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Gavin F. Class > World History 2 > Flashcards

World History 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What and where was Columbus from

A

He was an Italian merchant from Genoa

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2
Q

Where was Columbus trying to reach

A

India

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3
Q

Why was Columbus turned away the first time

A

The Reconquista

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4
Q

What was wrong about Columbus’ thinking

A

Thought he could island hop, didn’t think about larger landmasses, believed the earth was small

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5
Q

Why did the Spanish accept Columbus’ idea

A

They needed money after the Reconquista

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6
Q

What did Columbus gamble

A

He found there were no islands and everyone was starting to get hungry, they kept going until they reached San Salvidor

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7
Q

Who did Columbus find

A

The Taino

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8
Q

What did the Spanish want

A

Gold, God, Glory

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9
Q

How was Columbus described

A

A religious zealot, wanting to find souls for the Catholic God and gold for the Spanish

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10
Q

How did Columbus describe the Taino

A

Ignorant and childish due to their lack of technology

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11
Q

How did the Taino view Columbus

A

No one knows, there are no written accounts

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12
Q

What did Columbus write about his first voyage

A

He wanted the Spanish to think it was a success, so he wrote that the people he met were convertible and thought he was from heaven, this was fake though

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13
Q

What were the American Empires comparable to

A

Asian empires in size

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14
Q

What were the Aztecs like

A

Ruled over 25 million people, Tenochtitlan, a floating city and one of the largest cities in the world, is the capital, most people were not Aztecs but just people under their rule

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15
Q

Where was the Incan Empire’s capital

A

Kuzco (modern day peru)

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16
Q

How many people did the Incans rule over

A

6 million people

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17
Q

Who did Cortes attack, and with how many people

A

The Aztecs with 300 people, winning by allying themselves with the Aztec’s subjects

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18
Q

How did Cortes and his people have an advantage over the Aztecs

A

The Aztecs fought to take prisoners, Cortes fought to kill, disease was also a huge factor that the Native Americans were not ready for

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19
Q

Who was inspired by Cortes

A

Fransisco Pizarro

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20
Q

What did Pizarro do

A

He conquered the Incans with 600 people and horses, killing their emperor

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21
Q

What did Pizarro want

A

Wealth, he found gold but wanted more so they found untapped silver and forced the natives to extract it

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22
Q

What was Encomienda

A

The king gives you land, the people who were on it before now work for you

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22
Q

What was the Renaissance

A

“Rebirth”; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

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22
Q

What are the Sacraments

A

Sacred rituals of the Roman Catholic Church

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22
Q

What are indulgences

A

A pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin

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23
Q

What is simony

A

The selling of church offices

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24
Q

Who was John Wycliff

A

A theology professor at Oxford, very critical of the church and its growing wealth, thought the church should practice poverty

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25
Q

Who was Jan Hus

A

He criticized the church, the rector of Prague University, arrested and convicted of heresy then burned

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26
Q

Who was Martin Luther

A

Wrote the 95 Theses, nailed it to the church door, protested a number of “radical” ideas including preaching of services in vernacular, stopping the selling of indulgences, etc

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27
Q

What was the Edict of Worms

A

It made Martin Luther an outlaw in the Holy Roman Empire

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28
Q

Who was Prince Fredrick of Wartburg

A

He placed Martin Luther in protective custody, saving his life

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29
Q

Who was King Henry VIII

A

He started the Anglican Church because he wasn’t granted a divorce, then excommunicated by the Pope

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30
Q

Who was Catherine of Aragon

A

1st wife of Henry VIII, mother of Mary I, Henry’s desire for a divorce came from her, caused England’s break with Rome

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31
Q

What was the Act of Supremacy in 1534

A

The King was the only supreme head of the Church of England, they could control doctrine, appointments, and discipline

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32
Q

Who was Elizabeth I

A

Queen of England and Ireland between 1558 and 1603. An absolute monarch and is considered to be one of the most successful rulers of all time; big fan of the royal navy

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33
Q

What was the Battle of Graveline

A

In an attempt to force England into Catholicism, Phillip II sent an armada to invade England that failed

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34
Q

Who was John Calvin

A

An early protestant who argued for predestination

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35
Q

What was the Protestant Reformation

A

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches

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36
Q

What was the Catholic Counter Reformation

A

The Catholic Church’s response to the Protestant Reformation in which it tried to reform itself

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37
Q

What was the Council of Trent

A

It Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings, forbade the sale of indulgences, also strengthened sacraments

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38
Q

What was the Spanish Inquisition

A

An organization of priests in Spain that looked for and punished anyone suspected of secretly practicing their old religion instead of Roman Catholicism; part of the Counter Reformation

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39
Q

What was Constantinople

A

The Capital of the Byzantine Empire, fell to Muslim forces in 1453, devastating the Christian world and disrupting trade

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40
Q

Who was Vasco de Gama

A

A Portugese sailor who was the first European to sail around southern Africa to the Indian Ocean

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41
Q

Who was Dom Afonso de Albuquerque

A

The viceroy to India after the attacks at Calicut; pitted Hindus and Muslims against each other

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42
Q

Who was Francis Xavier

A

A Spanish Jesuit missionary; worked in India in 1540s among the outcaste and lower caste groups; made little headway among elites

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43
Q

What was the Battle of Swally

A

Took place to attract the attention of the Emperor of India; One single English warship defeated four Portuguese ships off the coast of India

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44
Q

What was the British East India Company

A

A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more that 200 years

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45
Q

What was the Dutch East Indies Company

A

A joint stock company that obtained government monopoly over trade in Asia; major success because it allowed individuals to invest in international trade

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46
Q

What was the English East India Company

A

An English Indian trading company, opened textile mills in Calicut which created Calico

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47
Q

Who was Sultan Akbar

A

Established a very tolerant system of rule in India; actively courted the Hindu majority and included them in the minority Muslim government

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48
Q

Who was Sultan Aurangzeb

A

Undid many of his predecessors’ efforts and returned Indias Mughal government to Muslim primacy barring and removing Hindus; Spent much of India’s wealth in putting down uprisings to keep his power

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49
Q

Who was Muhammad Shah

A

Used the Urdu language to draw the different people of India together; he was similar to Akbar in that he wanted to unify the country; was tolerant of religions

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50
Q

What is Urdu

A

A language based in Hindu speech written in Persian and is particularly noted for its poetry

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51
Q

What was Maratha

A

A confederacy in central India that arose in revolt against the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb and remained in power until the British invasion of India

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52
Q

What ended the Mughal Empire

A

Afghans invaded Persia, attacked the Mughal Empire and sacked the city of Delhi

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53
Q

What was the French East India Company

A

French trading company headquartered in Pondicherry

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54
Q

What was the Seven Years War

A

A worldwide struggle between France and Great Britain for power and control of land, British won the war

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55
Q

Who was Joseph Francios Dupleix

A

French governor of Pondicherry that led a force to capture the British fort at Madras

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56
Q

Who was Robert Clive

A

A British officer who was able to secure the support of the Hindu Maratha and won a major battle at Plassey allowing him to later conquer almost all of the French possessions

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57
Q

What was the Battle at Plassey

A

1757 Battle that established British control over India

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58
Q

Who won the Seven Years War

A

The British

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59
Q

What were the outcomes of the Seven Years War

A

France had to yield all their colonies to Britain allowing Britain to have a bigger presence in India

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60
Q

Who was Shah Abbas

A

Safavid Emperor who patterned his modern force after the Ottomans and captured Baghdad, allied with the British to take Hormuz from the Portuguese, moved capital city of Islam out of threat of the Ottoman Empire

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61
Q

What was Isfahan

A

The capital of the Safavid Empire

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62
Q

What did the death of Shah Abbas mark

A

The beginning of the decline of the Safavid Empire

63
Q

What was Abbas II noted for

A

His life of luxury and began a tradition of emperors who had less interest in ruling and more interest in their harem

64
Q

Who was Nadir Shah

A

A Persian ruler, outraged over the Mughal reluctance to assist him when the Afghans invaded Persia, attacked the Mughal Empire and sacked the city of Delhi

65
Q

What did the Qajar Dynasty do

A

Replaced the Safavid dynasty and ruled until the 20th century

66
Q

Who was Jan III Sobieski

A

A king who stopped the Ottoman forces at Vienna in 1683, keeping them from invading western Europe

67
Q

What was the Peace of Karlowitz

A

A treaty that transferred most of Hungary to the Catholic Habsburg of Austria and stopped the growth of the Ottoman Empire

68
Q

What was the Ottoman Empire weakened by the loss of

A

Trade

69
Q

Who became a primary foe of the Ottoman Turks beginning in 1696

A

Russian Tsar Peter the Great

70
Q

What did the Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji do

A

It gave Russia access to the Black Sea which continued to weaken the Ottoman Empire

71
Q

Who was Sultan Selim III

A

An Ottoman ruler who modernized the Ottoman military and styled it along European lines and allowed decentralization of the empire allowing its natural flexibility to thrive

72
Q

How many slaves were estimated to be brought to sugar plantations by the French

A

2 million

73
Q

What was internal slavery

A

When Africans enslaved other Africans

74
Q

Unlike North American slavery, African internal slavery could be….

A

Overcome

75
Q

East African slave trade was primarily conducted by what group of people that used slaves as status symbols

A

Muslims

76
Q

What was Haiti

A

A very valuable sugar producing French colony in the Caribbean that depended on slave labor

77
Q

How was the life of a Brazilian slave

A

Usually short and terrible due to disease and dangerous animals

78
Q

What was the Middle Passage

A

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

79
Q

What was Triangular Trade

A

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s where Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

80
Q

What did the slave population reach in North America

A

A point of natural increase, meaning they survived long enough to have children in most cases

81
Q

What is absolutism

A

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

82
Q

Before absolutism, what held the most political power

A

The Catholic Church

83
Q

What was France’s primary religion

A

Catholicism

84
Q

What was the Edict of Nantes

A

Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship

85
Q

Who was Louis XIII

A

Became king of France when he was just 9 and ruled from 1610 to 1643 and relied heavily on the advice of Cardinal Richelieu

86
Q

Who was Cardinal Richelieu

A

He tried to make the king more powerful by removing power and privileges from the nobility; known as Red Eminence

87
Q

Who was Louis XIV

A

Became king of France when he was 5

88
Q

Who was Cardinal Jules Mazarin

A

He was driven into exile when a group of French nobles tried to take power they had lost during Louis XIII’s reign, led to Fronde

89
Q

What was the Fronde

A

A French rebellion that was caused by Mazarin’s attempt to increase royal revenue and expand state bureaucracy, caused Louis XIV to distrust the state and turn to absolutism

90
Q

What was the Peace of Westphalia

A

Ended the hopes of creating a purely Catholic state in central Europe and the defense of Vienna in 1683 against the Ottoman Empire

91
Q

What were Junkers

A

Prussian nobles that were given strong control over their peasant population as well as tax exemptions and in return provided officers for the army

92
Q

What was Prussian absolutism

A

Created an absolutist state where the royalty and nobility worked together with the nobility controlling the army through the officer corps

93
Q

What did Elizabeth I do

A

Left no heirs and was the last Tudor monarch

94
Q

Who was James I

A

The first Stuart to be king of England and Ireland from 1603 to 1925 and king of Scotland from 1567 to 1625

95
Q

What was the House of lords and the House of Comons

A

The two chambers that make up the English Parliament

96
Q

Who was Charles I

A

Successor of James I who ruled without Parliament for 11 years, infuriating many people

97
Q

What was the Eleven Years Tyranny

A

When King Charles I locked the Parliament out and refused to let them meet

98
Q

How did Charles I change parliament

A

They could meet every 3 years regardless of if a session was called by the monarchy, limited royal power, could meet for as long as they wanted

99
Q

What was the English Civil War

A

A 9 year war fought between those loyal to the Monarchy and those loyal to Parliament; Parliament was victorious and captured King Charles I

100
Q

Who were the Roundheads

A

Supporters of the Parliament in the English Civil War

101
Q

Who was Oliver Cromwell

A

An English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War; became sole dictator of England until his death in 1658 which began efforts to restore the monarchy

102
Q

How did Charles I die

A

He was executed

103
Q

Who was Charles II

A

King of England once the Monarchy was restored, eager to restore Parliament, restored the Anglican church, converted to Catholicism on his death bed leading to the Test Act

104
Q

What was the Test Act

A

An act forbidding anyone except members of the Church of England from holding political office or entering the professions

105
Q

Who was James II

A

The last Stuart to be king of England and Ireland and Scotland; abdicated the throne and left his rule to his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange

106
Q

What did William and Mary do

A

Created a new relationship where Parliament became the primary governmental entity of England instead of the Monarchy

107
Q

What was the Enlightenment

A

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of research and literature that had been lost for thousands of years

108
Q

Who was Claudious Ptolemy

A

The royal astrologer for the court of Egypt in the 2nd century; proposed a system wherein the Earth was the enter of the universe and all other planets revolved around it (geocentric)

109
Q

Who was Nikolaus Copernicus

A

A Polish monk whose book “On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres” was published on his deathbed and abandoned the geocentric model and put the sun at the center of the universe (Heliocentric)

110
Q

Who was Johannes Kepler

A

Teamed with the Dutch astronomical observer Tycho Brahe and was later able to explain Brahe’s observations of planetary movement as being caused by elliptical orbits

111
Q

Who was Galileo Galilei

A

Subscribed to the Copernican theory of the cosmos and this initially got him into trouble with the Catholic church; He was forced to renounce Copernicus; book and was excommunicated from the church

112
Q

Who was Isaac Newton

A

Renowned as a physicist and mathematician who experimented with light and optics; began to investigate the invisible force that made lights in the night sky move and later coined it “gravity”

113
Q

Who was John Locke

A

Argued that upon birth peoples minds are literally blank slates, tabula rasa, and thus products of their experiences and learning

114
Q

Who was Thomas Hobbes

A

Argued for royal absolutism as most people were uncivilized; argued that a social contract existed between royalty and its subjects; wanted to avoid a King being executed again

115
Q

What was Deism

A

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn’t involved in people’s lives or in revealing truths to prophets

116
Q

Who was Voltaire

A

Philosopher heavily influenced by Deism; An admirer of the English and critical of the Catholic church and French monarchy; challenged convention of his day, championed new scientific discovery and social philosophy

117
Q

Who was Rousseau

A

Believed that people were inherently good but that societies influence made them do bad things; he thought private property was the root of most problems

118
Q

What was “The Social Contract”

A

Argued for a contract between all members of society; Rosseau

119
Q

What is Laissez faire

A

A policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering

120
Q

Who was Adam Smith

A

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism (wanted no regulation)

121
Q

What did Russia accept in the 10th century

A

Eastern Orthodox Christianity, putting them at odds with the rest of Europe which was Roman Catholic

122
Q

What was the Khanate of the Golden Horde

A

The official name for the Mongolian empire over Russia. Accepted tributes from the Russians but generally left them alone to practice their religion

123
Q

What was Caesaropapism

A

A practice in Eastern Orthodox used in Russia that allowed the leader of secular government to also be the head of the Church

124
Q

Who was Ivan I

A

the first Great Prince of Russia who moved the center of Russian religious life to Moscow

125
Q

What was Kremlin

A

The citadel of Moscow, housing the offices of the Russian government

126
Q

Who was Ivan III

A

Moscow prince who ended Mongol rule in Russia by refusing to pay tributes

127
Q

Who was Ivan IV

A

“The Terrible”; Russian ruler; extremely paranoid (killing his own son); taxed people heavily; took title of czar; in love with Anastasia of the Romanov family

128
Q

What was Saint Basil’s Cathedral

A

Commissioned by Ivan the Terrible in gratitude for his victories

129
Q

Who was Fedor I

A

Ruler of Russia who was likely mentally handicapped which allowed Moscow’s affairs to be run by the capable Boris Godunov

130
Q

Who was Boris Godunov

A

He returned some of the lands lost to the swedes during the years of Ivan IV; brother Dmitri was murdered probable by Fedor

131
Q

Who was the false Dmitri

A

Came from Poland and claimed to be the half brother who had previously died and was able to convince enough people including Godunov’s son Fedor II that he was crowned tsar

132
Q

What was Serfdom

A

A social institution that became a hallmark of Russian life; agriculture peasants who were tied to the land; their descendants were forbidden to leave their lords estate by 1649

133
Q

What were the Cossacks

A

People of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws; led the conquest of Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries

134
Q

Who was Tsar Peter

A

Russian leader who expanded territory to become major European power; known for expanding literacy, modernizing navy, and including women; moved the capitol to Saint Petersburg

135
Q

What was the Great Northern War

A

Resulted in Russia controlling the southern and eastern coasts of the Gulf of Finland and creation of the Roman Empire

136
Q

Who was Elizabeth I of Russia

A

Captivated by Western European arts, fashion, and culture; credited with founding the University of Moscow; did little to improve the life of serfs

137
Q

Who was Catherine the Great

A

Ruler of Russia after Peter III; banned torture, banned execution, developed religious tolerance, and developed an education system; wanted to reestablish the Byzantine Empire

138
Q

Who was Joseph II

A

Recruited by Catherine the Great to help reestablish the Byzantine Empire

139
Q

What were Potemkin Villages

A

Fake towns created to make St. Petersburg more impressive/nicer; term for a facade

140
Q

What was the Pale of Jewish Settlement

A

An area that was occupied by Jewish people that was owned by different countries

141
Q

What was Mercantilism

A

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

142
Q

Why were Native Americans and the French tolerant of each other

A

They were both interested in trading and fishing

143
Q

Who was not tolerant of the Native Americans and tried to enslave them

A

the British

144
Q

What was the Ohio Company of Virginia

A

A large land investment in Ohio Valley, in 1745 attempted to break the French and Indian hold on the Ohio valley by sending an expedition against For Duquesne

145
Q

What was Pontiac’s Rebellion

A

Native American uprising near the Great Lakes and modern day Michigan and Ohio; caused by British mistreatment of Native Americans

146
Q

What were the consequences of the Seven Years War

A

French left North America, Louisiana Territory was sold by France to Spain, GB raised taxes to pay for the war

147
Q

What was the Quartering Act

A

An act passed by the British that allowed British troops to live in the homes of the colonists

148
Q

What was the sugar Act

A

A law passed by the British Parliament settling taxes on molasses and sugar imported by the colonies

149
Q

What was the stamp act

A

An Act passed by the British parliament that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents

150
Q

What were the Townshend Acts

A

A tax that the British Parliament passed that was placed on leads, glass, paint, and tea

151
Q

What was the Boston Massacre

A

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution, British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans; largely a result of taxing the colonies

152
Q

What was the Boston Tea Party

A

A protest against increased tea prices in which colonists dumped British tea into Boston harbor

153
Q

What were the Intolerable Acts

A

A series of laws passed to punish Boston for the Tea Party

154
Q

What was the First Continental Congress

A

Delegates from all colonies except Georgia met to discuss problems with Britain and to promote independence

155
Q

What was the Battle of Lexington

A

The first battle of the American Revolution

156
Q

What was the shot heard around the world

A

The nickname for the battle of Lexington and Concord; first time a colony revolted against its mother nation

157
Q

What was the Second Continental Congress

A

Was in session for 6 years and acted as the de facto government during the revolution

158
Q

Where was the American Revolution mainly fought

A

The East Coast

159
Q

What were Tories

A

A person who supported the British cause in the American Revolution; a loyalist

Gavin F. Class (4 decks)

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