World History 1 Flashcards
(154 cards)
1
Q
What was the most sought-after good that facilitated global trade in the pre-Modern Era.
A
Porcelain (blue and white porcelain was especially valuable)
2
Q
Which part of the world had access to the most porcelain? The most valuable?
A
China; Western Asia
3
Q
What is said to be the most valuable primary source for a historian?
A
Artifacts
4
Q
Chinese city that became a major hub for porcelain manufacturing and trade.
A
Jingdezhen
5
Q
“Ghost markets” originated in the cities where porcelain was produced. What was their purpose?
A
People began to value the actual porcelain material rather than the pottery itself. Scraps of porcelain and broken pottery from other factories were sold at these “ghost markets” as a result.
6
Q
One of the revolutionary inventions in human history.
A
Paper money. It first became commonly used in China towards the end of the pre-Modern era.
7
Q
Why did the European engraving of a rhinoceros c. 1500 interest historians when discovered?
A
It shows that Europeans had developed extensive knowledge about life in Asia through trade
8
Q
What toll did the Columbian Exchange have on the lives of Native Americans
A
The indigenous population in the Caribbean had been completely eliminated by diseases brought by Europeans. More than 90% of Native Americans in North America were also killed.
9
Q
What effects did the Ottoman Empire’s expansion throughout Europe have.
A
Islam became a major religion in Europe, access to trade routes was cut off for non-Muslims, and significant knowledge about mathematics, astronomy, and mapping became more widespread.
10
Q
What did Europeans do with this newly acquired knowledge given to them.
A
This exchange led to the “Age of European Exploration” which is the starting point for a major period of European colonization.
11
Q
A
12
Q
T/F: The Ottoman Empire was tolerant of non-Muslims living in the empire
A
True
13
Q
T/F: The Ottoman Empire was tolerant of non-Muslims living outside the empire
A
False
14
Q
Belief in “finite” wealth; and abundance of goods for one empire causes a lack thereof in another
A
Mercantilism
15
Q
Weakest power in the world economy before 1800
A
Europe
16
Q
Richest country in the world at the time
Highly commercialized, non-industrial society
Highly developed internal economy
Protected secret modes of manufacturing
A
China
17
Q
Only Chinese port open to European merchants for trade
A
Treaty Port in Guangzhou
18
Q
What were non-Muslims forced to do in the Ottoman Empire, but were otherwise tolerated?
A
Pay a small tax
19
Q
What is a confessional state?
A
A state that practices a particular religion, and at least encourages its people to do the same.
20
Q
What is the Biological Old Regime?
What was life like during this time?
A
A term used to describe the time before people harnessed energy from fossil fuels?
- 80% of the population were peasants
- People who lived on the land and were the direct producers of food for themselves and the rest of the population.
21
Q
Any good that has value on its own is said to have ______ value
A
intrinsic
22
Q
Any good that has value strictly due to high demand is said to have _______ value
A
imaginary
23
Q
What connected Europe and Asia through the establishment of secure trade routes for goods such as cinnamon, cassia, cloves, and turmeric?
A
The Spice Road
24
Q
The Columbian Exchange brought horses, sugar plants, and disease to the ____ World
A
New (the Americas)
25
The Columbian Exchange brought sugar, tobacco, chocolate, and potatoes to the ____ World
Old (Europe)
26
The Columbian Exchange brought which animals to the New World?
Domesticated animals such as horses, pigs, and cows
27
Which city had a port that was the only one available in China to European traders?
Guangzhou (The Treaty Port)
28
_______ are under the authority of the government and possess no rights to protect themselves
_______ are all equal and have no superiority over one another
Subjects; citizens
29
Brought secular thought to Europe and reshaped the ways people understood issues such as liberty, equality, and individual rights.
The Enlightenment
30
A hierarchical structure of all matter and life, thought by medieval Christianity to have been decreed by God. Begins with God and descends through angels, humans, animals and plants to minerals.
The Great Chain of Being
31
A state under the authority of a sequence of rulers from the same family
Dynastic state
32
The introduction of artillery and shoulder arms to early modern European warfare during the 16th and 17th centuries.
This event had immediate consequences such as changing fortress design, necessitating the switch from cavalry to infantry, and the building of large standing armies.
European Military Revolution
33
______________ refers to the exchange and innovation of ideas and artifacts between cultures as a product of migration and globalization.
Cultural borrowings in Europe from the Islamic world, such as science and maps are an example.
Cultural hybridity
34
The state of being developing ideas and beliefs unrelated or neutral in regard to religion
Secularity
35
An economy that is able to recognize that continuous growth is neither possible nor desirable
Organic economy
36
During the Middle Ages, the term "_____" was applied to those who made things or provided services.
Artisan
37
The idea that there is a finite amount of wealth in the world and that trade generates and distributes that wealth
Mercantilism
38
A major movement in Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Catholic Church; marked the start of Protestantism
(Protestant) Reformation
39
Intermixing of cultures at the peripheries of empires
Another Case of Cultural Hybridity in the Early-Modern Era
Development of “creole militias”
Examples: Colonists in the Americas in the Spanish, French, and British Empires
The Marathas in the Mughal Empire
Creolization
40
Practice that developed in the 1700s; an area in social life where individuals can come together to freely discuss and identify societal problems, and through that discussion influence political action
Public sphere
41
A book written by Jean Jacques Rousseau that theorizes about how to establish legitimate authority in a political community, that is, one compatible with individual freedom, in the face of the problems of commercial society.
The Social Contract (1762)
42
The political doctrine and practice of unlimited centralized authority and absolute sovereignty, as vested especially in a monarch or dictator.
Absolutism
43
A system of society or government in which the father or eldest male is head of the family and descent is traced through the male line.
Patriarchy
44
First large scale global conflict; involved most of the European great powers, and was fought primarily in Europe, the Americas, and Asia-Pacific.
7 Years War
45
How do historians characterize the Premodern Economy?
The term "premodern economy" refers to the economic systems that existed prior to the Industrial Revolution, which began in the late 18th century.
46
What was everyday life like for most people before the Modern era?
Virtually all of the world's capital was owned by those who had access to goods that were sought after in trade
Economy: Agricultural and Organic (“Poor”)
Ideas and Culture: Oral, Local, and Limited (“Brutish”)
Demography: The Biological Old Regime (“Nasty and Short”)
Limited diets
Equilibrium/disequilibrium between population and food resources
Frequent Famines and Epidemics
Life expectancy was roughly 30 years old
High Birth Rates
High Rates of Infant Mortality
50% of children died before the age of 5
High Rates of Maternal Mortality
1 in 16 women died in childbirth
47
A Premodern and Early-Modern subworld of maritime trade
Indian Ocean World
48
Why did Europeans begin to sail into the Atlantic after 1450? What allowed them to
do so? What were some of the consequences of this shift in European voyaging?
The rise of the Ottoman Empire blocked overland trade routes to Asia. Technological advancements, improved mapping, navigation, etc.
The Columbian Exchange is a consequence of this shift, as well as the development of vast European empires
49
Why were the Spanish able to conquer the Aztec and Incan Empires so easily?
The Spanish were able to quickly conquer the Aztec and Incan Empires due to technological advantages, the spread of disease, and the exploitation of existing local rivalries.
50
How was the Spanish empire organized?
The Spanish colonial empire in the Americas was organized around a system of viceroyalties and used the encomienda system for labor. This structure enabled economic exploitation and the extraction of resources, while also facilitating the spread of Christianity through missions. The conquest had profound and often devastating impacts on native populations but also led to a complex intermingling of cultures.
51
Why did European colonies come to employ enslaved African labor in large numbers?
European colonies turned to enslaved African labor primarily due to a labor shortage caused by the decline of native populations and the labor-intensive nature of crops like sugar and tobacco. The practice was economically advantageous and was further rationalized through racial ideologies that deemed Africans as suitable for hard labor. This shift to enslaved African labor had devastating human costs and established long-lasting racial and social inequalities.
52
What was distinctive about the system of slavery that developed in the Early-Modern Atlantic World?
The system of slavery in the Early-Modern Atlantic World was distinctive for its racial basis, with enslaved Africans being considered property for life, and this status being inherited by their offspring. This form of chattel slavery was codified in legal systems and was integral to the economies of European colonies, particularly in the production of labor-intensive crops like sugar, tobacco, and cotton. The scale of the transatlantic slave trade was also unprecedented, involving the forced migration of millions of Africans across the Atlantic.
53
What can Henry Smeathman’s golf game on Bance/Bunse Island tell us about the early-modern world economy?
Henry Smeathman's golf game on Bance/Bunse Island serves as a microcosm of the early-modern world economy, encapsulating the stark contrasts between European leisure and the brutal realities of the slave trade, which the island was a hub for. This episode highlights the interconnectedness of global commerce, colonialism, and exploitation, showing how the fruits of a brutal economic system could be normalized and integrated into everyday life, even leisure activities like golf.
54
The Organization of the World Economy before 1800
The Early-Modern era was marked by a rapid expansion and intensification of global trade networks, largely driven by European maritime exploration and colonization. This period saw a shift from localized economic systems to a more interconnected global economy, with a range of actors participating for various commodities. European powers, through maritime prowess and colonial enterprises, managed to carve out a dominant role in this emerging global economy.
55
Match each of the following early-modern empires with the
religious tradition its rulers were associated with
Ottoman Empire
Chinese Empire
Safavid Empire
Mughal Empire
Russian Empire
Spanish Empire
French Empire
British Empire
Ottoman Empire → Sunni Islam
Chinese Empire → Confucianism
Safavid Empire → Shi’a Islam
Mughal Empire → Sunni Islam
Russian Empire → Eastern Orthodox - Christianity
Spanish Empire → Catholicism - Christianity
French Empire → Catholicism - Christianity
British Empire → Protestantism - Christianity
56
The Nature of Early-Modern Empires
Early-modern empires were often organized around a centralized authority, such as a monarchy, with a highly stratified society divided by class, ethnicity, and sometimes religion. Governance was typically top-down, with varying degrees of local autonomy, and expansion was achieved through a combination of military conquest, trade, and diplomacy. These empires often either imposed their own culture and religion upon conquered peoples or adopted a more pluralistic approach to maintain stability.
57
What was the relationship between Early-Modern empires and legalized system of social and political inequality?
Early-modern empires often institutionalized social and political inequality through laws that defined ranks, privileges, and duties among different classes, ethnicities, and religious groups. These legalized systems helped to maintain control and stability, but they also perpetuated unequal access to resources, justice, and political power. Such structures were often integral to the empire's governance, shaping both domestic and colonial policies.
58
What types of changes do historians identify in the history of world empires during
the eighteenth century and what were the sources of these changes?
The 18th century saw world empires undergo significant changes due to Enlightenment ideals, technological advancements, and the rise of capitalism, which led to more rationalized governance and intensified colonial activities. These shifts were also influenced by burgeoning nationalist sentiments that began to challenge traditional imperial structures.
59
What were the differences between the early-modern militaries of European and Asian Empires?
European and Asian early-modern militaries differed in terms of technology, organization, and strategic focus. European militaries often emphasized naval power and firearms, benefiting from advancements like the musket and cannon, whereas Asian empires like the Ottoman, Mughal, and Qing focused more on traditional forms of warfare, including cavalry and archery, although they also used firearms to some extent.
60
Why do historians refer to the Seven Years’ War as “World War Zero”?
It was the first large global conflict that involved every major European power and was fought on multiple continents, including Europe, North America, South America, Africa, and Asia.
61
What were the consequences of the Seven Years’ War in Europe, Asia, and the Americas?
Europe:
The Treaty of Paris (1763) largely reestablished the status quo in Europe, but the war left several nations financially drained.
France lost prestige and territory, and its defeat set the stage for internal turmoil, including the French Revolution.
Britain emerged as the world's preeminent naval power.
Asia:
The war weakened the French presence in India, leading to the rise of the British East India Company as the dominant colonial power in the subcontinent.
The war also had consequences for other Asian empires, such as the Ottoman Empire, which faced internal and external pressures exacerbated by the conflict.
Americas:
France ceded Canada and the territory east of the Mississippi River to Britain and gave Louisiana to Spain, reshaping North American colonial borders.
The war laid the groundwork for the American Revolution by instigating questions about colonial governance and taxation.
62
Enlightenment Ideas:
Rationalism: The belief that reason and logical thought could uncover universal truths.
Empiricism: The idea that knowledge comes primarily from sensory experience, emphasizing the role of evidence and observation.
Humanism: A focus on individual potential and worth, often in contrast to divine or supernatural explanations for human behavior.
Secularism: A move away from religious explanations for phenomena, advocating for the separation of church and state.
Social Contract: The theory that individuals consent, either explicitly or tacitly, to surrender some freedoms in exchange for societal protection or benefits.
Equality and Democracy: Growing notions that all individuals should have equal protection under the law, often accompanied by calls for more democratic governance structures.
Progress: The belief in the possibility of improving the human condition through science, technology, and social organization.
Skepticism: Questioning of established traditions, institutions, and norms, often leading to calls for reform or revolution.
Free Market Economics: The development of economic theories emphasizing individual entrepreneurship and limiting government intervention in markets.
Universalism: The idea that certain laws and principles are applicable to all of humanity, transcending local cultural or social differences.
63
How did the European Enlightenment contribute to European ideas about racial and
cultural differences?
While the Enlightenment promoted ideals of universalism and human equality, it also laid the groundwork for modern classifications of racial and cultural differences, often reinforcing Eurocentric views and justifying colonialism and exploitation. Scientific theories of the time, such as Carl Linnaeus's taxonomies, began to categorize human beings into distinct races, inadvertently providing intellectual fodder for racial hierarchies.
64
How did the European Enlightenment change ideas about history?
The European Enlightenment fundamentally changed ideas about history by shifting away from a religious and providential understanding of events to a more secular, empirical, and analytical approach. Enlightenment thinkers like Voltaire and David Hume sought to apply reason and critical scrutiny to the study of history, aiming to understand human progress, social dynamics, and causal relationships.
65
Historical significance of The
David Vases
These are among the earliest known examples of blue-and-white porcelain and provide valuable insights into Yuan Dynasty art and the exchange of luxury goods in China.
66
Historical significance of Kilwa Pot Sherds
These remnants from the East African trade city of Kilwa are evidence of early Indian Ocean trade networks and cultural exchange.
67
Historical significance of Holy Thorn Reliquary
This intricate object, designed to hold a thorn from Christ's crown, reflects the importance of relics in medieval European Christian devotion and artistry.
68
Historical significance of Ming Banknote
This is one of the earliest forms of paper currency, illustrating China's advanced economic systems and influence on global trade.
69
Historical significance of Durer’s Rhinoceros
This woodcut by Albrecht Dürer shows a rhinoceros based on secondhand accounts, revealing both the European fascination with exotic animals and the limitations of knowledge without direct observation.
70
Historical significance of Aztec Double-Headed Serpent
This ceremonial object showcases the complexity and skill of Aztec craftsmanship and the significance of religious symbolism in pre-colonial Mesoamerica.
71
Historical significance of Mexican Codex Map
These illustrated manuscripts provide insights into indigenous methods of documenting history, geography, and cultural practices during the Spanish colonial period.
72
Historical significance of Mechanical Galleon
This ornate, clockwork-driven ship model represents the convergence of art and technology during the European Renaissance.
73
Historical significance of Pieces of Eight
These Spanish silver coins were widely circulated and became a standard form of currency in the global trade networks of the early modern period.
74
Historical significance of Kakiemon Elephants
These Japanese porcelain figurines exemplify the high level of artisanship in Edo-period Japan and the influence of Japanese aesthetics on European decorative arts.
75
Historical significance of Shi’a Religious Parade Standard
This object signifies the importance of ritual and religious identity in Shi'a Islam, particularly in the context of the Ashura commemorations.
76
Historical significance of Reformation Centenary Broadsheet
This printed sheet commemorating the 100th anniversary of the Protestant Reformation exemplifies the role of print media in spreading religious and political ideas.
77
Historical significance of Miniature of a Mughal Prince:
This painting illustrates the intricate artistry of Mughal miniature painting and the emphasis on royal portraiture to convey political and religious authority.
78
Historical significance of Jade Bi
This circular jade disc symbolizes heaven in Chinese cosmology and is indicative of the importance of jade in Chinese ritual practices.
79
Historical significance of Akan Drum
Originating from the Akan people but found in America, this drum symbolizes the transatlantic slave trade and the cultural connections between Africa and the Americas.
80
What were the Dual Revolutions
* The Atlantic Revolutions (Political)
* The Industrial Revolution (Economic)
80
What scenario is referred to as the "Accidents of Geography"
Having to import goods because the geography of a country doesn't supply the right resources.
81
European culture, during the Industrial Revolution, is a culture that celebrates inventions.
"Cultures of Innovation"
82
Cotton production shifts from Asia to Europe and the Americas
Consumer Revolution
83
- Estates General becomes the National Assembly
-Storming of the Bastille
-Summer 1789: “The Great Fear”
Phase 1 of the French Revolution (1791-1794)
84
- “The Flight to Varennes,” Radicalization, and the Rejection of the Constitution of 1791
- 1792: The Second Constitution and the French Republic - “Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity”
- War with European Monarchies and the Counterrevolution
- The Trial and Execution of “Citizen” Louis XVI
- Secularization, Centralization, and the Levee en Masse
- The Committee of Public Safety, “Enemies of the People,” and the Great Terror
Phase 2 of the French Revolution (1791-1794)
85
- The Third Constitution (1795) and the Directory
- The End of Republican Government and Secularization
- European War, French Conquests, and the Expansion of the Counterrevolution
Rise of Napoleon to Power, and the Consulate
Phase 3 of the French Revolution (1794-1799)
86
- Absolute Monarchy
- The Three Estates
- Inefficient, Highly Visible System of Taxation
- Serfdom and Vestiges of Feudalism
- State Censorship and the “Underground” Public Sphere
The French State (c. 1789)
87
- The Revolution of 1688
- Limited Monarchy (no absolutism)
- Limited Representation (Parliament)
- The Tradition of “English Liberty”
- Free Press
The British State (c. 1789)
88
Why was Napoleon Bonaparte so appreciated by the French people despite his authoritarian rule.
He was a very good military general, which legitimized France as a colonial power
89
What were some of the British Industrial advantages that allowed them to be the foundation of the Industrial Revolution?
Many deep sea ports, no neighboring countries to invade them, large coal deposits, "culture of innovation," etc.
90
Why would a colonist from the 1700s be surprised to see ceramic tea sets so widely available in Europe?
In the 1700s, ceramics and porcelain were considered very valuable and luxurious. The Industrial Revolution made luxury goods much easier to manufacture, thus decreasing their value.
91
What did the Industrial Revolution create?
- Population Growth and Urbanization
- Higher Standards of Living, and Greater Economic Inequality
- The Rise of Capitalism, Free Trade, Free Labor, and a New Emphasis on the individual as Economic Agent
92
Origin behind the term "Dual Revolution"
It refers specifically to the time period between 1789 and 1848 in which the political and ideological changes of the French Revolution fused with and reinforced the technological and economic changes of the Industrial Revolution. The French Revolution, inspired by the ideals of Enlightenment philosophy, spread ideas of democracy, nationalism, and liberalism.
93
Origin behind the term "Atlantic Revolutions"
Following the Age of Enlightenment, ideas critical of absolutist monarchies began to spread. A revolutionary wave soon occurred, with the aim of ending monarchical rule, emphasizing the ideals of the Enlightenment, and spreading liberalism.
94
The principle that the authority of a state and its government are created and sustained by the consent of its people, who are the source of all political power
popular sovereignty
95
Issued by King George III on 7 October 1763. It followed the Treaty of Paris (1763), which formally ended the Seven Years' War and transferred French territory in North America to Great Britain.
Proclamation of 1763
96
A bloodless revolution that removed King James II from England's throne. During the revolution, the English leaders helped William of Orange invade England and overthrow the king.
Glorious Revolution of 1688
97
_______ look up to a master, but _______ are so far equal, that none have hereditary rights superior to others.
subjects; citizens
98
listed certain rights that were "true, ancient, and indubitable rights and liberties of the peopl
"English Liberties"
99
a human civil rights document from the French Revolution. Inspired by Enlightenment philosophers, was a core statement of the values of the French Revolution and had a significant impact on the development of popular conceptions of individual liberty and democracy in Europe and worldwide.
Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen
100
The first document in the Western Hemisphere, modeled after the American Declaration. It stated the intention to create the first independent Black republic in the world, following a successful years-long revolt of enslaved Black Haitians against Napoleon and the French.
The Haitian Declaration of Independence
101
(c. 1870 – c. 1914) a phase of rapid scientific discovery, standardization, mass production and industrialization from the late 19th century into the early 20th century
Second Industrial Revolution
102
(c. 1760 – c. 1840) A period of global transition of human economy towards more efficient and stable manufacturing processes that succeeded the Agricultural Revolution, starting from Great Britain, continental Europe, and the United States
First Industrial Revolution
103
In the early, pre-industrial stage, technology was limited and unchanging. Most economic activity took place within the household, and production and distribution were organized by custom and tradition.
Family Economy
104
The separation of the tasks in any economic system or organisation so that participants may specialize
Division of Labor
105
An ______ _______ is an economy that is able to recognize that continuous growth is neither possible nor desirable
organic economy
106
Included a range of ideas centered on the value of human happiness, the pursuit of knowledge obtained by means of reason
Practical Enlightenment (The Age of Enlightenment)
107
Offers one of the world's first connected accounts of what builds nations' wealth, and has become a fundamental work in classical economics. Reflecting upon economics at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, Smith addresses topics such as the division of labour, productivity, and free markets.
An Inquiry into the Nature of the Wealth of Nations (9 March 1776)
108
The period from approximately 1600 to 1750 in England in which there was a marked increase in the consumption and variety of luxury goods and products by individuals from different economic and social backgrounds.
Consumer Revolution
109
Owned and operated the new factories, mines, and railroads, among other industries
Middle Class of the Industrial Revolution
110
The ______ _____ of the industrial revolution consisted of anyone working in factories and textile mills, operating machinery, or skilled laborers.
working class
111
A concept where two parties engage in voluntary exchanges that make both parties involved better off than before the interaction
Economy of Self Interest
112
the yearly average (or 'mean') of the time each day when the sun crosses the Prime Meridian at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London. Astronomer Royal John Flamsteed developed the concept n the 17th century
Greenwich Mean Time
113
The notion that the Industrial Revolution yielded methods of transportation that significantly reduced the traveling time between two areas (steam boat, railroads, etc.).
The Decline of Distance
114
The political and social system of the Kingdom of France from the Late Middle Ages (c. 1500) until 1789 and the French Revolution, which abolished the feudal system of the French nobility (1790) and hereditary monarchy (1792)
Ancien Régime
115
The historical decline in the importance of religion and the supernatural and sacred
secularization
116
(1765) Two or more Acts of British Parliament requiring local governments of Britain's North American colonies to provide the British soldiers with housing and food.
Quartering Act
117
Act of the Parliament of Great Britain which set procedures of governance in the Province of Quebec. One of the principal components of the Act was the expansion of the province's territory to take over part of the Indian Reserve, including much of what is now southern Ontario, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin, and parts of Minnesota
Quebec Act
118
The decision by customers not to buy particular goods and thereby demonstrate disapproval of a company's employment or environmental policy
Consumer Boycott
119
A sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent.
nation-state
120
Devised at the beginning of the French Revolution. On 12 July 1789 – two days before the storming of the Bastille – the revolutionary journalist Camille Desmoulins, calling on the Parisian crowd to revolt, asked the protesters what color to adopt as a symbol of the revolution, proposing either green (representing hope) or the blue of the American revolution, symbol of freedom and democracy
Tricolor Cockade
121
French military commander and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars
Napoleon Bonaparte
122
Made the authority of men over their families stronger, deprived women of any individual rights, and reduced the rights of illegitimate children.
Napoleonic Code
123
Once the richest colony in the world, was a leader in the production of sugar, coffee, indigo, cacao, and cotton. Located in the western portion of the Caribbean island of Hispaniola, in the area of modern-day Haiti
Saint-Domingue
124
Haitian general and the most prominent leader of the Haitian Revolution. During his life, first fought against the French, then for them, and then finally against France again for the cause of Haitian independence. As a revolutionary leader, displayed military and political acumen that helped transform the fledgling slave rebellion into a revolutionary movement.
Toussaint L'Ouverture
125
Based primarily on notions of biologically determined gender roles and/or patriarchal religious doctrine, claims that women should avoid the public sphere – the domain of politics, paid work, commerce and law. Women's "proper sphere", according to the ideology, is the realm of domestic life, focused on childcare, housekeeping and religion
Ideology of Separate Spheres
126
An economy which functions based on the importing of goods from other countries and exporting most of their goods.
Inorganic economy
127
Abstention by governments from interfering in the workings of the free market
Laissez-faire economics
128
Seen by some as "The Father of Economics" or "The Father of Capitalism", he wrote two classic works, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776). The latter, often abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work that treats economics as a comprehensive system and as an academic discipline.
Adam Smith
129
The philosophical concept of geological time was developed in the 18th century by Scottish geologist James Hutton (1726–1797); his "system of the habitable Earth" was a deistic mechanism keeping the world eternally suitable for humans
Deep time
130
Scavenging in river mud for items of value, a term used especially to describe those who scavenged this way in London during the late 18th and 19th centuries.
(e.g.) Pins in Tems River
mudlarking
131
The incremental improvements, the minor additions and gradual tweaks that are often necessary to bring an invention to its full potential. Highly incorporated during the Industrial Revolution.
Microinventions
132
How did the Industrial Revolution help to end the Biological Old Regime?
Industrial Revolution yielded inventions that increased agricultural output, allowing for population growth.
133
Why didn’t Britain’s Caribbean colonies revolt in 1775 (or at any other point during
the Atlantic Revolutions
The Caribbean colonies were far more important to Britain. Therefore, the military response would likely be too strong for them to overcome.
134
How did the French Revolution help to cause the Haitian and Spanish American Revolutions?
Helped provide an opportunity—first for free Black Haitians, then enslaved Black Haitians—to challenge their own subjugation by France. This brought forth new expressions of individual rights and freedom that began to influence similar actions in the colonies of Latin America
135
Why was Napoleon the “heir and undertaker” of the French Revolution?
Napoleon can be regarded as the child of the French Revolution as during the initial period he promoted some of the ideas and aims of the revolution. French revolutionaries had the vision of making the people free by ending “absolute monarchy” which was supported by Napoleon and paved the way for his uprising.
136
How were the American and French Revolutions each important political experiments? Did the actual systems of government they created live up to the ideals of the revolutionaries?
Both were political experiments of the Enlightenment ideals; the American Revolution somewhat led up to it but had pitfalls such as giving rights to white men only, legalization of slavery, persistence of anti-Catholicism and pre-revolutionary power structures;
the French Republic did not last long and eventually turned into a dictatorship without representation or consent of the governed
137
Why did the French Revolution pass through multiple phases? What were the differences between the Old Regime, the Constitutional Monarchy, the First
Republic, the Directory, the Empire, and the Third Republic?
Old Regime - the Political and Social system that existed in France before the French Revolution; after August 1789 the political life of France changes overnight
Constitutional Monarchy - three estates with a king; not really actually constitutional
First Republic - rejection of the Constitution of 1791, creates first republic; "liberty, equality, and fraternity."
Directory: the governing five-member committee in the French First Republic; overthrown by Napoleon'
Empire: Napoleon creates and rules to create a new era of warfare
138
Who was likely to oppose the British during the American Revolution? Who was likely to remain loyal to the British Empire during the American Revolution?
Loyalists were colonists in the Thirteen Colonies who remained loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolutionary War, often referred to as Tories, Royalists or King's Men at the time. They were opposed by the Patriots, who supported the revolution, and called them "persons inimical to the liberties of America
139
What were the Latin American Revolutions and how did they begin?
The immediate trigger of the conflict was Napoleon's invasion of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) in 1807 and 1808, but its roots also lay in the growing discontent of creole elites (people of Spanish ancestry who had been born in Latin America) with the restrictions imposed by Spanish imperial rule.
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Historical significance of Native American buckskin map
This buckskin map depicts a vast area of the American Midwest between the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. It was probably drawn by Piankshaw Indians and the red circles and semi-circles represent Native American settlement Native American maps are conceptual different than those of European settlers, containing more symbolic elements and reflecting different notions of space and time.
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Historical significance of Benjamin Franklin's walking stick
A French admirer presented this gold-capped walking stick to Benjamin Franklin while he was serving as ambassador to France. Franklin later bequeathed the cane to his friend and fellow revolutionary George Washington. Later became a symbol of strength for other presidents.
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Historical significance of Benjamin Franklin's beaver hat
While acting as the American ambassador to France, Benjamin Franklin wore a fur hat to express his American status. The French enthusiastically accepted Franklin’s use of the topper, seeing it as an embodiment of the ambassador and a symbol of America and the American cause.
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Tokens or coin-like medals produced across Europe from the 13th through the 18th centuries. They were produced as counters for use in calculation on a counting board, a lined board similar to an abacus. Widely used in France during the French Revolution era
Jetons
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Historical significance of Victorian Tea Sets
Became a high demand luxury good that was widely accessible and significantly less expensive following the First Industrial Revolution
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Historical significance of Brass Pins
Pins used to tighten clothing were significantly easier to make following the Industrial Revolution, and were often disposed of in the River Thames in London. Many poor people would try to collect these pins and sell them
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Historical significance of Sears 1897 Catalogue
Highlighted many luxury, non-necessity goods that were in high demand at this time. A reflection of the consumer revolution that coincided with the First Industrial Revolution
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Historical significance of mineral water bottles
In order to maintain the carbonation of the mineral water, a man named William F. Hamilton patented the torpedo bottle in 1809, which became a popular design.
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Contributed to an increase in agricultural productivity on existing lands. The use enabled farmers to produce crops faster, which increased the available food for citizens.
John Deere's steel plow
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Historical significance of marine chronometer on HMS Beagle
Nautical chronometers were of great importance in the 18th and 19th centuries as aids to navigation. Accurate measurement of time was needed for the determination of longitude. Earnshaw was not the first to make such chronometers, but he was one of the first to make them cheaply enough that they started to become essential equipment for a ship at sea.
Discovered way to easily calculate location based on latitude and longitude.
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Historical significance of More-Vail Telegraph
Alfred Vail made this key, believed to be from the first Baltimore-Washington telegraph line, as an improvement on Samuel Morse's original transmitter. Vail helped Morse develop a practical system for sending and receiving coded electrical signals over a wire, which was successfully demonstrated in 1844. Morse's telegraph marked the arrival of instant long-distance communication in America. The revolutionary technology excited the public imagination, inspiring predictions that the telegraph would bring about economic prosperity, national unity, and even world peace.
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resisting implementing Enlightenment ideas like France and America did in their revolution
Conservative Revolutions
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In Caribbean, the Enlightenment manifested itself in a practical way; only where they could use this
Practical Enlightenment
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