world history final Flashcards
(196 cards)
0
Q
When Representatives of the church and emporer meet in worms
A
The edict of worms
1
Q
Lay investiture
A
When the king chooses church officials
2
Q
Simony
A
Buying and selling of church positions
3
Q
What gov system did Viking raids result in?
A
Feudalism
4
Q
Define feudalism
A
A gov system based on the holding of land
5
Q
Define a lord
A
Main owner of land
6
Q
Fief
A
Piece of land given by lord
7
Q
Vassal
A
The person who receives a fief for promise of loyalty
8
Q
Manor
A
Lord’s estate where the serfs and peasants worked
9
Q
Serfs
A
Slaves who were bound to the land, could not leave nor could they be fired
10
Q
Free peasants
A
Landless people who weren’t bound to the land
11
Q
First crusade Leader To From Goal Outcome
A
Pope couldn't agree on leader Goal: gain land of Jerusalem Started from: Constantinople To: Jerusalem Outcome: besieged city for over 1 month, gained control, won a narrow strip of land
12
Q
2nd crusade Leader To From Goal Outcome
A
Leaders: Phillip II of France, Goal: recapture Jerusalem (ruled by Turks) Start: Constantinople To : Jerusalem Outcome: won by Muslim leader Saladin
13
Q
3rd crusade Leader To From Goal Outcome
A
German emporer Fredrick I, and Richard the lion hearted
Goal: recapture Jerusalem
Start: Constantinople
End:Jerusalem
Outcome: Richard and Saladin made a truce, keeping the city under Muslim control, but allowing Christian pilgrims to visit holy sites
14
Q
Spanish crusade Leader To From Goal Outcome
A
Isabella, Ferdinand
Reconquista: long effort by Spanish to drive Muslims out of Spain
Start: Spain
End: Spain
Inquisition: court held by church to suppress heresy, many convert to Christianity
15
Q
Children's crusades Leader To From Goal Outcome
A
12 yr. old Stephan of cloyes Goal: conquer Jerusalem Start: France Where: Jerusalem Outcome: many died on the way there, other sold to slavery
16
Q
guilds
A
A group of people in the same business working to make the business better
17
Q
William the conqueror
A
Norman King Invaded and conquered England
Claimed right to the throne
18
Q
Battle of Hastings
A
Harold, and William both claim English throne and fight for it. Changes the course of English history
Causes shifting of culture, William takes over and brings his nobles and men with him leading to problems
19
Q
King John
A
John soft sword
Bad military leader, who often raised taxes so that he could have more money
Forces nobles to get money for him
20
Q
Magna Carta (1215)
A
A document that John was forced to sign after the nobles became fed up with the asking for money
Allowed the nobles to say no when he asked, began individual liberty
21
Q
Philip II
A
Most powerful Capetians
Weekend English power
Tripled land size
Became more powerful than his vassals
22
Q
Great schism
A
French pope and roman pope both claimed to be the real pope. Began rise of nationalism (people don’t believe in the french pope, believe in country) the popes exocommunicate each other
After 39 yrs. all popes were forced to resign, named a new pope- Martin V
Weakened the church
23
Q
John waycliffe
A
Preached that Jesus Christ was the true head of the church
Heretic
24
Bubonic plague
1300s ships from Asia brought rats with fleas(carrying the plague)
Infected trade routes, and merchants
Killed 1/3 of populations, stopped trade, church suffered loss, killed 25 million people
25
The Hundred Years' War
116 years between French and English fighting over the rights to the French throne
1. Edward III captured the French King and land
2. French reconquer
3. English invade,conquer, and force french to sign treaty
4. Joan of arc leads finch into battle, driving the English out of France
26
Joan of arc
Guided French to victory
Claimed God told her what to do and how to do it
Teenage, peasant, girl drives almost all English out of France
Burned at the stake
Named saint 500 yrs. later
27
Outcome of the hundred yrs. war
Nationalism in Europe
English suffered civil war
Technology ends feudalism
Marked the end of medieval society
28
What is the reannaissance
1300-1600, peak is 1400s
Classical education and learning from Ancient Greece and Rome
Creativity and knowledge from Rome(art, math, science etc.)
New world views were formed
Importance to the individual
29
Why did the Renaissance begin in northern Italy
Italy had many large cities(3)
They had many people, recovered from the plague quickly, wealthy cities
Didn't start in France or England because they were fighting the Hundred Years' War
30
Why Italy?
Center of trade
Lots of people
Recovers fast
31
New view of life in Renaissance
| Celebrate individual
Autobiographies were made popular, people began getting credit for their work and art, famous people
Entitlement, valued themselves, lavish lifestyles
Expressed creativity
Self portraits
32
Humanism
Study of Greek and roman texts
Focused on human human potential and achievements
Studied classical texts
Carried on traditions
33
Enjoyment of life
Popes and bishops begin to live lavishly
Enjoyed material luxuries with out offending God
-gold
-music
-fine food
34
Renaissance man
```
Expected to create art
Excel in many fields (universal man)
The courtier
Know 3 languages
Good at all studies
```
35
Renaissance women
```
Charming
Not expected to seek fame
Inspire art
Better educated, little influence
Muses
```
36
Leonardo da Vinci
```
Realism paintings
3d depth
Perspective paintings with vanishing point
Vernacular writing
Fresco painting on walls
```
37
Quattrocento
1400s
| Century when dozens of most powerful writers sculptors and artists competed for fame
38
Cosimo
```
Wealthiest man of his time
Won control of Florence gov. In 1434
Wanted to rule behind the scenes
Virtually dictator 30 yrs
Beautified city
Made first library in Florence
```
39
Lorenzo Ghiberti
23 yr old goldsmith, honored for work in guild
Artist award
Spends 50 years creating two pairs of bronze doors depicted scenes from bible
40
Donatello
```
Sculptor of free standing realistic life like statues
Studied roman ruins
Back sides of figures
"David"
Showed grace and strength
Men on horseback
```
41
Machiavelli
Wrote the prince
Bitter about invasion of Italy
Began idea of people being selfish, fickle and corrupt
Believed in trickery for good of state
Politically effective
"The end justifies the means to get there"
"It is better to be feared then loved"
42
Michelangelo "David "
1504, 16 foot tall David
No more feminin quality like Donatello
Made David's image look strong and brave
Emotion on his face looks like inner held rage
43
Michelangelo later work
Tomb of pope in 1513
Returned to Sistine chapel to paint back wall for new pope
"The last judgement" was created, showed people being judged harshly
Also did the dome of St. Peter's church
44
Raphael
Julius 2's private library
"The school of athens"
Paine
Ted all great greek people and the great Renaissance men of his time
45
Leonardo da Vinci
Self portraits
inventor- experimented with everything
Fresco - "the last supper"
Mona Lisa
Very accomplished and brilliant Renaissance man
Paranoid about his ideas, wrote backwards so nobody stole it
46
William Shakespeare
```
Greatest play write of all time
Wrote poems, plays, and performed in globe theater
Used classics to dram attention
Scenes of dramatic conflict
Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, hamlet,
```
47
Johann Gutenberg
Craftsman
Created the printing press
Produced books quickly/ cheaply
Revolutionizes the idea of reading and literacy
48
Legacy of Renaissance
Great artistic/social change
Printing (greater availability of books)
Life views changed (ones importance/ enjoyment)
Led to questions of traditional institutions
New styles
Writing vernacular
Reflections of Greece and Rome
49
Christian humanists Thomas Moore and Erasmus demand higher standards and reforms for the church
Erasmus wrote the praise of folly and mocked everything, especially the church
Go as Moore wrote utopia, printed out the flaws in current society
50
Printing press enables a religious revolution
Moveable type-1st made by John Gutenberg (bible)
Printing books easier cheaper and faster
Made religious writings more accessible to people
Anyone could read and afford a cheap book
Allowed people to interpret for themselves
51
Leaders of reformation
Martin Luther - wanted change, not division, leader of reformation
Henry VIII- selfish motives, not really religious, leader of religious revolution (6 wives)
John Calvin- influenced by Luther, made his own religion
Scientific revolution- new ideas questioned church teachings
52
Martin Luther
Germany, Wittenberg worms
Frustrated with Tetzel and false indulgences
Wanted to reform abuses
Wrote 95 theses,
salvation by faith alone, bible=only authority,
Became monk because of storm,guilty of heresy,hid with friends, translated bible, didn't like the peasant revolt which was for him
Diet of worms, edict of worms, printing press helped
53
Result of Luther
Created the religion of Lutheranism
Priests could marry, services in common language, fancy decorations and wealth goes away
Began Protestant reformation
54
Henry VIII
Germany, Wittenberg worms
Mean,milled his wives
Wanted to close all monestaries
Disagreed with Catholic Church
Hated Luther
Creates Anglicanism, doesn't really care for church
Does many drastic things in an attempt to get a son to continue the Family line, including making a new religion .
Made himself head of church so that he could divorce his wives, gave parliament more power
55
John Calvin
France,meh rope, Geneva
Gave order to new faith, influenced by Luther, french protesents=huganots
Calvins doctrine-predestination, hoped for theocracy, Calvinism v. Lutheranism
"Institutes of Christian religion"- thinks everyone is sinful, and your future is already determined before your born (heaven or hell) only God knows
Elect go to heaven,
Geneva became city of saints, strict, religion classes
56
John Knox
```
From Scotland, Geneva
Admired Calvin
Put Calvins ideas to work in his towns
Communities governed by presbyteries
Followers of Knox-Presbyterians, overthrew catholic queen of Scotland
Gave power to nobles, spread Calvinism
```
57
Ignatius
Severely injured in a war
Wrote spiritual excercises that was devoted to prayer, pope created a religious order for his flollowers called society of Jesus, (Jesuits), emphasized discipline and obedience
Religious schools, converting non Christians, prevent spread of protisantarium
Era of adventure
58
Reforming popes led the church
| Counter reformation
Two popes sought to strengthen Catholicism and fight Protestants.
Paul the III 1) ordered cardinals to investigate abuses of the church, simony, and indulgences 2) approved Jesuit order 3) called council of Trent
The council of Trent decided: 1) popes decision of bible is final, 2) Christians are saved by faith and good work. 3) bible and church tradition have equal authority 4) indulgences pilgrimage and relics were valid
Pope IV carried out councils ideas 1) made index of forbidden books, burned them
59
Counter reformation: what did the council of Trent do?
Made laws:
The popes word on the bible was final
Christians were saved by faith and good works
Bible and church tradition shared equal authority
Indulgences and pilgrimages were valid
60
Legacy of the reformation
Tired of war, catholic and Lutheran princes signed a treaty
Peace of augsburg- rulers of territory could decide between Catholicism and Lutheranism, everything else was banned
New religions formed
New ideas
Scientific revolutions
61
Geocentric theory
Belief During Middle Ages
Geocentric theory was an idea that everything revolved around earth
Was widely accepted because:
Sun appears to move around the earth
The church said that we are in the center of the universe
62
Copernicus developed the heliocentric theory. What was the affect?
Belives the sun was the center of the universe
Proved the church wrong
Wrote a book on his theory
Stimulated the scientific revolution
Angered Protestant and catholic leaders-theory removes people from center of universe
63
Kepler proposed the three laws of planetary motion
3 laws:
-Planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits
-Planets move more rapidly as their orbits approach the sun
-Time taken by planets to orbit the sun varies proportionately with their distance from sun.
Proved the heliocentric theory
Used scientific method
64
Galileo
Created the law of the pendulum
-a string that helps doctors find patients pulse
Tested theory of larger objet vs. smaller objects when falling (doesn't matter)
Created telescope
Physical laws operate the same way throughout the universe
65
Andreas Vesalius
Medical book on anatomy
Showed human muscles bones etc.
Human anatomy advanced medical science
Distinctly different from animal
66
William Harvey
Heart acted as a pump to circulate blood through body
Proved Galen's theory false
Important to know for medicine
67
Zacharias Jansen
Created the microscope
Help see small stuff
Used to study all sorts of small objects
68
Antwon van Leeuvanhock
Studied bacteria in saliva
| Described red blood cells
69
Gabriel Fahrenheit
Model of thermometer using Mercury
Water freezes at 32 degrees and boils at 212
Weather
Body temperature
70
Anders Celsius
Another scale for Mercury thermometer
Freezing at 0 degrees and boiling at 100 degrees
Weather
71
Torricelli
Barometer
| A tool for measuring atmospheric pressure and predicts weather
72
Why did the Europeans begin to explore during this time period?
```
Desire for knowledge
Wealth
Trade
Curious
Bring Christianity to distant lands
Search for pepper
```
73
New ideas, inventions, or discoveries that allowed Europeans to explore further during this time period?
Astrolabes- navigation tool using the stars
New world maps
Ideas of individual liberty, political democracy, rule of law, human rights, cultural freedom formed
New mariner instruments(caraval-triangle sails)
New path for Asian goods
Compass
Rounding of the Cale of good hope
74
What changes resulted from the explorations at this time?
New instruments
New civilizations
New cultural ideas(individual liberty etc..)
Proper international conduct
Spaniards cutting hands of native Americans
Slave trades
Native population decreases from disease and slavery
Enslaved persons across Atlantic increases
75
Voyages of Columbus: first encounters
1492
Columbus believed he was in the Indies, so he called the inhabitants that greeted him Indians. Columbus was actually in the Carribean and Bahamas. Claims the lands and all the gold it contained
Starts wave of exploration and colonization
76
What was the role of technology in the explorations?
Caravel- allowed European ships to travel sideways against the windwith triangle sails
Astrolabe- navigation tool that uses the stars to map where you are on the water (longitude and latitude)
Compass- a magnetic tool that determines direction
77
Motivations for European exploration
God: wanted to spread faith to other lands( Dias wanted to spread Christianity
Gold: desire for a new source of wealth, trade
Glory: people desired individual fame for their accomplishments
78
Why was Portugal a leader in exploration?
They were the first real explorers
Made stop posts along Africa, so you could make it all the way around.
Prince Henry- King, created a navigation and sailing school, very big supporter of exploration
Dias- made possible to get an all water route to India. Went to cape of good hope and then turned around.
Da gama- sails all the way around Africa and discovers exotic goods that were worth more than the entire trip itself
79
Spanish role in exploration
Columbus- on inched Spain to finance a plan to dial west across the Atlantic to get to Asia. (Landed in Americas)
Treaty of tordesillas- helped exploration and avoided a war. Gave Portugal and Spain certain places to explore. North south split of the globe, Portugal gets the west and Spain gets the east.
80
Their explorers follow Columbus
Many countries follow his lead and colonize the Americas.
Pedro Alvarez- claimed Brazil for Portugal
America Vespucci- claimed coast of South America and the Americas as a new world
Balboa-first Spanish explorer to set eyes on the pacific
Magellan- first to ever cross the pacific
81
Cortes conquers the Aztecs
When Cortes brings his men to the Aztec capital they were greeted kindly and given gold, they were thought to be foreseen gods.the Aztecs grew sick and tired of them and Cortes and the rest of his men escaped to the jungle and found other civilizations that hate the Aztecs and came back to gain control over the Aztecs
82
Spanish conquests- Hernandez Cortes
Spanish explorer who landed on the shores of Mexico. Colonized ,any islands
83
Pizza to and incas
Pizza ro took about 200 men to Inca and conquered them by bringing along new diseases that weakend the incans
Kidnapped the leader- autowapa and got ransom money of a room full of gold doubled with silver.
84
Conquistadors
Conquerers, searching for gold, makes Spain the strongest force for over a century
85
Spain's influence expands
New techniques of Spanish spread through the Americas
| Spanish forced natives to work
86
What body of water did Columbus cross? Where did he land?
Atlantic Ocean
| Landed in caribbean
87
What did Magellan do?
Sails for Spain
| 1st to sail around the world, reached Philippines, crossed the pacific, circumnavigated the globe
88
Who opened a school and helped voyages? Where?
Portugal
| Prince Henry
89
What was Dias furthest point
Cape of good hope
90
What country did da gama reach?
India, first all water route from Portugal to Asia
91
What body of water did balboa claim for Spain
The Pacific Ocean
He crossed the is,us of pane,a to get there
First to see the pacific
92
What countries were involved in the treaty of tordesillas
Spain
| Portugal
93
Where did Magellan die?
Philippines
94
What area did Vespucci explore, and what was named in his honor?
Explored the Americas, the Americas (north, south) were named after him.
95
Where did Vikings sail 500 years before Columbus?
Greenland and North America, crossed the Atlantic
96
What river did Cabral explore
Amazon river for Spain
97
How did the native Americans get to America?
During the ice age, the water froze a path between the edge of Russia and the edge of Alaska. People followed the animals as they traveled to the new lands.
38,000 bc the population grew overtime
98
Philip II
Shy,serious, deeply religious
Very suspicious, not trusting
Aggressive ruler
Seized Portugal and had an empire that circled the globe
99
How did philip strengthen his empire
Gained incredible wealth
Empire around the globe
Army of 5,000 soldiers
Took control of Portugal and other kingdoms
100
How did Philip strengthen Catholicism
Tried to destroy Ottoman Empire of Protestants in Europe
| Tried to take down Protestant Europe (lost)
101
Spanish golden age
Wealth allowed nobles to become patrons of art
Golden age of the arts
El Greco: "the Greek" art puzzled people of his time emotions were expressed symbolically, deep catholic faith
Velazquez- pride of Spanish monarchy in his art, wrote about Spanish nobles who went crazy after reading too many heroic stories
102
What weakened spam during the time
Treasure caused long term economic problems (inflation)
Population increased
People needed more silver for purchases
Taxed the lower class harshly
103
The crazy Ditch during Philips time
Dutch had prosperous middle class
Philip raised tackles and crushed Protestantism
Mobs swept through Catholic Churches
Dutch fought the Spanish for 11 years
Dutch art had included light and dark colors
104
What is absolutism
When the Monarchs control absolutely everything
Divine right
Rulers controlled all aspects of everything
105
What is the religion of France in the 1500s
Catholic
| King Henry 4 of Navarre converted
106
Edict of Nantes
Declared religious toleration towards the different religions in France. Made for peace
107
Cardinal Richlieu
The minister and advisor to Louis
108
In what two ways did Louis attempt to strengthen the french monarchy
Moved against the huganots
| Weakend the power of his nobles
109
How old was Louis XIV when he became king?
4 years old
110
Who ruled in his place until he came of age?
Mazarin - a strict and harsh ruler
| Increased taxes and strengthened power of central government, no one liked him.
111
Why does Louis hate nobles? What does he do about it?
Nobles led mobs against Mazarin and attacked the poor boy King with slingshots, which scared him.
As a result, when Louis became king he got rid of his nobles and let commoners become his nobles, this gave him their loyalty and trust.
112
Louis XIV
| Personal
First king of bourbon dynasty to rule France
Decisive, fearless, clever
SUN KING
sees himself as the most important being in France
Louis truly took over at 23 when he was truly King at 4
113
Status of country when Louis took over
Nobles and peasants revolted
COLBERT-made France and economic power
Mercantilism
114
Define mercantilism
To export more than you import favorable balance of trade, tariffs, kept people buying in the country, colonies, roads, canals, and 109 new warships
115
Changes Louis made
Increased power of government
Placed high tariffs on goods
Revoked the edict of Nantes
116
How did Louis rule
```
Absolute monarch
Nobles dressed him
No parliament
Does what he wants
"I am the state"
100 people dressed him in two hours
Nobles did ridiculous things for him
```
117
Louis capital city
```
Versailles
Huge with tons of fountains
Not in Paris
Hall of mirrors
statues 700 yards long
Gardens are ridiculously manicured and surround the palace
Elegant and elaborate
5,000 people lived on his property to take care of it
```
118
Wars of Louis
Invaded the Spanish Netherlands
Gained 12 towns
War of Spanish succession- Spain and France vs. England, Austria, Dutch, Denmark, Portugal, Germany and Italy. Lasted 13 years
Ended with trap eats of Utrecht- Louis could remain in power but not join the kingdoms
119
After Louis XIV
```
People rejoice when he dies
A recession occurs
Country was left in huge debt
He was King for 72 years technically (since 4)
Died 1715
```
120
Peter the great
| Background
```
Giant (6'8"), genius, one of Russia's greatest reformers
Fascinated by modern tech.
Had the temper of a bear
Traveled in disguise
Took power at 24
Romanov dynasty
Belives in a warm water port
```
121
Status of the country when Peter took over
Land of boyars and serfs
Still stuck in Middle Ages
Mongol rule, frozen ports, and mountains cut Russia off from the Renaissance and age of exploration.
Religion of russia was Eastern Orthodox
122
How did Peter rule
Travels to Western Europe to learn their customs
Made Russia very strong by westernizing it
Ruled the church and state
Hired Europeans to train his armies
Imposed heavy taxes
20,000 man army
Recruited commoners as nobles for better progress and loyalty
123
Changes Peter made
Reduced power of landowners
Introduced potatoes to the Russian diet
Started a newspaper with current events
Raised status of women by allowing them attend social events
Ordered nobles to give up traditional clothing for western fashions
The shave tax- clean shaven or a tax will be imposed
Opened school for navigation and travel
Changed the calendar from 7208 to 1700
Adopted mercantilist ideas- mining and factories
124
Peter's capital city
```
St. Petersburg
Ideally next to a warm water port
Marshy lands
Took from swedes
"City built on bones"
25,000-100,000 people died of disease or famine when building
Became a busy port
```
125
Wars fought by Peter
The Greta northern war- russia fought the swedes for a warm water port for 21 years and then won buoy using winter to help
Fought the Turks for a Black Sea port
126
End of Peters reign
Succeeded in reforming the culture of Russia
Made Russia a power to be reckoned with
Did
Ed for a cold after diving into icy waters to save his men
Last words- "I hope God will forgive me my many sins cease of the good I have tried to do for my country"
127
Religious problems Elizabeth faced during her rule
Henry's break of papacy
- she dealt with it by creating a church that combined the two in an attempt to satisfy both religions. Everyone had to attend or pay a fine.
128
What two religious laws did parliament pass under Elizabeth's rule
Act of uniformity- national church in which people were required to attend or pay a fine
Act of supremacy- made Elizabeth supreme governor of the church and state.
129
What did Elizabeth do to keep both Protestants and Catholics happy
Protestants- priests could marry, and deliver sermons in English
Catholics- the priests dressed properly with crucifixes etc...
She did not want a religious war
130
What was the problem with Mary Stuart for Elizabeth?
Mary Stuart was a cousin
Mary wanted to overthrow Elizabeth
Therefore Elizabeth beheaded her
131
Elizabeth's financial problems
England wanted to participate in exploration but didn't have the funds to do so
132
What was Elizabeth's solution to the financial problems
Created an organization to attract capital from many people.
The joint stock company, investors bought shares of ownership.
The most successful one was the British east, an India company that tried to carve out a share of the rich indies spice trades.
133
How did Elizabeth deal with Philip II of Spain
| And who is the most famous seadog?
She created the sea dogs and had them attack Spanish treasure fleets.
Francis drake is the most famous seadog, he raided Spanish ships in the Carribean along the coast of South America. The queen knighted him aboard his ship
134
Why did Philip send the Spanish Armada to England?
He was angry at Elizabeth for the seadogs attacking his ships
135
Facts about the battle between the Spanish Armada and England
Spanish had large undefeated le ships in crescent formation. 130 ships and 20,000 soldiers
The English Channel had rough waters and bad weather.
The English used small maneuverable ships with better guns
The Spanish anchored to prevent crashing into rocks and breaking formation.
The English sent 8 ships on fire and sent them towards the Spanish.
Broke apart the armada and destroyed them
136
Outcomes of the battle between the Spanish Armada and England
```
English win
Spanish influence decreases
Big change in history
1588 the sinking of the Spanish Armada
English begins rise in power
```
137
Divine right of kings
Kings believed they were chosen by God to rule
| Believe they as above everyone else
138
James I
Problems he faced
Accomplishment
Two problems
-struggles with money
- puritan members of parliament (hated Catholics)
Accomplishment
King James wrote the English version of the bible that is still used today
139
Charles I
| Why did he clash with parliament
Charles always needed money for constant wars with Spain and France
Used the divine right to a great degree to get money
140
What was the petition of right?
| England
A petition that forced Charles to
- not suppress subjects w/out cause
- not levy taxes w/out parliaments consent
- not house soldiers in private homes
- not impose martial law in peacetime
141
Groups and their roles during the English civil war
| Reason for it starting
Parliament limits power of the King, Charles thinks it is conspiracy against him and tries to arrest parliament members, angering the people so the king flees to the countryside.
Cavaliers- supported Charles , countryside people, nobles, Anglicans
Roundheads- puritans that opposed Charles, short hair to ears, Oliver Cromwell, opponents, farmers, merchants, and everyone else
142
Who was Oliver Cromwell and now did he affect the English civil war
A general who came to the puritans and helped them win battles, kidnapped the king and put him on trial for treason. Beheads the king.
143
Cromwell as a leader
```
abolished monarchies
Established common wealth, republican gov.
Decided to be military dictator
Bans having fun or amusement
"Lord oh protected of England"
```
144
Life under Cromwell rule
No sporting events, theater, amusement, and dancing
Harsh Puritan beliefs
Slaughtered the Irish, tolerated Christians but not Catholics, allowed Jews to come back
145
The restoration
| England
A time period where Charles II brings back monarchies
| Parliament Unbans everything Cromwell banned
146
The reign of Charles II
He was about justice and rights
| Created courts with judges and trials people loved him, merry monarch
147
Habeas corpus
| Charles II
Law that gave every prisoner the right to go before a judge to be let go or thrown in jail. Limits kings power, king can no longer ramp dimly throw innocent people in jail if he didn't like them
148
Problems Charles II faced during his reign
Religions
His heir
Money- he borrows money from France
Religious questions- Protestant or catholic
149
James II came to power (openly catholic)
| What were the first political parties in England
Whigs- opposed James
Tories- supported James
James used the divine right often and had a catholic son
150
1689 parliament had William and Mary overthrow James for Protestantism
Why called the glorious revolution
No blood was spilled and a war didn't take place, James merely fled dpfrom the thrown.
151
How did the bill of rights limit royal power
Gave parliament power
Set laws for the rulers to follow
No suspending of parliament laws
No taxes without permission of parliament
No interfering with freedom of speech in parliament
No penalty for citizens who petition the king about grievances.
152
John Locke
An influential philosopher and writer during the enlightenment. Began the ideas of "life, liberty, and state"
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Newton
Began the questioning of basic beliefs by proving the heliocentric theory, discovering the three laws of motion, and disproved many religious and traditional beleifs
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Voltaire
He was a playwrite, a poet and a philosopher
An advocate for human rights
He wrote many pieces against the church and government, which in turn kept him on the run
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Rousseau
Believed that the society should be ruled by the General will of the people
Wanted a change in government
Wrote the social contract: stating that no laws are binding unless agreed upon by the people
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Montesquieu
Claimed that power should not be concentrated in the hands of a single individual, recommended separating power into executive, legislative and judicial branches of government
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Louis XVI
Was a weak ruler who led to many of his own problems
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The French Revolution: what did the third estate want
They wanted more of the vote in parliament
Began to demand their rights and equality
They adopted the National Assembly for a representative government over absolutism
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Louis XVI reaction to the new third estate demands
He locked the third estate out of their meeting room
| Then pretends to go along with it, secretly brings in foreign armies to surround his palace at Versailles
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Storming of Bastille
People were intent on protecting the city
Act of revolution
Carried heads on stakes
Believed King wanted to kill them
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The great fear
Summer 1789
Rumors of attacks against peasants caused them to attack manor houses and destroy feudal records
Finally allowing them to be free
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What happened to Louis and his queen
People attacked Versailles
| Women marched from Paris and captured the king and queen to force them to rule from Paris
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What new rights did the people gain
Libery, equality, fraternity
Declaration of the rights of man through national assembly
They were subject to one law, pay the same taxes, eligible to all offices.
They are equal in liberty, property, security, resistance,oppression, justice,freedom speech freedom of religion and the Declaration of Independence,
all Frenchman would be citizens
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What kind of government to the assembly create?
The national assembly created the legislative assembly, the body that power to create laws and approve or reject declarations of war this created a limited monarchy.
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What changes were made to the church? What effect did this have?
The Popes rule over the church is independent from the state this to go away power from the pope.
Many peasants opposed the assemblies reforms, most reforms were about the third estate.
The government took Churchland, and people of the communities chose the priests and paid them.
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What was Louis's reaction to the new constitution?
Louis reluctantly approves but he tries to run away and escape France. He makes people want to rewrite the rights of France without a king.
By approving, he created a limited constitutional monarchy.
Stripped king of power
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What was the new name of the national assembly?
The legislative assembly
| It included no king, an elected body, a new government, and involves more people and representatives
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How is the legislative assembly divided?
Into three parts:
1. the radicals-democratic, no monarchy the sans-culottes pushed the radicals
2. The moderates – somewhat in the middle they wanted some changes but they were okay with keeping the king
3. The conservatives – want to keep the republic , kept things how they were back to absolute monarchy, didn't like change. The emigres pushed the conservatives
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Who did friends go to war with during this period? Why?
Prussia – because of the revolts, they supported absolute monarchies, Francie not want to be told what to do, they declared war on all monarchies
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Who were the jacobins?
They were members of the radical political organization
The assembly no longer exists
People became involved in governmental changes
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What was Danton like as a leader?
A lawyer with a talented speaker, devotion of rights to Paris's poor people, he spoke to mobs
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What was Marat like as a leader?
He chose those who supported the Kings 5 to 600 heads need to roll. He wrote newspapers, was a quiet guy, wrote radical newspapers about the violent revolution, scientific research.
Radical leader of jacobin
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What happened to Louis XVI during the reign of terror?
He was beheaded by the guillotine. He was found guilty of treason.
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Who was Robespierre? What did he want for France?
Robespierre wanted to build a republic of virtue without France's past. was the leader of Public Safety
wanted to eliminate all traces of monarchy, the people who are less radical than him were in danger.
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What were some changes he made in France?
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Created a new government, put power in the middle class called the directory. These five for moderates
He changed Sundays, calendars, the scientific enlightenment and principles, dictatorship, closed the churches
people change their names so that they didn't sound royal.
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How many people were killed during this time period?
40,000 people were killed, he killed anyone who was anti-revolutionary, he killed most of the third estate.
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What happened to Marie Antoinnette? Danton? Robespierre himself?
They were all done headed by the guillotine.
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Why was the guillotine use during this time period?
It was a new technology of the time that showed power, it was painless and more humane, a democratic execution
This created an equal death for everyone, everyone even the king died in the same manner.
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Napoleons rise to power, age 9
At age 9 the Napoleon went to military school
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Napoleon: age 16
He finished school and became a lieutenant of the artillery
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Napoleon and October 1795
Defended the delegates, became a hero of the hour and was hailed throughout Paris.
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Napoleon in 1796
Directory a point to Napoleon to leave the French army against the forces of Austria and kingdom of Sardinia. He covers for the republic
He was in charge of the entire French military, crossed the Alps and claimed Italy
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Napoleon in 1799
The directory lost control and Napoleon seize power. He drove out members of the legislative assembly and took the name of first consul, he assumed the power of dictator. The directory voted away the directory
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Who joined forces the second coalition to fight Napoleon? What was the outcome?
Britain, Austria, Russia join forces to drive Napoleon from power. As a result of the war and diplomacy, all three nations signed peace agreements with Paris and France.
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What was the "plebiscite of 1800" and what did it do?
The plebiscite is the vote of the people, how to approve a new constitution. The people overwhelmingly voted for the constitution.
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What changes the Napoleon make to the economy?
He kept many changes with the revolution, a new method of tax collection, national banking, he dismissed corrupt officials, and set up a lycées- a government run public schools graduates were going to the offices
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What did Napoleon do for religion in France?
Concordat: new relationship between church and state, the state recognizes the influence of the church, but rejected the church in control of national affairs.
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What was the Napoleonic code? What effects did it have?
Gave uniform set of laws, restricted freedom of speech and press, restored slavery
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What new title the Napoleon game 1804? How did he gain it?
Emporer, he decided to make himself emperor and the voters supported him. Napoleon signal that he had more power than the church
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Who in the third coalition was Napoleon unable to defeat and why?
Britain, because they had a great naval power. They were able to capture French fleets
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What was the Continental system? How did it hurt Napoleon?
Continental system is supposed to make your more self-sufficient it was harder to blockade the british trades. He ended up controling almost everyone in Europe and told them not to trade with Britain.
No one listens to his new rules
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What happened to Spain that hurt Napoleon?
Peninsular war – Napoleon lassies, therefore we giving the power of the French empire. Nationalism and was a powerful weapon in this war. He lost 300,000 soldiers damaging an attempt to get Portugal
Spain rebelled
Geurilla, fight small battles, avoid engagement. A tactic for small armies versus large
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Was invading Russia such a huge mistake for Napoleon?
Russians were first on the side of Napoleon
During the battle the Russians practice a scorched earth policy – where the Russians retreated they burned and killed all the food so that the enemy has nothing to eat. Directions escaped and burns down there holy city Moscow.
Napoleon started with 400,000 men and ended with 10,000 people
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What did the third coalition do to Napoleon after defeating him in April, 1814?
Britain , Russia, Prussia, Sweden and Austria made Napoleon surrender his throne. He was exiled/banished to Elba, a tiny island off the coast of Italy
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Describe the Napoleon's brief return from exile:
Louis the 16th was failing out of being king, Napoleon escaped his exile and came back to France. Volunteers joined his troops and once again he was emporer. Once again the coalition defeated him and he went back to exile
