World Englishes

Question 1

Acrolect

Answer 1

Standard/Official language variety where creole is spoken. Most prestigious form

Question 2

Basilect

Answer 2

Most informal style speakers use, extreme. Primitive

Question 3

Mesolect

Answer 3

Middle between standard and colloquial varieties of language

Question 4

Tok Pisin

Answer 4

Papua New Guinea, classified as an official language. 4 million speakers.

Most developed pidgin-creole -> standardised grammar and spelling

Question 5

Kachru 1992

Answer 5

Expanding circle (Lingua Franca, Europe and Japan)
Outer Circle (World Englishes, India and Singapore)
Inner Circle (Native Speakers, UK and USA)

Suggests privilege and limitation. Not all varieties fit into one of the three circles, doesn’t show the diversity within each other, model based on geography.

Question 6

Schnider’s Dynamic Model

Answer 6

1: Foundation, brought to a territory by colonising power
2: Exonormative stabilisation - outer infulence, L2, dependent on model from colonising power
3: Nativisation, variety starts to have native speakers for who it is not an L2
4: Endonormative stabilisation - inner infulence, developed standards not based on the original variety
5: Differentiation, varieties form within new variety

Can be overlaps in the stages, over 100’s of years

Question 7

Jenifer Jenkins

Answer 7

5 Characteristics of an ELF

1. Mutually intelligible language, used by speakers of different languages
2. Alternative to English as a foreign language rather than replacement
3. Include elements of standard English and linguistic features of local forms
4. Accommodation and code-switching are common practice
5. Language proficiency in speakers may be low or high

Question 8

David Graddol

Answer 8

Future of English, Language researcher

Most dramatic changes made by people learning English as an L2. Most speakers are non native.

Question 9

Strevens Map

Answer 9

English spread around the world.
Limited -> shows where used not how. Any model needs to take into account: political, social and linguistic complexities. Doesn’t look at issues only how far it’s spread.

Question 10

McArthur’s Circle 1980’s

Answer 10

World standard at the centre, all other varieties are derived.

Then regional varieties, standard and standardising.

Outer later divided into 8 regions, described as crowded.

Limited and doesn’t recognise the complexities of multilingualism, becomes quickly outdated.

Question 11

Language Contact

Answer 11

Process of change where multiple languages come into social contact and have linguistic influence on each other eg. in the form of borrowings