world englishes

Question 1

american english

Answer 1

seen as a threat to british english by same
usa has gained power through political/cultural/social influence, huge involvement in technological development = greater influence on global english development than any other regional variety

Question 2

crystal, 2003

Answer 2

concern about ‘americanisms’
“its tone is largely pejorative; its style metaphorical and dramatic”

Question 3

daily mail, 2010

Answer 3

worries expressed using metaphors of invasion/plague, discourses that present american english as threatening and dangerous outside influence
(can link to aitchison - infectious disease)

Question 4

american influence

Answer 4

criminal argot (mugging, hijack)
showbiz talk (deadpan, slapstick)
psychiatrist language (schizoid, paranoia)
america develops first = new vocabulary comes with new invention

Question 5

porter, 1995

Answer 5

range of immigrant influences add/distort english
jewish community (schmooz, kosher) + construction like ‘i should know already’

Question 6

lynne murphy, 2016

Answer 6

500 word competition, children’s vocab influenced by american vocab + cultural influence (movies, politics, etc)

Question 7

lancaster university

Answer 7

new british national corpus 2014, compared to data from 1990s
awesome gaines in popularity, marvellous diminished
fortnight diminished, two weeks increased

Question 8

background of aave

Answer 8

use of british dialects + african languages in plantations in usa
contributed more to english lexicon than any other dialect - african-american music/popular culture

Question 9

impact of aave

Answer 9

blues + jazz music (cool, hip, gig)
hip hop, rap + colloquial speech (chill, high five, soul)
one of most stigmatised dialects despite global appropriation - proxy for racism

Question 10

bare nouns (aave)

Answer 10

singular generic noun omitting article (she gave me present), present in other english dialects (at church, on television)

Question 11

auxiliary verb omission (aave)

Answer 11

adjectives (he crazy)
verbs (she runnin’)
not with past tense or first person subjects (i crazy, she cryin’ yesterday)

Question 12

nonstandard negative form (aave)

Answer 12

ain’t
complex rules - ain’t nobody seen it, can’t nobody beat it

Question 13

multiple negation (aave)

Answer 13

didn’t say nothing, can’t go nowhere
present in old english (beowulf), middle english (chaucer), early modern english (shakespeare)
prohibited through 18th century prescriptivist grammar

Question 14

singlish

Answer 14

new dialect of english from singapore, country shifting towards native english use, government policy of promoting english in school

Question 15

features of singlish

Answer 15

coded + colloquial speech - can be incomprehensible to outsiders when spoken fast
no rules in long/short vowels, follows rp pronunciation
pluralising + tenses are optional

Question 16

kachru’s circles

Answer 16

coded + colloquial speech - can be incomprehensible to outsiders when spoken fast
no rules in long/short vowels, follows rp pronunciation
pluralising + tenses are optional

Question 17

pidgin

Answer 17

blended versions of a language which takes rules from multiple languages
similiar to lingua franca except take elements from different languages
use grammatically simplified form of used languages
historically used for trade/communicatioon between slaves and owners

Question 18

creole

Answer 18

first language of speech community of native speakers that arose from pidgin
have fully developed vocab and patterned grammar (unlike pidgins)
linguists believe creoles develop through process of ‘nativisation’ when children of pidgin speakers learn and use native language

Question 19

kachru evaluation

Answer 19

problematic as inner circle suggests hierarchy
problematic as nordic countries often speak english just as well as native so they don’t fit in expanding category

Question 20

streven world map of english, 1980

Answer 20

oldest map of spread of english
since american english became seperate variety from british, all subsequent englishes have affinities with one of other
shows american and england and mother and father of english

Question 21

streven evaluation

Answer 21

australia depicted as child of english unlike america who is the father but australia was colonised - promotes colonialist ideas of hierarchy and western supremacy

Question 22

mcarthur, circle of world english (+ evaluation)

Answer 22

expanding geographical change based around centered ‘world standard english’
evaluation - no standard english

Question 23

jennifer jenkins, characteristics of ELF

Answer 23

1. enables communication
2. alternative to EFL not replacement, EFL worried about blending but ELF is just for communication
3. not necessarily correct features
4. speakers code switch to different LF when necessary
5. those who use ELF establish rules for others

Question 24

american grammar

Answer 24

regularised endings
z instead of s
gotten

Question 25

american phonology

Answer 25

j dropping (duke, tuesday) uptalk pronouncing post-vocalic r

Question 26

jenkins ELF pronunciation features

Answer 26

1. consonant sounds necessary except voiced + unvoiced ‘th’ (mouth, those) 2. constant clusters preserved, essential at start of words, users struggle with clusters in middle of word, can add short vowel schwa 3. lengths of vowels differ (pill = peel) 4. emphasis makes utterance clear (SHE stole my money, she STOLE my money)

Question 27

schwa

Answer 27

central unstressed vowel, /ə/

Question 28

syllable-based

Answer 28

intonation is spread across syllables evenly

Question 29

stress-timed

Answer 29

intonation is based on applying stress at regular intervals

Question 30

retroflex

Answer 30

way of pronouncing sounds /t/ and /d/ with tip of tongue curled back touching roof of mouth

Question 31

exonormative

Answer 31

looking beyond immediate community for norms of language use

Question 32

mesolect

Answer 32

middle style of language between standard and colloquial varieties

Question 33

basilect

Answer 33

refers to most informal style that speakers use

Question 34

acrolect

Answer 34

standard or official language variety in context where creole is spoken

Question 35

mencken, 1921

Answer 35

argued american english has ‘outgunned’ british english as america has more citizens = speakers than britain

Question 36

schneider, dynamic model

Answer 36

how new variety of english develops foundation stage - english first appears in new territory exonormative stabilisation - english begins to be used nativisation - old and new languages become more closely linked endonormative - country has gained independence and english being spoken there develops own sense of standards + norms differentiation - new variety develops new standard and own regional/social differences

Question 37

canagarajah

Answer 37

“there is no universal english language, nor a world standard english and functionality and pragmatics are more relevant”

Question 38

canagarajah 2

Answer 38

“migration and modern technology have lead to the ‘leaking’ of kachru’s circles”

Question 39

algeo

Answer 39

“americanisms are not ruining english, but expanding it”

Question 40

kandiah, 1998

Answer 40

reason for spread of english was colonisation