World Cities Case Studys Flashcards
(24 cards)
1
Q
What are the impacts of urbanisation shown in Mumbai?
Pop. 5.9 million —> 12.5 million
1971 2011
A
- Poor living conditions- homes are cramped and poorly built- lack of toilet and sewage risks disease (typhoid)
- Health care only reaches 30% of the urban poor- outbreaks of disease (malaria)- IMR of 40/1000
- Demand for water- Mumbai water supply is dependant on monsoon rains- rationed in dry years
- Road network (Wadala bridge) carries millions per day- problems with long journey times, congestion and air pollution.
- More waste- in eastern neighbourhood of Chembur- waste on open dumps is burnt- 25% of deaths here between 07 + 08 were caused by respiratory problems
2
Q
What management is taking place to tackle the issues of urbanisation in Mumbai?
A
- In 2004 the government announced redevelopment project to clear Dhavari and create independent township- build new apartments, sewage system hospitals and schools- residents against this as will ruin livelihoods and community spirit.
- In 1995 Slum Sanitation Program by NGOs built 330 communal toilet blocks in slums in Mumbai.
- Rainwater harvesting systems by local authority- compulsory on plots over 300m2- however since 2007 only half of eligible plots have done so.
- People using alternative modes of transport- scooters and mopeds- to avoid traffic- reduces congestion but vehicles add to poor air quality
- Upgrade of public transport- metro system with over 140km of new rail lines was set up in 2013- not completed until 2021
3
Q
What issues has suburbanisation caused in the borough Surbiton?
Pop. 141,000 —-> 160,000
1971 2011
A
- Around 70% of households own at least one car- roads often have lots of parked cars- makes it difficult for larger vehicles (buses) to get through.
- Is a London Travel Zone 6- fares are expensive so people choose to drive- 40% of working pop. drive to work- increases congestion and pollution especially on roads connecting surbiton to A3.
- House prices are high- selling price was £406,000 in April 2012 compared to UK average of £226,000- hard for people on lower incomes to move- leads to economic segregation.
4
Q
What are the pull factors of Surbiton?
A
- Excellent transport links- fastest trains reach Waterloo in 18 minutes- close to the A3.
- Variety of good quality housing (semi- detached housing and flats)
- Wealthy area with plenty of shops and restaurants
- Good state schools and number of parks for families
5
Q
What management is being implemented in Surbiton?
A
- The Improvement Strategy for Surbiton Town Centre launched in 2009- proposed widening roads, building new access road to Surbiton station and having set delivery times for shops- reduces congestion.
- Surbiton Neighbourhood committee set up to involve the residents of Surbiton in local decision making. Can decide how to make
Improvements (traffic) in the area. - Campaign to classify Surbiton as a LDN Travel Zone 5- commuters pay less to travel- encourages more people to use train.
- Secure bicycle storage units installed at the station and improved pedestrian access- encourages more people to cycle or walk to station rather than driving.
6
Q
What are the impacts of counter- urbanisation on St.Ives, Cambridgeshire?
Pop. 3800 —-> 16,400
1961 2010
A
- Traffic congestion- especially on main commuter A14- 1/4 of working pop commute to London each day.
- Average price of a detached house rose from £130,000 to £291,000 from 2000 to 2010- commuters often earn higher wages so are better able to afford higher prices.
- River Great Ouse has history of flood problems- new developments built on south river bank and floodplain- puts more residents at risk of flooding- 1000 properties in St.Ives at risk from a 1 in 100 year event.
- More shops and services- now more clothing and antique stores- more restaurants and cafes
- Change in population structure- influx of younger people means there are now more people under 16 thanks over 65- pressure on schools and more pre and primary school places needed.
7
Q
What management strategies have been put in place in St. Ives?
A
- Plans approved in 2010 to build 200 new homes- 75 of which will be affordable housing aimed at lower incomes- social rents and low cost ownership.
- Plans to expand primary schools in St. Ives to make 240 more places available.
- After flooding in 1998 + 2003- flood protection costing £8.8 million were completed along the River Great Ouse in 2007- new embankments and flood walls
- £116 million guided busway linking to Cambridge built- reduce congestion as people don’t need to use A14- also plans to extend the busway to a new train station to reduce journey times
8
Q
What are the + impacts of the UDC- London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC)?
EHC TEE
A
ECONOMY- area made into enterprise zone 1982/1992
- 2700 business trading here
- area attracted £7.7 billion private investment
- creates jobs with 85,000 ppl working there
HOUSING- 24,000 new homes built, including 6250 housing association houses
COMMUNITY- new facilities built including sailing and water sports centre and Surry Quays shopping complex
TRANSPORT- dock lands light railway opened in 1987, cutting journey times to central LDN to less than 20 mins- new cycles routes made
EDUCATION- new schools and colleges built and improved with new IT equipment
ENVIRONMENT- docks refurbished with ecology park at Bow Creek and wildfowl sanctuary at East India Dock
9
Q
What are the negative impacts of the LDDC?
A
- Conflict between original residents and newer, more affluent residents- felt LDDC favoured luxury developments rather than affordable housing.
- In 1981 36% of people in docklands were unskilled or semi skilled- original residents not qualified for new jobs made at docklands.
10
Q
How are the impacts of the LDDC being managed?
A
- In areas such as Shadwell Basin and Wapping- LDDC asked for 40% of housing to be sold at an affordable price to original residents.
- £1.5 million spent on IT Centre opened in 1984- trained unemployed 16-18 year olds in basic electronics- giving WE and a qualification at the end.
- LDDC supported Skillnet- job agency providing skills needed to find work in an area.
11
Q
Pull factors of Islington, London?
A
- Increase in jobs in the service sector (law) and decrease in manufacturing- young well paid people want to live close to city centre.
- Islington well connected via Angel underground station to city centre
- Houses were large Georgian and Victorian- attractive and cheaper than in wealthier areas- people could renovate them to their liking.
- Once gentrification began, it continued
12
Q
What are the positive and negative impacts of gentrification in Islington?
A
POSITIVE
- Improved housing- wealthier residents renovated large Georgian and Victorian houses
- New businesses opened- wine bars and restaurants- bringing money and jobs.
NEGATIVE
- Increased house prices- from £130,000 in 1996 to £430,000 in 2008- poorer people forced out into social housing.
- Wealth gap between poorer and wealthier residents- richest 20% earn over £60,000 per yr- poorest 20% earn less than £15,000- in 2007 Islington was most deprived area in England.
- Some business close (pubs and stores)
13
Q
How are impacts in Islington being managed?
A
- Businesses are being encouraged to pay all of their staff London Living Wage of £8.50- gives workers a larger income for living cost
- Light Project International run practical maths classes for unemployed ppl under 16 and adult classes in languages
14
Q
How did the Hulme City Challenge Partnership regenerate Hulme, Manchester?
(6)
A
- Manchester City council worked with private companies to design a £37.5 million regeneration package to redevelop the area
- Tower blocks demolished- new houses built ( council owned and private) for existing and new residents.
- Main shopping centre refurbished to include range of shops, market hall and supermarket
- Zion centre- arts venue and community centre- runs art projects for locals
- Business park at Birley Fields- encourage private investment- high profile businesses such as Colgate Ltd occupy- creates jobs
- Hulme Park- safe outdoor green space for residents.
15
Q
What are the SUCCESSES and FAILURES of Hulme city challenge partnership?
(3 each)
A
SUCCESSES
- More attractive- pop. Growth of 3.3% compared to 0.2% across city as a whole between 1992 and 2002
- 1997-2002, Hulme and Moss side received £400 million of private and public investment.
- Jobs created- unemployment fell from 32% in 1989 to 6% in 2010.
FAILURES
- Hulme is still poor- 47.5% of pop live in social housing
- Increase in house prices- private housing is unaffordable for locals on low incomes
- Unemployment is still high compared to rest of Manchester
16
Q
How has the property-led regeneration scheme LTGDC tried to promote urban regeneration?
A
- Invested £109.6 million up to April 2011 for following projects:
- Building new town centres in Canning Town and Custom house- retail, business and leisure space- improved transport
- Renovation of education services- east London Uni and Birkbeck establishing new campus in Stratford for 2013
- Sustainable housing at Barking Riverside to provide over 10,000 new homes with schools, leisure, green space etc
- Barking train station and local roads are being upgraded- bus routes will serve more of the area
17
Q
Evaluate the success of a property-led regeneration scheme. (LTGDC)
A
+
1. Population growth- 12% rise between 2001 and 2011 in barking
- Improvements in education- £40 million renovation at St Paul’s Way Trust School has improved science drama and sports- no. Of students getting 5A* to C improved from 29% to 46% in one year
-
- LTGDC accused of not listening to residents- gave planning permission for nightclub to be built close to Olympic park in 2012
- despite objections about noise from locals - Objections to proposed tower block at Virginia Quay/ didn’t provide affordable housing- cause over crowding, parking problems etc
18
Q
Characteristics of Trafford Centre retail?
7
A
- Site covers 150 acres of land and cost £600 million
- Largest catchment- 5.3 million people live within 45 minutes
- Range of activities:
- 20 screen cinema
- 1600 seat food court
- 200 shops
- bowling - 11,500 free parking spaces- traffic control system
- Well connected- M60 for outsiders- M602 for for city centre
- Long opening hours - 10pm M- F
- Indoors and air conditioned
19
Q
What are the impacts of the Trafford centre?
A
+
1. Supports local charities- Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital through fundraising and donations
- Provides WE for people studying Retail Business
- 8000 people employed at Trafford/ receive benefits like health and childcare vouchers
- Offers wider range/ LEGOLAND Discorver centre opened which attracts more people
-
1. Increase congestion and pollution- especially around Christmas
- Fewer people go to the town centres- Altrincham- 37% of shops were vacant in 2010
20
Q
How are the impacts of Trafford centre being managed?
A
- New public transport, cycle and pedestrian routes- 40 bus services an hour to and from centre
- shuttle bus to the metro link system - In 2011- Altrincham forward produced Altrincham Town Centre Action Plan- draws people into the town- establishes annual calendar of events in the town and reduces parking charges
21
Q
How has Manchester City centre been developed?
Aims:
Re design rebuild CBD to create a safe accessible centre
Make sure success of City centre would last and cause long term investment
A
- Old buildings renovated e.g. Corn Exchange- rebuilt into upmarket mall selling designer clothing and jewellery
- Arndale centre- run down and unattractive buildings were rebuilt and restyled
- Upmarket departments e.g. Selfridges opened
- Large areas pedestrianised- exchange square so people can socialise
- Urbis- exhibition centre that hosts national football museum built
- Printworks entertainment complex built on an old printing press- IMAX cinema, gym, restaurants
22
Q
Evaluate success of redevelopment on Manchester City centre
A
2003-2009:
1. Population doubled to over 19,000 people
- Manchester became the third most popular tourist destination in UK- tourism £5 billion per year
- Retail in city centre made an extra £300 million per year
- In 2001, 16% of pop were on low incomes and felt excluded as couldn’t afford new facilities
23
Q
Discuss the ways transport in Freiburg has been made more sustainable.
(Most sustainable city in Germany)
A
- Integrated transport system- transport is integrated with walking and cycling routes
- Unified ticketing system- passengers buy one ticket even if a journey takes several routes and modes of transport
- The stadtbahn- light rail system within 300m of 65% of residents. Runs every 7.5 and fully integrated with city’s 26 bus lines
- Buses and light rail trains have priority at traffic signals making it faster
- Whole city is a pedestrian zone with vehicles banned- walking is safer
- In 177 ‘home zones’ the streets have low speed limits and priority given to pedestrians
24
Q
Evaluate success of Freiburg sustainability.
A
- Between 1982 and 2007- proportion of car journeys fell from 38% to 32%
- 68% of all journeys are done on foot/ bike/ public transport
- Distance between each person travelled by car declined by 7% on all roads and 13% on residential roads between 1990 and 2006
- Between 1992 and 2005 CO2 emissions per capita from transport fell by 13%
- Requires little financial input from state- passenger fares cover 90% of running costs
