World English

Question 1

Why is English spreading?

Answer 1

1. It was the language of the British Empire
2. It is the language of international science and business
3. It is the most used language on the internet

Question 2

What does “to airdash” mean in India?

Answer 2

To take a plane in an emergency

Question 3

What does “the chicken business” mean in Singapore?

Answer 3

Prostitution

Question 3

Who did the Three Circles Model?

Answer 3

Braj Kachru

Question 3

What does “treadies” mean in South Africa?

Answer 3

Trainers

Question 4

In Kachru’s Three Circles Model, which circle had first language speakers such as the UK, the USA, Australia, Canada and New Zealand?

Answer 4

The Inner Circle

Question 5

In Kachru’s Three Circles Model, which circle had second language speakers such as Singapore?

Answer 5

The Outer Circle

Question 6

In Kachru’s Three Circles Model, which circle had speakers that used English as a lingua Franca, such as China and Russia?

Answer 6

The Expanding Circle

Question 7

What do countries in the Inner Circle act as?

Answer 7

Norm-providers

Question 8

What do countries in the Outer Circle act as?

Answer 8

Norm-developing

Question 9

What do countries in the Expanding Circle act as?

Answer 9

Norm-dependent

Question 10

Give one example of a British English Spelling used in Canada

Answer 10

Colour

Question 11

Give one example of an American English spelling used in Canada

Answer 11

Realize

Question 12

What are examples of distinctly Canadian lexis?

Answer 12

Washroom = public toilet
Lineup = queue

Question 13

In Canadian English, what type of word is “yiz”?

Answer 13

A second person plural pronoun

Question 14

What type of timing is British English?

Answer 14

Stress-timed

Question 15

What type of timing is Indian English?

Answer 15

Syllable timed

Question 16

If an Indian English speaker pronounced “what” as “vat”, what is this called?

Answer 16

v-w merging

Question 17

What does “achaa” mean in Indian English?

Answer 17

Good

Question 18

What does “yaar” mean in Indian English?

Answer 18

Friend

Question 19

What do Indian English speakers often use instead of simple present tense?

Answer 19

The Progressive Aspect

Question 20

What are the four characteristics of English as a Lingua Franca?

Answer 20

1. Omission of Third Person Singular Present tense “s” inflection
2. Omission of articles
3. Omission of plural “s”
4. Use of “no” as a tag question

Question 21

Who did the Circle of World English

Answer 21

McArthur

Question 22

What three groups did McArthur divide English into?

Answer 22

1. World Standard English
2. Regional and National Standards
3. Non-Standard Varieties

Question 23

According to McArthur, what is World Standard English?

Answer 23

Written international English, therefore universally understood

Question 24

According to McArthur, what is Regional and National Standards?

Answer 24

Differ between territories. In each area the standards of English are different. Some varieties are in the process of standardising

Question 25

According to McArthur, what are Non-Standard Varieties?

Answer 25

Sub-varieties such as aboriginal English and black English

Question 26

Who did the Dynamic Model?

Answer 26

Edgar Schneider

Question 27

What five stages are in Schneider's Dynamic Model?

Answer 27

1. Foundation 2. Exonormative Stabilisation 3. Nativisation 4. Endonormative Stabilisation 5. Differentiation

Question 28

According to Schneider, what happens during the foundation stage?

Answer 28

English is brought to a new territory by a powerful group. Some lexical borrowings by both groups to aid simple communication.

Question 29

According to Schneider, what happens during the Exonormative Stage?

Answer 29

The elite used Standard English for prestige purposes. Powerful indigenous individuals use standard English as native language

Question 30

According to Schneider, what happens during the Nativisation stage?

Answer 30

The influence of Britain weakens. Bilingual speakers develop their own variety of English

Question 31

According to Schneider, what happens during the Endonormative stage?

Answer 31

The new territory gains independence. The new regional form of English become "codified" and used for prestige purposes

Question 32

According to Schneider, what happens during the Differentiation Stage?

Answer 32

The new variety of English becomes widely spoken throughout the territory. The new variety begins to divide and split into new regional dialects or social varieties

Question 33

Who argues that the global spread of English is causing other languages to die out?

Answer 33

Phillipson

Question 34

Who argues that English will continue to spread as the global lingua franca?

Answer 34

Crystal

Question 35

Who argues that English is breaking up into many different languages?

Answer 35

McArthur

Question 36

What does McArthur call the different languages derived from English?

Answer 36

The Anglic Language Family

Question 37

Who argues that, as British and American influence declines, another language will eventually replace it as the global language?

Answer 37

Ostler