World English (Paper 2)

Question 1

What is Kachru’s model for English?

Answer 1

The three circle model

Inner
Outer
Expanding

Question 2

Explain the inner circle of Kachru’s 3 circle model

Answer 2

Inner - occured due to the first disopira of English , has tradtional sociolinguistic bases of English - Uk, Usa, Canda, New Zeland, Austrilia - English is L1

Question 3

Explain the outer circle of Kachru’s 3 circle model

Answer 3

Caused by the second disopria (collonisation) , where English is the official 2nd language (L2)

Countries like South Africa

Question 4

Explain the expanding circle of Kachru’s 3 circle model

Answer 4

Where language plays no historical or government role but is still used as a means of communication (linga franca)

Estimated to contain 100 million - 1 billion people

Question 5

What is the main issue with Karchu’s 3-circle model?

Answer 5

It eludes to inner circle’ English being better

Question 6

What does English as L1 mean?

Answer 6

It means that English is the offical first language of a country - due to the first disporia

Question 7

What does English as L2 mean?

Answer 7

It means that English is the official second language of a country - due to the second disporia (collanisation)

Question 8

What does English as a linga franca mean?

Answer 8

When English is not a speaker’s 1st or 2nd language but is still used as a means of comunication

Question 9

How does Quirk view L2 English?

Answer 9

He views it as deficit and believes that non native teacher must be in constant touch with the native language

Question 10

How does Karchu view non-native English?

Answer 10

As different and acceptable

Question 11

What is a pidgin?

Answer 11

A very rudimentary and simplified form of language, a mix of 2 languages that occurs when communication is needed but no linga franca is available

Question 12

Whats an example of a pidgin which is still used?

Answer 12

Tok Pisin - a way of communcating between English speaking Europeans and pacific islanders with no linga franca

Question 13

What is a creole?

Answer 13

Essentially a fully functioning language which came from a pidgin, due to having features such as inflections and tenses

Question 14

What is English as a linga franca often shortened too?

Answer 14

(ELF)

Question 15

How many English as L1,L2 and ELF speakers does David Crystsal estimate exist?

Answer 15

L1 - 400 million

L2 - 40 million

ELF - nearly a billion

Question 16

What is at the center of McArthurers circle of world English?

Answer 16

World Standard English

Question 17

Describe how McArthurs circle of World English looks

Answer 17

World Standard English is at the center, and all other varities of English are segemented off of WSE

Question 18

What is a critisism of McArthurs circle of World English (1987)?

Answer 18

There is no such thing as World Standard English

Question 19

What are 3 examples of differences between Americian and British English?

Answer 19

Color is spelt without the ‘u’ - (US)

The rhotic r is a prestige feature

Flat or appartment - same semantic meanings - diff word

Question 20

How do British prescriptivists view American English?

Answer 20

Very poorly

Question 21

Who did Phillip Howard blame Amercianisms being used in British English on?

Answer 21

‘Sloppy American Schoclars’

Question 22

What varriety of language is Jamician creole?

Answer 22

An English-lexicon derived variety

Question 23

What are 2 examples of Alternative spelling from Jamician Creole?

Answer 23

Likkle (little) and haspital (hospital)

Question 24

How did Jamician creole emerge?

Answer 24

From a pidgin used by slaves and British sailors

Question 25

How is the emphasis different for 'address' and 'enquiry' between Amercian and British English?

Answer 25

AdDRESS ----> ADDress EnQUIRY -----> ENquiry

Question 26

What is a critism of Strevens world map of English?

Answer 26

World Englishes are probably influenced by both and by each other due to the increasingly global nature global nature of communication

Question 27

What does Americian spelling do to silent letters?

Answer 27

It drops them Ex : color

Question 28

What is the copula?

Answer 28

Using the verb 'to be' to join sentences together - Jamician doesn't have it - replaces with 'a' and 'deh'

Question 29

How does Jamacian Creole deal with tense?

Answer 29

Verbs dont take word endings at all, instead sentences have 'ben' = ed or 'a' = I am , 'ben a' = I was

Question 30

What is the plural pronoun for Jamician Creole?

Answer 30

Unu

Question 31

Whats an example of an irregular verb used by British English which has been made regular by US English?

Answer 31

Dive

Question 32

How are pidgins and creoles viewed by prescriptivists?

Answer 32

Clumsy, corruptions or degenerate - maybe due to racism

Question 33

What is the historical reason for peoples view of pidgins and creoles as corruption or defecit?

Answer 33

Racism

Question 34

What is code switching?

Answer 34

The awareness of the different statuses of different varieties of English, and the ability to use multiple

Question 35

What is the idea of linguistic imperalism?

Answer 35

The idea that spread of English threatens the learning and existence of others

Question 36

What is linguistic entitelment?

Answer 36

The idea that the people of the world are entilted to a language that binds them to the world as a whole, as an international English helps reach cultural neautrality

Question 37

What is accommodation theory?

Answer 37

The idea that English is shaped by its speakers however they'd like - no authority shaping it

Question 38

What may threaten the dominance of English?

Answer 38

Spainish

Question 39

What two scanarios does English have in the future accourding to Graddol?

Answer 39

English will continue to move towards a dominant world language But more local varities will arise

Question 40

What is David Crystals idea of Bidialectism?

Answer 40

The idea that people may have to become 'bilingual' in English (e.g regonal dialect and Standard English

Question 41

What is the meaning of a language being exonormative? (Synder)

Answer 41

The idea that is was formed with the influence of another language (E.g English and Signaporian English

Question 42

What are the two main cause of lexical differences between British and Australian English?

Answer 42

Slang e.g dunny = toilet , drongo = idiot Lexical clipping and addition of 'ie' -> aussie, barbie

Question 43

What is g'day? (Australian slang) an example of?

Answer 43

Elision of 'oo'

Question 44

What are 3 features of Hawian Creole (English as L2)

Answer 44

Substitution of the unvoiced interdental fricative 'th' with 't' Ommision of inflection 'ing' Coordinating conjunction 'but' at the end of sentences

Question 45

What is the Singaporean government's opinion and persecution of Singlish an example of?

Answer 45

Superstratum change trying to be imposed

Question 46

What are some features of Singlish?

Answer 46

Substitution of 'th' to 't' or 'd' Doesnt give countable nouns the 's' inflection (e.g 5 dog) Borrowing from other dialects such as Malaysian (e.g Kampung = villiage)

Question 47

What is the movement set up by the Singaporean governmentnt to try and eradicate Colloquial Singaporean English (or singlish) ?

Answer 47

The Speak Good English Movement (starting in 2000) , which is used on posters, adverts and on the side of buses

Question 48

What is the quote which captures the Singaporean governments view of CSE?

Answer 48

'Singlish is not English, but English corrupted by signaporeans, broken and ungramatised'

Question 49

How can Quirks views of Standard English being a necessity be linked to the Siganporean goverenments views?

Answer 49

Quirk argued that Standard English is needed as it allows global communication (especially in the world of business) ----> Singaporran government agree

Question 50

Is The Speak Good English Movement working? (And provide evidence)

Answer 50

Yes, a 2018 study by the Institue Of Policy Studies suggests that only 8% of the population identify with CSE

Question 51

What is significant about Bi-dialectism (Crystal) , CSE and SSE?

Answer 51

That its theorised that many speakers switch between CSE and SSE , just as many SE speakers do to regional variants

Question 52

Whats code mixing?

Answer 52

When 2 languages are mixed into the same sentence E.g 'It's a nice day, Hanna?' - tag switching (Hanna = Isn't it?)

Question 53

Why does Quirk believe that Standard English should be taught in L2 countries?

Answer 53

In order to 'Increase their freedom and career prospects'

Question 54

What is the 'th' sound linguistically?

Answer 54

An interdental fricative