World History 2nd Semester Exam Flashcards
(182 cards)
1
Q
What is the Institutional Revolutionary Party?
A
A party that allowed Mexicans to participate in politics.
2
Q
What is the Good Neighbor Policy?
A
A foreign policy that tied to improve relations with Central and South America.
3
Q
What is Pan-Africanism?
A
The attempt to create a sense of brotherhood among those of African descent.
4
Q
What is Apartheid?
A
A policy of segregation on grounds of race. Led to the formation of a government..
5
Q
What is the Balfour Declaration?
A
A public statement said by the British government 1917, which established a Jewish state int Palestine.
6
Q
What is the “Long March”?
A
A military retreat by the red Army (CCP) which resulted in the relocation of communist revolutionary base 1934-1935
7
Q
What was the May Fourth Movement?
A
A Chinese political movement that led to radical intellectuals May, 4, 1919
8
Q
What is the Manchurian Incident?
A
A false flag event that demonstrated the fatality of the 1920’s era.
9
Q
What was the League of Nations and Japanese Invasion of Manchuria?
A
Japanese formed a commission due to the Japanese rail tracks were destroyed and blamed on the Chines so they could invade the province of Manchuria.
10
Q
What was the Tripartite Pact??
A
An agreement between Germany, Italy, and Japan that created a defense alliance between the countries.
11
Q
What is the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis?
A
A military coalition that initiated World War II and fought against the Allies. Its principal members were Nazi Germany, the Kingdom of Italy, and the Empire of Japan.
12
Q
What was the Kellogg-Briand Pact?
A
The Kellogg-Briand Pact was an agreement to outlaw war signed on August 27, 1928. Sometimes called the Pact of Paris for the city in which it was signed, the pact was one of many international efforts to prevent another World War
13
Q
What was the “Scopes Trial”?
A
An American Legal case that challenged the constitutionality of the bill that outlawed the teaching of evolution.
14
Q
What was Prohibition?
A
The prevention by law of the manufacture and sale of alcohol that expanded to state and federal law from 1920 to 1933.
15
Q
What is Capitalism?
A
An economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit.
16
Q
What is “Buying on Margin”?
A
Getting a loan and you are able to leverage the value of securities you already own to encrease the size of your investments.
17
Q
What is “Market Speculation”?
A
A financial transaction with risk. It’s important the price of volatility of commodities.
18
Q
What is “Totalitarianism”?
A
A government and political system that requires complete subservience. It can mobilize (force) its entire population for its political goals.
19
Q
What is “Fascism”?
A
A political philosophy that that advocates for a totalitarian one-party state.
20
Q
What was Stalins 5 year plan?
A
Concentrated on developing heavy industry and was created in order to initiate rapid industrialization.
21
Q
What is “Command Economy”?
A
A key aspect of a political system that the government ensures all citizens have a job, but the government owns and controls all means of production.
22
Q
What is “Gulags”?
A
A system of forced labor camps for criminals and renegades reformed through labor.
23
Q
What is collectivization?
A
Making something apply to a group of people and to transform traditional agriculture from private citizens to the state in the Soviet Union. 1930s
24
Q
What was “The Great Purge?”
A
A time when millions of Russians were arrested to eliminate political challengers in 1934.
25
What is "Russification"?
A policy of enforcing Russian culture on vast numbers and it greatly affected the Poles (Polish)
26
What is "Comintern"?
A soviet controlled international organization that advocates for world communism.
27
What is Weimar Republic?
A name given to the German government, and it was a constitutional federal republic, being the first.
28
What is "Mein Hampf"?
A book written by Hitler wrote that promoted key components of Nazism.
29
What was the "Gestapo"?
The secret police of Nazi Germany. A law was passed that they could operate without judicial review.
30
What was the Third Reich?
This term was claiming to be the successor of the Holy Roman Empire. 1933 to 1945
31
What was the Spanish Civil War?
A military revolt against the government of Spain and the bloodiest conflict Europe experienced.
32
What were the Nuremberg laws?
Laws put into place by Hitler that denied Jews of civil rights.
- Prohibited Jews from marrying non-jews
- Denied Jews of citizenship
- Forced to wear yellow star of David
- Prohibited from teaching at school/university
33
What was the Kristallnacht of 1938?
A prolonged series of violent attacks on Jews and was caused by the murder of a German diplomat.
34
What was Anschluss?
A term used to describe the "union" of Austria and Germany
35
What is Sudetenland?
A border area of Czechoslovakia containing a majority of ethnic German population.
36
What was the Annexation of Czechoslovakia?
Hitler invaded and occupied the remainder of Czechoslovakia.
37
What was the Munich Pact?
Permitted German annexation of the Sudetenland and averted the outbreak of far.
38
What was Appeasement?
Foreign policy of pacifying a country in order to prevent war and it allowed Hitler to expand.
39
What is the Maginot Line?
An array of defenses that France designed and built to prevent an invasion.
40
What was the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact?
The countries agreed that they would not attack each other and dived the countries between themselves.
41
What is a Blitzkrieg?
A German strategy of intense military attack to avoid a long war. Invading Poland was the first test of the strategy.
42
What was Dunkirk?
An evacuation of French forces and a big boost for British morale.
43
What was the battle of Britain?
It was the successful defense against German air raids and demonstrated the courage of the British military.
44
What was the Luftwaffe?
German aeriel-warfare branch that was tasked with the air defense of Germany and arguably the best Air Force.
45
What was the "Final Solution" in WW2?
The Nazis plan for the mass murder of all Jews.
46
What was the land-lease act?
Allowed the U.S. Government to lend or lease war supplies to any nation.
47
What was the Atlantic Charter?
It provided a broad statement of U.S. and British goals for the world after the end of WW2
48
Who were the "Big Three"?
The allied powers being British, U.S., and Soviet Union, and it was the key to victory over the Nazis.
49
What was the battle of the Coral Seas?
WW2 Naval and Air engagement between US, and Japan, and was the first time Japan experienced failure in warfare. 1942
50
What was the Battle of Midway?
WW2 Naval battle where the Japanese offensive was overturned and the U.S. started the offensive.
51
What was the Island hopping campaign.
A practice of skipping over heavily fortified islands and cut off Japanese bases from resupply or rescue.
52
What was the battle of Stalingrad?
A major battle between German and Soviet troops in WW2 that stopped the German advance.
53
What was D-Day?
Known as the largest invasion force in history. Allied armies invaded Normandy France June 6, 1944.
54
What was the battle of the bulge?
The last German offensive on the western front and the losses on the German side prevented Germany from resisting Allied forces.
55
What is VE day?
Germany unconditionally surrendered its military forces to the Allies and marked the end of WW2.
56
What was the Holocaust?
The name given to the mass murder of the Jews during WW2.
57
What was the Manhattan Project?
The code name for the project to make an Atomic bomb that also helped end WW2.
58
What is Hiroshima in WW2?
The U.S. dropped and atomic bomb there on June 6, 1945
59
What happened in Nagasaki in WW2?
The U.S. dropped an atomic bomb there on June 9, 1945.
60
What was the cold war?
An ongoing political rivalry between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.
61
What are superpowers post WW2?
A state/country that possess military and general influence that is vastly superior.
62
What was the "red scare"?
A wide spread scare of leftist ideologies by a communist society or country.
63
What was the "Marshall Plan"?
It provided markets for American goods and supported the development of stable government as foreign aid to Western Europe.
64
What was the Truman Doctrine?
It established that U.S. would provide economic, political, and military assistance to all democratic nations that needed it.
65
What is the UN security council?
Primary responsibility of the maintenance of international peace and security.
66
What is NATO?
US. Canada, and several Western European nations provide security against the Soviet Union against the spread of communism.
67
What was the Berlin Blockade?
The Soviet Union was trying to limit the ability of US, British, and France to travel to their sectors.
68
What was the Berlin AirLift?
Airlifting food and fuel to Berlin from Allied airbases in Western Germany.
69
What was the Warsaw Pact?
A collective defense treaty established by the Soviet Union and embodied the Eastern Bloc.
70
What was the Bay of Pigs?
A failed attack launched by the CIA during the Kennedy administration in 1961 at Cuba.
71
What was the Cuban Missile Crisis?
A direct and dangerous confrontation between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, a 13 day crisis.
72
What was the oil embargo of 1973?
OPEC imposed an embargo against the U.S. in retaliation for U.S. decision to re-supply Israeli Military.
73
What is OPEC?
A permanent, intergovernal organization created at the Baghdad conference.
74
What is the 38th Parallel?
The popular name given to latitude 38 degrees N in East Asia that roughly demarcates the North and South Korea.
75
What was the "Great Leap Forward"?
The plan to rappidly develop Chinas agriculture and industrial sectors.
76
What was the Cultural Revolution in China?
A sociopolitical movement in China that marked the Return of Mao.
77
What is the Domino Theory?
A cold war policy that suggested a communist government would lead to communist takeovers of democratic countries as communism spread.
78
What was Khmer Rouge?
A brutal regime that ruled Cambodia from 1975 to 1979
79
What was the "Arms Race"?
Occurs when 2 or more countries increase the size of the military resources to gain military superiority.
80
What is Glasnost?
Reflected a commitment of the Gorbachev administration of openness and transparency.
81
What is Perestroika?
Meaning reconstruction referring to the restructuring of the soviet political and economic system.
82
What is Solidarity Movement?
Was a broad anti-authoritarian social movement using method of civil resistance to advance the causes of workers.
83
What is Detenete?
A process of managing relations with a potentially hostile country in order to preserve peace while our vital interests.
84
What is LBO?
Occurs when the acquisition of another company is completed almost entirely with borrowed money/funds.
85
What is the Republic of Biafra?
Secessionist of western African stat that unilaterally declared its independence.
86
What is Kibbutz?
Where people live in compliance with a specific social contract of a settlement in Israe, typically a farm.
87
What was the Carter Doctrine?
This stated that the U.S. would use military force if necessary to defend its national interests.
88
What is the Bush Doctrine?
The responsibility of the U.S. to protect itself by promoting democracy.
89
What does Kosovo mean?
Field of Blackbirds.
90
What are the Dayton Accords?
The peace agreement that put an end to three yearlong Bosnian war.
91
What is the Irish Republican Armey (IRA)?
They sought to end British rule in Northern Ireland.
92
What is the "Good Friday Agreement"?
A political deal designed to bring an end to 30 years of violent conflict between Northern Ireland and the United Kingdom.
93
What is the African National Congress (ANC)?
A social democratic political party that sought to advance black south Africans rights.
94
What is Darfur?
An islamic sultanate located in the western sudan and there were a lot of deaths there.
95
What are the Hutus?
Agriculture people who lived in large family groups in the Great Lakes region of Central Africa and resulted in widespread discrimination.
96
What are the Tutsis?
An ethic group of probable Nilotic origin whose members live within Rwanda and Burundi.
97
What is the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)?
An umbrella political organization claiming to represent the worlds Palestinians.
98
What are the Camp David Accords?
Established a framework for a historic peace treaty between Israel and Egypt.
99
What is Intifada?
Aimed at ended Israel occupation of those territories and creating and independent state.
100
What was the Iran-Iraq War?
An war between the armed forces of Iraq and Iran, because Iraq invaded Iran and lasted 8 years.
101
Who are the Kurds?
They are a member of an ethnic and linguistic group of people that are an Iranian ethnic group native to the mountainous region of Kurdistan in Western Asia, which spans southeastern Turkey, northwestern Iran, northern Iraq, and northern Syria.
102
What was the Falkland Island War?
A short undeclared war between Argentina and Britain over the sovereignty of the Falkland Islands.
103
Who were the Sandinistas?
They were a Nicaragua made up of socialist who worked to overthrow the samoza rule.
104
Who were the Contras?
They were the various U.S.-backed and funded right-wing rebel groups that were active from 1979 to 1990 in opposition to the Marxist Sandinista Junta of National Reconstruction Government in Nicaragua
105
What are Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs)?
Chemical, Biological, Radiological, or Nuclear weapons capable of a high order of destruction.
106
What was the Space Race?
A competition between the U.S. and the USSR to develop aerospace capabilities.
107
What is the "Final Frontier"?
The western part of the United States that carried migrants across the remaining reaches of the continent to the Pacific Ocean.
108
What was Sputnik?
Earths first artificial satellite put into orbit by the USSR in October 4, 1957.
109
What is the International Space Station?
The largest modular spaces station in low earth orbit.
110
What is islamic fundamentalism.
Islamic fundamentalism is defined as a puritanical, revivalist, and reform movement of Muslims who aim to return to the founding scriptures of Islam.
111
What was "Ataturk" Mustafa Kemal?
It was a Turkish field Marshal, revolutionary statesman, author, and the founder of the republic of Turkey.
112
Who was Mao Zedong?
He was the commander of the Red Army and led four regiments. He was also was the founder of the People's Republic of China, which he led as the chairman of the Chinese Communist Party from the establishment of the PRC in 1949 until his death in 1976.
113
Who was Chain Ka-Shek?
He led the Northern Expedition, and a military leader who served as the leader of the Republic of China and the Generalissimo from 1928 to his death in 1975 – until 1949 in Mainland China and from then in Taiwan.
114
Who was Mohanad Gandhi?
He served as a lawyer, politician, and activist in the struggle for social justice.
115
Who was Albert Einstein?
He was a scientist and physicist who developed the theory of relativity and contributed to quantum mechanics.
116
Who was Franklin D. Roosevelt?
He was the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. He mobilized the American Army in support of the allied War Effort in WW2
117
Who was bento Mussolini?
He was an Italian nationalist and the founder of Italian Fascism.
118
Who was Joseph Stalin?
He was the General Secretary of the Communist party of the Soviet Union and led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. He held power as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union.
119
Who was Adolf Hitler?
He was the leader of the Nazis and initiated WW2 in Europe by invading Poldan and he killed millions of Jews.
120
Who was Harry S. Truman?
Harry S. Truman was the 33rd president of the United States, serving from 1945 to 1953, and ordered the Atomic bomb to dropped on Japanese citied that were devoted to war work.
121
Who was Fidel Castro?
He was a president of cuba from 1976 to 2008 who was a Marxist–Leninist and Cuban nationalist, he also served as the first secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba from 1961 until 2011.
122
Who was John F. Kennedy?
He served as the 35th president of the United States from 1961 until his assassination in 1963, and authorized numerous operations to overthrow the cuban government.
123
Who was Nikita Khrushchev?
He sponsored the early soviet space program and enactment of modern reforms in domestic policy.
124
Who was Leonid Brezhnev?
He was a soviet politician who served as the General secretary of the communist party of the USSR.
125
Who was Kim II Sung?
He was a Korean politician who served as General secretary eventually becoming president and the founder of North Korea.
126
Who was Syngman Rhee?
He joined the Right-leaning Korean provisional Government in exile in Shanghai
127
Who was Ho Chi Minh?
He led a long and successful campaign to make Vietnam independent, and was the founder of the Vietnam Communist movement.
128
Who was Pol Pot?
Pol Pot was a political leader whose communist Khmer Rouge government led Cambodia from 1975 to 1979.
129
Who was Lech Walesa?
He served as the President of Poland between 1990 and 1995, and was a shipyard electrician by trade, Wałęsa became the leader of the Solidarity movement, and led a successful pro-democratic effort, which in 1989 ended Communist rule in Poland and ushered in the end of the Cold War.
130
Who was Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr?
He did non-violent resistance to achieve equal rights for black Americans.
131
Who was Ayatollah Khomeini?
He led an Islamic revolution in Iran and took the country away from the political leader Shan.
132
Who is Mikhail Horbachev?
He was a Sovient Russian politician who served as the final leader of the USSR.
133
Who was Gamal Abdel Nasser?
He was an Egyptian politician who served as the 2nd president of Etypt.
134
Who was Answar Sadat?
He initiated serious peace negotiations with israel.
135
Who is Yasir Arafat?
He founded Al-Fatahgan and underground network of secret cells.
136
Who is Nelson Mandela?
He send 27 years in prision for opposing South Africas apartheid system.
137
Who is Yuri Gagarin?
A soviet pilot who who became the first human to travel into space.
138
Who is Manuel Norigea?
He was a Panamanian dictator, politician and military officer who was the de facto ruler of Panama from 1983 to 1989 who was a racketeer, drug smuggler, and money laundering criminal.
139
Who is Slobodan Milosevic?
He was a Serbian and Yugoslav politician who was the president of Serbia from 1989 to 1997 and president of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1997 to 2000 led the anti-bureaucratic revolution.
140
What method did Ghandi use agains the British?
He used non-violent protests
141
Why did the Paelesine become a source of conflict after WW1?
The Balfour Declaration stated that the British supported Jesish immigration and Palesiten had to make their homeland.
142
Explain the effects and changes in japan during the 1920s.
Japans economy grew, its government became more liberal and it stopped expansion.
143
Why were Indians upset with the British prior to and during WWII?
The British projected their own attitudes onto the Indian population, and many Indians fought in WWII and were promised self-government they never received.
144
Explain the effects of Prohibition in the U.S.
A rise in organized crime, and increase in smuggeling, and a decline in tax revenue.
145
Why did Japan invade Mancuria in 1931?
They did it to seek raw materials to fuel its growing industries.
146
Compare post war (WWII) economic situation in Britain, France, and the U.S.
U.S.- Prospering economy, Jazz Age
Britain- Political struggles, Poorer economy
France- Political divisions, Financial scandals
147
Describe how the Great Depression began and spread.
Falling demand and overproduction led to unemployment, market speculation, buying on margin, banks failed, etc.
148
How did the U.S. government react to the Great Depression?
They imposed extremely high tariffs, and borrowing more money from abroad.
149
Compare and contrast fascism and communism.
Fascism supported a society with defined classes. Communists worked towards a classless society. Both drew power by inspiring blind devotion to the state.
150
How and why did fascism rise in Italy?
Mussolini glorified loyalty to the state and shaped the young.
151
Explain the problems facing the Weimar Republic.
Had many political parties, lacked a strong leader, inflation soared, and there was political turmoil, violence, economic hardship, and new social freedoms
152
List the goals of Nazism under Hitler
To unite Germans into one great nation, expand Germany, and purify Germans into one pure race, and the final reckoning with the Jews.
153
Describe Hitler's rise to power
He promised to end reparations, create jobs, and defy the Versailles treaty by rearming Germany. He was appointed chancellor because they thought they could control him and quickly became a dictator.
154
Why did European countries and leaders adopt the policy of appeasement and what were the goals?
They adopted appeasement to keep the peace. The goal was to avoid a war.
155
Significance of the Spanish Civil War prior to WWII.
It was a "dress rehearsal" for WWII and the Germans took the opportunity to test battle strategies.
156
Why did Hitler sign the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact?
He feared Stalin would attack and he couldn't fight two enemies at once.
157
What event started WWII?
The German invasion of Poland.
158
Why did Hitler invade the Soviet Union?
He wanted its natural resources and to crush Communism/defeat Stalin and to establish Nazi Hegemony
159
What caused the U.S. to enter WWII?
The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor and declared war on them.
160
How did the U.S. invasion of Iwo Jima and Okinawa influence the U.S. in the dropping of the atomic bombs?
The invasions showed that the Japanese would fight to death rather than surrender. They decision was made to save American lives.
161
What principle did the Nuremberg Trials demonstrate?
That war crimes could be held against you post war and also that we would treat these criminals humanely, unlike the Holocaust. And that all of humanity would be protected by a legal shield.
162
As WWI waged on who replaced men in the American factories?
Women.
163
How did Eastern Europe change after WWII?
The Allied alliance broke up, Germany was divided, and NATO formed. Eastern Europe was dominated by communist countries.
164
Stalin and the Soviet Union's goals in Eastern Europe after WWII.
Wanted to spread communism by providing the soviet union with a geopolitical buffer zone between it and the western capitalistic world.
165
Explain the events and outcome of the Chinese Civil War.
Communists vs Nationalists; Communists won
166
Two "hot wars" of the Cold War.
Vietnam and Korea.
167
How did the Korean War start?
When the North Korean Communist army crossed the 38th parallel and invaded non-communist South Korea; U.S. gets involved once the S.U. armed North Korea w/ Soviet tanks.
168
What role did China play in the Korean War?
As the U.S. pushed North Korea towards China, they stepped in and pushed back the South Korean line back to the 38th parallel; China sent supplies as well.
169
Describe how North and South Korea have progressed by the 1980s.
North: repressive, solitary, under developed, poverty.
South: open.
170
What caused two countries, India and Pakistan, to be created from the same territory in 1947?
The Partition of India; two seperate religions: Hindu(Indians) and Arabs (Pakistanis).
171
Explain how the French tried to maintain control over Algeria?
Sent 1/2 million troops to put down rebellions and to control oil and gas.
172
How and why did the U.S. get involved in Vietnam?
Contain communist.
173
What was the outcome of the Vietnam War?
The U.S. removed themselves and North (communists) Vietnam took over South Vietnam.
174
The Arms Race and the impact on the Soviet Union.
The Arms Race hurt the Soviet Unions economy and led to it's fall.
175
U.S. goal/policy in the Middle East.
Protect U.S. interests (Carter Doctrine) and promote stability.
176
What ethnic group dominated Yugoslavia?
Serbs
177
What problems between Palestinians and Israelis, does the Arab-Israeli conflict stem from?
Control of holy lands. That started in the 19-20 century with major nationalist movements.
178
What lands are called/considered the occupied territories of Israel?
West Bank, East Jerusalem, and Gaza strip.
179
Events that triggered the Gulf war in 1991.
Saddam Hussein accused Kuwait of slant drilling into Iraq and then Iraq invaded Kuwait.
180
What trends happened in Latin America between the 1950-70s?
Latin American Boom: a flourishing of literature, poetry, and criticism in Latin America; when writers from this region explored new ideas. Also a constitutional transfer of political power.
181
Impact of the Falkland Islands War on Argentina.
The Argentine loss of the war led to even larger protests against the military regime and is credited w/ giving the final push to drive out the military government that had overthrown Isabel Peron in 1976 and participated in the crimes of the Dirty War.
182
What role and why did the U.S. continue to intervene in Latin America?
The U.S. believes that Latin America could still be vulnerable to European attack; The U.S. acts as a babysitter to protect its interests.
