World History FINAL (2nd Semester Material) 2024.2025 Flashcards
(217 cards)
1
Q
Triple Alliance
A
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
2
Q
Triple Entente
A
Russia, France, and Britain
3
Q
Central Powers
A
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire
4
Q
Allied Powers
A
WWI alliance of Britain, France, and Russia, and later joined by Italy, the United States, and others.
5
Q
rivalries
A
Overseas __________ divided European nations as they fought for new colonies
6
Q
Alsace, Lorraine
A
The French yearned for the return of __________ and __________ territories
7
Q
Pan-Slavism
A
Russia supported a powerful form of nationalism called ____-_________.
8
Q
Serbia
A
Pan-Slavism led Russia to support nationalists in ___________
9
Q
Austria-Hungary
A
_____________ worried that nationalism might lead to rebellions within its empire
10
Q
“powder keg”
A
Unrest made the Balkans a “_______ _____”
11
Q
assassinated
A
A Serbian nationalist _______________ the heir to the Austrian throne at Sarajevo, Bosnia.
12
Q
Serbian nationalism
A
Austrian leaders saw the assassination of the Archduke as an opportunity to crush __________ _____________
13
Q
ultimatum
A
Austria-Hungary sent an ______________ , which Serbia refused to meet completely
14
Q
Germany
A
Austria-Hungary, with the full support of __________, declared war on Serbia in July 1914
15
Q
mobilize
A
Russia, in support of Serbia, began to ______________ its army. Germany declared war on Russia
16
Q
France
A
_________ claimed it would honor its treaty with Russia, so Germany declared war on them
17
Q
Belgian
A
When the Germans violated ___________ neutrality to reach France
18
Q
Britain
A
___________ declared war on Germany when the Germans violated Belgian neutrality
19
Q
trenches
A
Both sides dug deep __________ along the battlefront to protect their armies from enemy fire
20
Q
technology
A
________________ made WWI different from earlier wars. Modern weapons caused high casualties
21
Q
gas
A
In 1915, first Germany then the Allies began using poison _____.
22
Q
U-boats
A
German submarines, called _______, did tremendous damage to the Allied shipping
23
Q
higher
A
Casualties were ________ in the Eastern Front
24
Q
Dardanelles
A
The Ottoman Empire’s strategic location enabled it to cut off Allied supply lines to Russia through the ______________
25
Arab nationalists
______ _____________ revolted against Ottoman rule.
26
T.E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia)
The British sent ________________ to aid Arab nationalism
27
colonies
European __________ in Africa and Asia were also drawn into the war when they were promised independence
28
total war
WWI was a _______ _____, in which the participants channeled all their resources into the war effort
29
conscription
Both sides set up systems to recruit, arm, transport, and supply their armies. Nations imposed universal military ___________, or "the draft," requiring all young men to be ready to fight
30
women
___________ played a crucial war in WWI as millions of men left to fight, they took over their jobs and kept national economies going
31
contraband
International law allowed wartime blockades to confiscate ___________, but British blockades kept ships from carrying supplies, such as food, in and out of Germany
32
Lusitania
In retaliation for British blockades, German u-boats torpedoed the British passenger liner ____________
33
atrocities
Both sides used propaganda to control public opinion, circulating tales of ___________, some true and others completely made up
34
war fatigue
As time passed, ____ ________ set in. Long casualty lists, food shortages, and the failure to win led to calls for peace
35
revolution
In Russia, stories of incompetent generals and corruption eroded public confidence and contributed to ____________
36
neutral
Until 1917, The USA had been ________, but declared war on Germany for their unrestricted submarine warfare and to support Britain/France
37
President Wilson
US President during WWI; created the 14 points and League of Nations
38
self-determination
The ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will
39
armistice
After the kaiser stepped down, the new German government sought an ___________ with the Allies
40
flu pandemic
also known as the Spanish flu or influenza; killed over 20 million people worldwide between 1918 and 1919
41
reconstruction
______________ costs and war debts would burden an already battered world after the war
42
reparations
The Allied blamed the war on their defeated foes and insisted that they make ____________
43
Ottoman Empire
Governments had collapsed in Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the _________ __________.
44
Paris Peace Conference
1919 meeting of the Allies at the end of WWI, concluded with Treaty of Versailles; Central Powers were not allowed to attend
45
radicals
Out of the chaos of post-war, ___________ dreamed of building a new social order
46
Germany
French leader Georges Clemenceau wanted to punish __________ severely for the war. France also wanted security from future attacks
47
League of Nations
A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League.
48
betrayed
Many colonies felt __________ by the peacemakers
49
nations
New __________ emerged where the German, Austrian, and Russian empires had once ruled
50
Bolsheviks
A party of revolutionary Marxists, led by Vladimir Lenin, who seized power in Russia in 1917.
51
Mensheviks
Means "minority". Tried to take power from Bolsheviks in Civil war beginning in 1918, but did not succeed.
52
Nicholas II
Last tsar of Russia, he went to the frontlines in WWI to try to rally the troops, but was forced to abdicate after his wife made horrible decisions under the influence of Rasputin.
53
Alexandra
Last Tsarist of Russia, had a son who was a hemophiliac, and was put under the influence of Rasputin, where he exploited her. Ended up causing the collapse of the Tsars
54
Rasputin
Russian peasant monk who was able to influence Russian politics by gaining the confidence of the tsarina
55
February Revolution
Russian uprising in 1917 against shortages and the mounting toll of World War I. Nicholas II abdicated the throne, and a provisional government was established.
56
October Revolution
Uprising in which the Bolsheviks, led by Trotsky and Lenin, claimed power in name of the soviets and proclaimed a full-scale revolution with support of workers and troops
57
Red Army
Bolshevik army
58
White Army
Counter-revolutionary forces in Russia who wished to drive out the Bolsheviks from power; mix of loyal tsarist supporters, moderate socialists, and foreign capitalists
59
Russian Civil War
1918-1920: conflict in which the Red Army successfully defended the newly formed Bolshevik government against various Russian and interventionist anti-Bolshevik armies. Red vs. White Army.
60
"Peace, Land, and Bread"
The slogan used by Lenin to win the support of the soldiers, peasants, and workers
61
Communists
The Bolsheviks were renamed "_________"
62
Duma
The elected parliament. Though through establishing this is seemed like the tsar was giving his people power, in reality he could easily get rid of this if they made any laws or such that he didn't like.
63
capitalism
An economic system based on private property and free enterprise.
64
socialism
A theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole.
65
communism
A political state after socialism without social classes, property ownership, and even government. Workers labor out of a desire to help their fellow human beings. All wealth is shared.
66
Karl Marx
1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.
67
Animal Farm
A story about the Bolshevik revolution written by George Orwell. "All Animals are Equal" and later: "but some are more equal than others"
68
commissars
communist party officials assigned to the army to teach party principles and ensure party loyalty
69
position in the center
Red Army's strategic advantage
70
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
treaty in which Russia lost substantial territory to the Germans. This ended Russian participation in WWI.
71
New Economic Policy
1921; Lenin's economy reform that re-established economic freedom in an attempt to build agriculture and industry
72
Cheka
A secret police initiated by the Bolsheviks aimed at getting rid of all opposition to the Bolsheviks
73
provisional government
A temporary government created by the Duma after the abdication of the tsar; it made the decision to remain in World War One, costing it the support of the soviets and the people.
74
Alexander Kerensky
Leader of the provisional government in Russia after the fall of the tsar; kept Russia in World War I and resisted major reforms; overthrown by Bolsheviks at the end of 1917.
75
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Full name of USSR
76
Joseph Stalin
After Lenin died in 1924, he defeated Trotsky to gain power in the U.S.S.R. He created consecutive five year plans to expand heavy industry. He tried to crush all opposition and ruled as the absolute dictator of the U.S.S.R. until his death.
77
Gulag
In the Soviet Union, a system of forced labor camps in which millions of criminals and political prisoners were held under Stalin
78
Sun Yat-sen
Chinese revolutionary and first founding father of Republic of China; stepped down in 1912
79
chaos
China fell into ______ when local warlords seized power and the economy fell apart
80
Twenty-One Demands
An ultimatum presented by Japan to China primarily requiring China to give over some former German possessions in China
81
May 4th Movement
Chinese nationalists protest 21 Demands and students led a cultural and intellectual rebellion
82
Confucian tradition
Leaders of the May 4th Movement rejected ________ _________; others embraced Marxism
83
Guomindang
Nationalist party of China initially led by Sun Yat-sen
84
communists
To defeat the warlords Sun Yat-sen joined forces with the Chinese _____________
85
Chiang Kai-shek
assumed leadership of the Guomindang after the death of Sun Yat-sen
86
Long March
1934 retreat by Mao Zedong and his communist followers from the Guomindang
87
guerrilla
Mao's soldiers fought back against the Guomindang using ___________ tactics
88
Manchuria
While Chiang Kai-shek pursued the communists across China, the Japanese invaded __________
89
Nanking Massacre
Japanese troops killed 100,000-300,000 people in 6 weeks. Experts estimate that 20,000 women and were raped
90
economy
Japan's ____________ grew during WWI based on the export of goods to the Allies and increased production
91
democracy
In the 1920s, the Japanese govt. moved toward greater _____________ as all adult men gained the right to vote, regardless of social class
92
zaibatsu
Despite great democratic freedoms, the ___________, a group of powerful business leaders, manipulated politicians and push for increased militarism
93
ultranationalists
Depression fed the discontent of the Japanese military and the extreme nationalists, or ___________________. They rejected Western limits on expansion
94
China
In 1931, a group of Japanese army officers set explosives off in Manchuria. They blamed _________ and used it as an excuse to invade
95
freedoms
To please the ultra-nationalists, the Japanese govt suppressed most democratic ___________
96
radical
Problems after WWI led to ___________ ideas becoming more popular
97
Maginot Line
built before WW2 to protect France's eastern border from Germany
98
Versailles
France insisted on strict enforcement of the Treaty of ____________
99
Kellogg-Brian Pact
_________-_________ _______ promised to "renounce war as an instrument of national policy"
100
League of Nations
The _________ __ ___________ did not have the power to stop aggression and ambitious dictators in Europe noted this weakness
101
US
Both Britain and France owed huge war debts to the ______ and relied on reparation payments from Germany to pay their loans
102
unemployment
Many nations were deeply in debt, with high _______________ and low wages following WWI
103
overproduction
Better technologies allowed factories to make more products faster, leading to _________________
104
Benito Mussolini
organizer of the Italian Fascist party
105
Black Shirts
Mussolini's supporters, the ________ _________, rejected democratic methods and favored violence for solving problems
106
March on Rome
In the 1922 _________ on ________, tens of thousands of Fascists swarmed the capital and Mussolini was asked to form a govt as prime minister
107
fascists
Mussolini soon suppressed rival parties, muzzled the press, rigged elections, and replaced elected officials with __________
108
pope
In 1929, Mussolini also received support from the ________
109
dictatorship
In a totalitarian form of govt, a one-party _____________ attempts to control every aspect of the lives of its citizens
110
fascism
an underlying ideology of any centralized, authoritarian governmental system that is not communist
111
extreme
Fascism is rooted in __________ nationalism
112
classless
Communists favor international action and the creation of a ______________ society
113
economic
Both Communism and Fascism flourish during __________ hard times
114
stability
Fascism appealed to Italians because it restored national pride, provided ____________, and ended the political feuding that had paralyzed democracy in Italy
115
command economy
An economic system in which the government controls a country's economy.
116
NKVD
Stalin's secret police
117
kulaks
Wealthy peasants forced by Soviets to give up land to government
118
collectives
large farms owned and operated by peasants as a group until
119
Great Purge
The widespread arrests and executions of over a million people by Josef Stalin between 1936 and 1938. Stalin was attempting to eliminate all opposition to his rule of the Soviet Union.
120
socialist realism
Artistic style whose goal was to promote socialism by showing Soviet life in a positive light
121
Russification
the process of forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the Soviet Union
122
equals
Soviet communists destroyed the old social order. Instead of creating a society of __________, they became the elites of the new society
123
Comintern
was an international Communist organization founded in Moscow to spread world revolution
124
Weimar Republic
Was the democratic government which ruled over Germany from 1919 to 1933. Germany's first democracy and it failed miserably.
125
Chancellor
The Weimar Constitution established a parliamentary system led by a ___________
126
inflation
Germany could not pay its war reparations and govt actions led to ___________ and skyrocketing prices. The German mark was almost worthless.
127
Austria
Adolf Hitler was born in __________, failed secondary school and was rejected by the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts
128
National Socialist German Workers' Party
Full name of Nazi Party = ___________
129
Beer Hall Putsch
In 1923 the Nazis attempted to overthrow the government in Munich. It was a total failure, and Hitler received a brief prison sentence during which time he wrote Mein Kampf.
130
Mein Kampf
'My Struggle' by Hitler, later became the basic book of nazi goals and ideology
131
Lebensraum
Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people
132
legal
Hitler realized that the way to power was through _________ means, not through violent overthrow of the govt
133
Fuhrer
Hitler was known to the German people as their __________ (leader)
134
Third Reich
The Third German Empire, established by Adolf Hitler in the 1930s.
135
Gestapo
German secret police
136
Who wrote Mein Kampf?
Adolf Hitler wrote Mein Kampf, which translates to 'My Struggle' and later became the basic book of Nazi goals and ideology.
137
What does Lebensraum mean?
Lebensraum refers to Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire 'living space' for the German people.
138
How did Hitler realize he could gain power?
Hitler realized that the way to power was through legal means, not through violent overthrow of the government.
139
What title was Hitler known by to the German people?
Hitler was known to the German people as their Führer (leader).
140
What was the Third Reich?
The Third Reich was the Third German Empire, established by Adolf Hitler in the 1930s.
141
What was the Gestapo?
The Gestapo was the German secret police.
142
What was the Hitler Youth?
The Hitler Youth consisted of Germany's young men and women who joined the Nazi political party and pledged their allegiance to Germany and Adolf Hitler.
143
Who was Heinrich Himmler?
Heinrich Himmler was the Nazi leader of the SS and Gestapo during the Third Reich and Hitler's right-hand man.
144
What is the Aryan race?
The Aryan race refers to the pure Germanic race, used by the Nazis to suggest a superior non-Jewish Caucasian typified by height, blonde hair, and blue eyes.
145
What did Nazis order Jews to wear for identification?
Nazis ordered all Jews to wear Stars of David for identification.
146
What was Kristallnacht?
Kristallnacht, or 'Night of Shattered Glass,' was when Nazis burned Jewish synagogues and destroyed thousands of Jewish businesses.
147
What type of leaders took aggressive action in Europe during the 1930s?
Dictators took aggressive action in Europe throughout the 1930s and leading up to WWII.
148
What did the League of Nations do regarding Japan's invasion of Manchuria?
The League of Nations condemned Japan's invasion of Manchuria, but Japan simply withdrew.
149
Which country did Mussolini's armies invade in 1935?
Mussolini's armies invaded Ethiopia in 1935.
150
What power did the League of Nations lack?
The League of Nations had no power to enforce punishment of Mussolini or Hitler.
151
What is pacifism?
Pacifism is the belief in avoiding war and violence; it contributed to the policy of appeasement.
152
Which countries formed the Axis Powers?
Germany, Italy, and Japan formed the Axis Powers.
153
Who was General Francisco Franco?
General Francisco Franco was the fascist leader of Spain during a bloody civil war leading up to WWII.
154
What did Hitler seek with Austria?
Hitler and Nazi Germany sought Anschluss, or union, with Austria.
155
What was the Sudetenland?
The Sudetenland was part of Czechoslovakia where 3 million Germans lived.
156
What was the Munich Conference?
The Munich Conference was a famous meeting where leaders discussed the Sudeten Crisis and chose the policy of appeasement, allowing Hitler to annex territory.
157
What does annex mean?
To annex means to join or merge territory into an existing political unit such as a country or state.
158
What was the Nazi-Soviet Pact?
The Nazi-Soviet Pact was a secret agreement between the Germans and the Russians that stated they would not attack each other.
159
What event did the Nazi-Soviet Pact pave the way for?
The Nazi-Soviet Pact paved the way for Germany's invasion of Poland in September 1939, which set off WWII.
160
What is the Luftwaffe?
The Luftwaffe is the German Air Force.
161
What happened at Dunkirk?
After Hitler's rapid defeat of Poland, British forces evacuated from the beaches at Dunkirk.
162
Who was Joseph Goebbels?
Joseph Goebbels was the Nazi Propaganda Minister.
163
Who was General Erwin Rommel?
General Erwin Rommel was one of Hitler's best commanders, nicknamed the 'Desert Fox.'
164
What type of state did Germany set up in northern France?
Germany occupied northern France and set up a puppet state.
165
What was the Blitz of Britain?
The Blitz of Britain refers to the prolonged bombardment of British cities by the German Luftwaffe during World War II.
166
Which countries did German and Italian forces add to the Axis territory?
German and Italian forces added Greece and Yugoslavia to the growing Axis territory.
167
What happened to Leningrad during World War II?
Leningrad was surrounded and besieged by the German Wehrmacht, cutting off all supplies for 900 days.
168
What was Auschwitz?
Auschwitz was a Nazi extermination camp in Poland, the largest center of mass murder during the Holocaust.
169
What was the Holocaust?
The Holocaust was a methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy, calling for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and the mentally and physically disabled.
170
What did the US declare at the beginning of the war?
The US declared neutrality at the beginning of the war.
171
What was the Lend-Lease Act?
The Lend-Lease Act was a 1941 law that authorized the president to aid any nation whose defense he believed was vital to American security.
172
What happened at Pearl Harbor?
On December 7, 1941, there was a surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet in Hawaii, prompting the U.S. to declare war on Japan.
173
What is propaganda?
Propaganda refers to ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause, widely used during WWII.
174
What did British and American troops do after defeating the Nazis in North Africa?
After defeating the Nazis in North Africa, British and American troops crossed the Mediterranean Sea and landed in Sicily.
175
What type of bombing did Germany experience as the Allies advanced?
Germany experienced non-stop, around-the-clock bombing as the Allies advanced.
176
What was the Battle of the Bulge?
The Battle of the Bulge was a 1944-1945 battle in which Allied forces turned back the last major German offensive of World War II.
177
What was the Yalta Conference?
The Yalta Conference was a 1945 meeting with US President FDR, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet Leader Stalin to plan for post-war.
178
What is V-E Day?
V-E Day, or Victory in Europe Day, is May 8, 1945; the day when the Germans surrendered.
179
What did Hitler underestimate about the Soviet Union?
Hitler underestimated the Soviet Union's ability to fight and endure hardship.
180
What was the Bataan Death March?
The Bataan Death March was when Japanese forces forced about 60,000 Americans and Filipinos to march 100 miles with little food and water, resulting in many deaths.
181
What was Iwo Jima known for?
Iwo Jima was known as one of the bloodiest battles in the war, a fight to the death for Japanese soldiers.
182
What was the Manhattan Project?
The Manhattan Project was a secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb.
183
What were the Nuremberg Trials?
The Nuremberg Trials were trials of Nazi leaders, showing that people are responsible for their actions, even in wartime.
184
What is the United Nations?
The United Nations is an international organization of 50 countries aimed at facilitating cooperation in international law, security, economic development, social progress, and human rights issues, founded in 1945.
185
What is the Cold War?
The Cold War was a state of tension and hostility between the US and the Soviet Union after WWII due to conflicting ideologies.
186
What is a buffer zone?
A buffer zone is an area of land that serves as a barrier, desired by Stalin after WWII.
187
What was the Truman Doctrine?
The Truman Doctrine, established in 1947, stated that the U.S. would support any nation threatened by Communism.
188
What was the Marshall Plan?
The Marshall Plan was a United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe.
189
What crisis was triggered by Western attempts to rebuild Germany?
Western attempts to rebuild Germany triggered a crisis over the city of Berlin, with the Soviets controlling the east and Western Allies controlling the west.
190
What is NATO?
NATO, or the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, is an alliance made to defend one another if attacked, including the US, England, France, Canada, and Western European countries.
191
What is the Warsaw Pact?
The Warsaw Pact was an alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations, created in response to NATO.
192
What is terrorism?
Terrorism refers to acts of violence designed to promote a specific ideology or agenda by creating panic among an enemy population.
193
What does détente refer to?
Détente refers to the period of relaxation or thaw in relations between the superpowers during Khrushchev's rule in the Soviet Union.
194
What is the Iron Curtain?
The Iron Curtain is a term popularized by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill to describe the Soviet Union's policy of isolation during the Cold War.
195
What was the nuclear arms race?
The nuclear arms race was the Cold War competition between superpowers to develop more powerful and greater numbers of nuclear weapons.
196
What was Sputnik?
Sputnik was the first artificial Earth satellite, launched by Moscow in 1957, sparking U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space.
197
What does glasnost mean?
Glasnost means 'openness' and called for increased transparency in government institutions and activities within the USSR, initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev.
198
What is perestroika?
Perestroika is a policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market-based economy.
199
What was the Berlin Wall?
The Berlin Wall was a fortified wall surrounding West Berlin, built in 1961 to prevent East German citizens from traveling to the West; its demolition in 1989 symbolized the end of the Cold War.
200
What happened in Chechnya in 1991?
Chechnya declared independence from Russia in 1991, but Russia invaded in December 1994, leading to significant civilian casualties.
201
What was the Great Leap Forward?
The Great Leap Forward was China's second five-year plan under Mao, aiming to speed up economic development while developing a socialist society; it failed, resulting in over 20 million deaths from starvation.
202
What was the Cultural Revolution?
The Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) was a political policy initiated by Mao Zedong in China to eliminate rivals and train a new generation in revolutionary spirit, resulting in mass violence and deaths.
203
What were the Four Modernizations?
The Four Modernizations were Deng Xiaoping's plan to improve agriculture, science/technology, defense, and industry in China after the Cultural Revolution.
204
What happened at Tiananmen Square in 1989?
At Tiananmen Square, Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness; the demonstration was crushed by the military with great loss of life.
205
What was the Korean War?
The Korean War began with North Korea's invasion of South Korea, involving the UN (primarily the US) allying with South Korea and China allying with North Korea.
206
Who was Kim Il-Sung?
Kim Il-Sung was the communist leader of North Korea; his attack on South Korea in 1950 started the Korean War.
207
What was the Cambodian Genocide?
The Cambodian Genocide was a four-year period resulting in the deaths of approximately two million Cambodians due to political executions, starvation, and forced labor by Pol Pot's Khmer Rouge.
208
What was the Khmer Rouge?
The Khmer Rouge was a political movement and force of Cambodian communist guerrillas that gained power in Cambodia in 1975.
209
What is India known for?
India is known as the largest democracy in the world.
210
What is Zionism?
Zionism is a policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine.
211
What is the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)?
The PLO is a political group that claims to represent all Palestinians and is working toward gaining an independent Palestinian nation.
212
What is Hamas?
Hamas is a Palestinian political party founded in 1987, an Islamic resistance movement opposed to Israel, involved in military activities and providing social services.
213
Who was Ayatollah Khomeini?
Ayatollah Khomeini was an Islamic religious leader who led a fundamentalist revolution in Iran in 1979 and ruled until 1989.
214
What was apartheid?
Apartheid was a set of laws in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.
215
What is the African National Congress?
The African National Congress is a group formed in protest of apartheid in South Africa, eventually outlawed due to violent tactics; Nelson Mandela was one of its leaders.
216
Who was Nelson Mandela?
Nelson Mandela was the ANC leader imprisoned by the Afrikaner regime, spending 27 years in prison before being elected President in 1994.
217
What was the Rwandan Genocide?
The Rwandan Genocide was a mass slaughter of Tutsi and moderate Hutu in Rwanda by the Hutu majority, resulting in an estimated 800,000 deaths during a 100-day period.
