most popular tourist destination in the UK contributing to £5 billion to the economy each year. Retail in the city centre has made an extra £300 million a year. However in 2001 16% of the population were on low incomes, come of these people have been excluded from city centre living because they couldn’t afford to use the new facilities.

Answer 40

Sustainability means meeting the needs of the people today in a way that doesn't damage the environment or use up resources in order to meet the needs of the future generations

Answer 41

Landfill is the burying of rubbish often in former quarries. Landfill is cheap in the short term but is not sustainable. - Landfill sites release carbon dioxide and methane, this is not sustainable because greenhouse gases cause climate change. In the UK landfill sites produce 36% of all methane emissions. There are new technologies that allow gases produced to be captured and used. In Mumbai a landfill site was closed and covered and the methane was used to generate electricity. This scheme could reduce greenhouse gases by 2.2 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents by 2028 - Landfill can pollute groundwater - Landfill wastes valuable materials that could be reused of recycled - In developing countries people often work and live on landfill sites, scavenging for materials to sell, in Manila 10,000 families lived on or next to Smokey Mountain Dump until it was closed in 1996, although it gives people an income its not sustainable because it doesn't meet their needs

Answer 42

In the UK household waste contains around 38% of organic material which is biodegradable so it can be composted either by individuals or on a large scale. _ Large-scale composting involves collecting compost from people homes and from public waste. The material is transported to reactors where microbes break it down anaerobically. It produces biogas and nitrogen-rich fertilisation - Composting is sustainable because it decreases the amount of waste going to landfill and biogas is a renewable energy source - It has to be managed properly to be successful, waste must be sorted to ensure there are no contaminants that would pollute the soil and crops

Answer 43

Energy recovery is when waste that cant be composted, reused or recycled is burnt to generate heat and electricity. - Reduces use of fossil fuels but is not fully sustainable because it produces CO2 and other emissions - It is used in Sheffield providing heat for 140 buildings in the city centre including the City Hall. Without the energy recovery facilities these buildings would produce an extra 21,000 tonnes of CO2 every year

Answer 44

Recycling is when waste materials are made into new products or materials e.g. plastic bottles into jumpers. - Often quicker and cheaper than making goods from scratch - Uses less energy to make, takes 20 times more energy to make aluminium cans from raw materials rather than from recycled - Reduces the demand for raw materials, reduces environmental impacts where they are extracted from - Relies on individuals, some councils use encouragement, Windsor in Berkshire started a trial to gain rewards for recycling, 70% signed up and recycling rates increased by 35 - Expensive, initial investment needed to set up and collection expenses - Lots of the UKs material is sent abroad for processing, transporting produces emissions but generally less would be produced by making products

Answer 45

- Reducing the overall waste can be done by individuals e.g. signing up to reduce the amount of junk mail received, and by businesses e.g. less food packaging - Reusing tends to be easier for individuals than on a large scale. However some companies have schemes e.g. in Germany drinks companies charge a deposit for drinks in refillable glass or plastic bottles which customers get back when they return the bottle, Starbucks sell reusable cups which give discount on drinks when they are re-used

Answer 46

England's largest waste disposal authority, aims for zero waste and by 2918 to have recycling rates at over 50% with 85% being diverted from landfill. By 2025 it aims to reduce household waste to 400kg per household through waste prevention, re-use and recycling. They also want to increase understanding of the actions that individuals can take to prevent waste through education.

Answer 47

Recycling is an important part of everyday economy, it is common for people to collect and make use of other people's rubbish. Waste tips are scavenged for any recoverable or recyclable materials such as old car tyres which are cut up and used to make sandals, washing machine doors are used as kitchen bowls, glass bottles are returned to stores for recycling, food waste is fed to animals or composted and tin cans are used to make charcoal stoves, lamps and metal tips for ploughs

Answer 48

- Bus lanes encourage people to use public transport because buses can bypass traffic jams, if bus lanes are incorporated in the widening of roads it makes the service more efficient and reliable however in some cities lanes are created without widening the road which increases congestion for other road users - Cycle lanes can speed up and make it sager to travel by bikes in cities. In 2005, 6 towns in the UK became cycle towns and received extra government funding to provide facilities for cyclists and start cycling initiatives , in these towns cycling increased by 27% by 2008 - High occupancy vehicle lands can only be used by vehicles with a minimum number of occupants, they tend to operate during rush hour and encourage car sharing, in Toronto Canada the opening of HOV lanes on the highway 403 led to an increase - Congestion charges, charge vehicles to drive in parts of the city,introduced in 2003 in London and extended in 2007

Answer 49

- Makes it easier for passengers to transfer between different types of transport - Reduces journey time because there is no need to wait for a connection - Transport is made more accessible to pedestrians and cyclists, in Tempe Arizona all buses have bike racks so people can easily use the bus and cycle in one journey - In Curitiba there are around 1600 buses in operation and passengers can buy one ticket for any journey, 70% of commuters use the bus system and Curitiba uses 30% less fuel per capita. As a result air pollution in the city is lowest in Brazil.

Answer 50

- Include hybrid, hydrogen and electric vehicles, they may run on renewable energy and produce significantly less emissions than standard petrol or diesel vehicles - Improves air quality - Usually expensive to buy and can be difficult to refuel , often electricity is generated by burning fossil fuels - These types of vehicles are ideal for the Island of Jersey where power is generated from a French nuclear station and only small journeys are made

Answer 51

- Bypasses and ring roads can be built so people can go around cities instead of through them e.g. radial route the M25 around London was built in the 1970s/80s but has increased the number of cars on the road - Park and ride schemes allow people to park outside the city and catch a shuttle bus to the city centre which is cheaper than parking in the centre - They often affect more rural areas as they are constructed on the rural-urban fringe

Answer 52

Bangkok are experiencing rapid unplanned growth with an increase in population from 2 million in 1960 to 10 million in 2010. Bangkok has 50% of the nation's cars with only 15% of the population, 2.3 million cars and 2.5 million motorcycles fill the roads every day. - Congestion, during rush hour and Monsoon, traffic is chaos and queues build up at toll booths - Accidents, road deaths are 4 times that of the UK and accounts for 40% of all of Thailand's accidents - Air quality - phasing out of lead petrol has reduced the percentage of schoolchildren suffering from high levels from 11% to 3%, pollution is still over the EU limits

Answer 53

Bangkok's mass transit authority is responsible for managing traffic but public transport has failed to keep up with population growth. Over 80% of the working population travel by private transport such as motorbike taxis and private buses which are expensive but take short cuts. - Developing the rail systems, The Thai government developed a rail system aimed at reducing congestion in the 1990s but this was never fully built due to the 1997 Asian financial crash. The "Skytrain" opened in 1999 linking Northern and Eastern suburbs to the CBD with 23 stations. An underground system was built in 2004 running in the same areas as the sky train but it is more expensive, fall in passengers from 400,000 daily to 150,000 - Bus transport, carry 3 million people a day but ageing vehicles and rising fuel prices make it difficult to provide a reliable service, bus services are cheap and frequent. In 2012 it was announced that there would be an introduction of bus lanes however this has made congestion worse - Boat and ferry services, attractive but has low capacities and is slower, nearly 500,000 passengers travel by ferry service daily

Answer 54

The Manchester Metro link opened in 1992, serving 18 stations on the conventional rail network as well as 6 street-level stations in the city centre. Interchange facilities are provided at Piccadilly and Victoria station, The Manchester mainline station. The link operates at intervals of 5 minute at peak periods and 12-15 at other times. There is a fleet of 32 Vehicles making 52,000 journeys everyday and has estimated at least 5 million car journeys along the metro link corridor have been prevented each year.

Answer 55

Stretches along the A638 York Road to north of Doncaster and along the A638 Bawtry road to the south. Features include new dedicated bus lanes on the approach to the town centre, upgraded bus stops along the route, better waiting areas, shelters and information, two new park and ride sites with 400 car parking spaces at each with covered waiting areas and toilets and new state of the art buses with the latest low-emission engines. The QBS has been designed to integrate with Doncaster's new public transport interchange.

World cities Flashcards

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