World History II Flashcards
(391 cards)
1
Q
When are the Middle Ages
A
476 CE - 1500 CE
2
Q
What ends classical antiquity
A
The fall of the western Roman Empire
3
Q
What does the fall of the western Roman Empire bring
A
Medieval Europe
4
Q
When did the Renaissance start
A
1500 CE
5
Q
What is Christendom
A
A new civilization in Western Europe in the Middle ages.
6
Q
Where does Christendom come from
A
The remains of the Greco-Roman empire
7
Q
What major change did Christianity have to make in the Middle Ages
A
Had to shift from belief in rapid conclusion of the world to Christianity will be a continued presence in the world, since Jesus had not returned as soon as they thought
8
Q
How did the church mature
A
- Move from oral to written tradition
- development of rituals, communion, hierarchy
- Development of accommodationist ideology
- Rejection of radical revolutionary strains of Christianity
9
Q
What was Constantine I’s impact
A
Stopped persecution, began giving legal privileges to Christian leaders.
10
Q
When did Constantine I convert to Christianity
A
312 CE
11
Q
What contributed to the triumph of Christianity
A
Roman persecution leading to them becoming more organized
12
Q
What are the 3 estates
A
- Those who pray - monks
- Those who fight - nobles
- Those who work - peasants
13
Q
What caused the Shi’ites and Sunni to split
A
Ali was assassinated, Shi’ites wanted to continue with the blood line while Sunni wanted to vote people in
14
Q
How did the church survive after the Roman state collapsed
A
- It became useful, providing services to barbarians 2. Pope Gregory’s missionary blueprint 3. Christianizing pagan festivals 4. Offer magic (relics)
15
Q
What was Pope Gregory’s missionary blueprint
A
Make pagan rituals worship the Christian God, sacrificing animals too. Destroying pagan ritual sites now illegal.
16
Q
What is paganism
A
You do something, God responds
17
Q
What is the cult of Mithra
A
They worshiped the God of the unconquerable Sun until Pope Gregory’s missionary blueprint tricked them into worshiping the Christian God
18
Q
What is Feudalism
A
A way to manage a group of strangers. New forms of attacking and defending. Warrior nobility gained political control of the fief (land given to them).
19
Q
What is Manorialism
A
An economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land.
20
Q
What is a fief
A
An estate granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for service and loyalty
21
Q
What is the Guild System
A
A system for specialized workers in the medieval times. It would set regulations for price and other factors to eliminate competition in the town, kept the number of people in a specific job limited, had to go through apprenticeship to journeyman to master.
22
Q
What made the church function more importantly than anything else in the Middle Ages
A
The Seven Sacraments, education, wealth
23
Q
What are the Seven Sacraments
A
Baptism, Confession, Communion, Confirmation, Matrimony, Holy Orders, Extreme Unction
24
Q
What are problems the Church faces
A
- Monastic communities 2. investiture conflict - the issue of control (church always wins) 3. Thomas Aquinas, Aristotle and the soul
25
What does Aristotle say about the sould
All humans desire an eternal soul, everything in nature has a purpose, links logic and religion
26
What are the 3 crisis
The Church Crisis, Nobility/military crisis, Bubonic plague
27
What happened during the Church Crisis
The Pope relocated then the next one comes back to Rome, a secret meeting is held and a new Pope is appointed, people don't know who to follow. Crown vs. the church. France vs England. Pope Boniface VIII vs Philip IV (French king). Clericis Laicos launches anti-papal campaign. Ascult Fili ("Listen my Son"). Unam Sanctum (church is the ark)
28
What was important about Pope Clement
He was the first Avignon pope, supported venality
29
What is venality
The selling of church offices
30
What was the Great Schism
The official split between the Roman Catholic and Byzantine churches that occurred in 1054 because the church looks more human and less divine
31
How did people fight the church
Reform movement - cynicism creeping into faith. Mysticism - priest is not needed to have a relationship with God. Thomas a Kempis - imitation of Christ. Heretical movement - flies in the face of church power
32
What did Gerard Groote write
"The New Devotion or the Brethren of the Common Life"
33
What was the nobility/military crisis
Wealthy, trained nobles are not needed because people can use a longbow (The Hundred Years War)
34
What was the Bubonic plague
Reordered society, cultural crisis, survivors have more food and get healthier, church weakens
35
What was the significance of domestication of camels
They helped make Arabic kingdoms prosper, happened in 400 BCE
36
What did Robert Sapolsky do
Pastoralists (herders) versus Southerners, thieves can't steal crops, can steal herds
37
What do Pastoralists do since herds can be stolen
They develop warrior classes, monotheism, cultures of honor
38
What happens by the 500s
Christians and Jews have moved into the Arabian peninsula
39
What is early Mecca
An oasis in Hejaz, had a deep well, two caravan routes met there, had religious sanctuary (Kaaba)
40
What did the oasis in Hejaz (early Mecca) contain
A meteorite that was white, now black because of sin. Draped with animal skins. Shrines for 360 gods and goddesses (Polytheism)
41
What did Arabs practice before Islam
Polytheism
42
What is Islam derived from
S-L-M, no vowels, comparable to YHWY
43
What does Islam define to
It first means 'peace' second means 'surrender'
44
What is the full meaning of Islam
"The peace that comes when one's life is surrendered to God."
45
Where does the word Semite come from
People descended from Shem, the parent of Abraham
46
What happened to Abraham's sons
Abraham had a son with Sarah and Hagar, Sarah gives birth to Isaac and demands banishment of Hagar and her son Ishmael
47
Where does Ishmael go after being banished
After being banished by Abraham, he then goes to where Mecca would be
48
What are the descendants of Ishmael
Muslims
49
What are the descendants of Isaac
Remaining in Palestine, they become Hebrews then Jews
50
When was Muhammad born and what did his name mean
Born in 570 BCE, his name means "highly praised"
51
Who was Muhammad
He was born in 570 BCE, both parents dies and was raised by an uncle. The uncle worshiped Allah, the god, but not The God. He became a prominent merchant in Mecca. He married Khadija, fathered Fatima. Would retreat to a cave and meditated for hours.
52
What became the Qu'ran
Muhammad thought he was being attacked by a Jinn (where we get Genie) but recognized the angel as Gabriel, his dreams became the Qu'ran
53
What did the angel say to Muhammad
"Recite in the name of your lord who created -- Created the human from an embryo -- Recite your lord is all-giving who taught by the pen -- Taught the human what he did not know before"
54
Why didn't the people of Mecca like Muhammad's message
Its uncompromising monotheism, its moral teachings, new teaching of equality
55
Where did Muhammad flee for after running from Mecca and what did it become
Medina, this fleeing became the Hejira, also conquering Arabia with Islam
56
What is the Hejira
The Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca that Muslims must take once in their lifetimes
57
What is the center of Islam
The Qu'ran, not Muhammad, they are People of the Book
58
Why is Islam so successful
The four main ideas of Islam
59
What are the four main ideas of Islam
Oneness of God, Creation, Humanity, Judgement
60
What is Islam's idea of Oneness of God
Whereas Hebrews focused on people of Israel and Christians deified Jesus, Muhammad is not the son of God, simply a messenger
61
What is Islam's idea of Creation
The physical world is important (causing Islamic science to flourish). Since the work of God is good, the world is good
62
What is Islam's idea of Humanity
Life is a gift requiring two responses: gratitude, surrender. Infidel means "one who lacks thankfulness." When one goes with the flow with creation, one will be Muslim
63
What is Islam's idea of Day of Judgment
A person will go to heaven or hell
64
According to Islam, how is God revealed
Through four great stages
65
What are the four great stages in which God is revealed from
Monotheism, Ten Commandments, Golden Rule, and "How should I love my neighbor"
66
What are the five pillars of Islam (five obligations)
Shahadah --> There is no god but God and Muhammad is His Prophet (how to become a Muslim)
Daily Prayer --> five times daily, however church not needed, prayer consists of praise and gratitude
Paying of alms --> an obligation not charity, institutionalized into the state
Ramadan --> fasting, makes one think, teaches self-discipline, underscored human dependency, sensitizes compassion
Hajj --> one should visit Mecca at least once in a lifetime
67
What does khalifa mean
A "successor" or caliphate, a caliph is not a prophet
68
Who were the first four caliphs
Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali
69
Who was Abu Bakr
The successor to Muhammad, holds Islam together after Muhammad dies. Father of Aisha, Muhammad's favorite wife and early friend of Muhammad.
70
Who was Umar
Muslim leader who conquers the Fertile Crescent. An empire builder, conquered all of Saudi Arabia, parts of Palestine and lower Iraq
71
Who was Uthman
He was assassinated because nepotism and assigning people too young to important positions, he standardized the Qur'an
72
Who was Ali
Son-in-law of Muhammad and husband to Fatima, convinced Islamic community that leadership should remain in the family of Muhammad, Shiat-u-Ali, the family of Ali. Challenged by Aisha but loses to Ali's forces at the Battle of the Camel
73
Who says "Whomever I am nearest to, so likewise is Ali. O God, be the friend of him who is his friend, and the foe of him who is his foe."
Ali
74
How does Islam fragment
Into the Shi'ites and Sunni.
75
What is the difference between the Shi'ites and Sunni
The Shi'ites believed that the caliph should come from Muhammad's descendants while the Sunni focus more on the community.
76
What expanded along with Islam and what are they
Mosques, they are more than a place of worship as they promoted literacy, equality, and women
77
How did mosques help literacy
Provided education (a way to control a group of strangers), three kinds: Islamic sciences (study of Qur'an), philosophical and natural sciences (Greek knowledge), literary arts. Often had schools attached
78
How did mosques help equality
Men and women have same spiritual nature. Woman is not blamed for the fall of humanity (Adam and Eve are to blame). Pregnancy and childbirth are not punishments. Men and women have same religious duties and face the same consequences. That there are no women prophets has to do with physical demands and not spiritual inferiority.
79
How did mosques help women
Women at the time of Muhammad's birth had few rights, small girls could be buried alive in times of scarcity. (Qur'an says they will ask what they were buried for) Muhammad ended infanticide and detailed rights for women.
80
Why did Muhammad care about women's equality
Maybe because he was raised by his mother. If a daughter speaks well of her father he will enter paradise.
81
What did Islam do for science
They preserved the thoughts of the greatest Greek thinkers
82
What did Avicenna and Averroes do
They translated Aristotle
83
Who flourished and who floundered
Islamic culture flourished while Europe floundered
84
How do we know about the Greeks
Islam
85
Who was Rhazes
A Muslim who notices smallpox is different from measles
86
Who was Avicenna
A Muslim who wrote The Canon of Medicine (a fan of Plato) with 750 articles about him
87
Who was Averroes
A Muslim who translated and wrote about Greek writers (fan of Aristotle)
88
What was Platonism (what Plato thought)
The idea of a chair, stop studying change. There are absolutes, not different points of view
89
What did Aristotle think
The student of Plato, however, he thinks the polar opposite. There is no perfect realm, just what we see. Chairness is what we see, no separate timeless existence.
90
What did Thomas Aquinas and Aristotle say about the soul
All humans desire an eternal soul, everything in nature has a purpose therefore salvation will happen. They linked logic and religion.
91
What is the idea of the Great Chain
Everything existing within the universe has it's place in a divinely planned hierarchy
92
What did Hippocrates say
Medicine is holistic (so a forerunner of modern primary care). Medicine is naturalistic, it happens because of nature, not sacred. Consciousness and mental functions are in the brain.
93
What was Lamarckianism
Hippocrates' belief that environmental factors can change basic characteristics
94
What does Evolution need to work
A Heritable trait, variability in the trait, advantageous traits, and random mutations
95
What did Islam do for medicine
Constructed hollow needles while Europe uses leeches, developed the concept of a modern hospital
96
Who was Jabir Ibn Hayyan
One of the founders of modern pharmacy
97
What was the significance of the Hundred Years War
Challenges existence of nobility and creates a permanent kind of taxation
98
What is the Renaissance a rebirth of
A fascination with Rome
99
What did the first historians discover
They rediscovered the classics, the authors emerged as real people in real time
100
What did Humanists do during the time
Philology, studying the language
101
Who was Petrarch
The father of Humanism, also a philologist
102
What is the Tripartite view of history
Three ages, Ancient, Middle, Modern
103
Who was Lorenza Valla
Could tell within 50 years the date a text had been written, found the Donation of Constantine to be fake
104
What was the Donation of Constantine
A document giving the Pope large tracts of land, Valla knew it was forged based only on the language. Declared forgery in 1440
105
How could Valla tell the Donation of Constantine was fake
The language used was from the 8th century while it was supposed to be written in the 4th century. It also mentions an imperial robe and divided kingdom which would happen later on.
106
Who was Dante
The great literary figure of Italy, wrote the Divine Comedy (a visitor's tour of hell)
107
Who was Boccaccio
Wrote the Decameron
108
What is the Decameron
A series of stories told by people fleeing the plague. 7 women friends and 3 young men, each tells a story per day over 10 days.
109
What became subjects for the arts
Humans, Michelangelo painting the chapel
110
What did patrons do
Subsidized the work of the artists
111
What did the Liberal arts do
Attempted to create well-rounded people
112
What were the three things behind educational theory
Eloquence, virtue, individualism
113
Where was the birthplace of the Renaissance
Italy
114
Why was northern Italy wealthier and more populous
Isolated from rest of Europe, did not have great nobles, far away from emperor, towns expanded to become territorial states
115
What was medieval diplomacy like
Ambassadors traveled, which is a move toward resident diplomats
116
Who was Giangaleazzo Visconti
A resident ambassador for Milan, he used spies to generate unrest and emergence of diplomatic immunity
117
What is the Peace of Lodi
In 1454 five superpowers sign a treaty
118
What is the Peace of Lodi
In 1454 five superpowers sign a treaty
119
What is the Peace of Lodi
In 1454 five superpowers sign a treaty
120
What is the Peace of Lodi
In 1454 five superpowers sign a treaty
120
What is the Peace of Lodi
In 1454 five superpowers sign a treaty
121
What is the Peace of Lodi
In 1454 five superpowers sign a treaty
122
Who is Machiavelli
A bureaucrat, a notary, who lost his job because of the Medicis, becomes cynical and is presented as emittered and cynical
123
What is Machiavelli's recurring theme
The need to protect power, it resides in the hands of the people; popular support is essential. History was cyclical but degenerated as it cycled
124
What book portrays Machiavelli as embittered and cynical
The Prince
125
What are the themes of The Prince
Do the atrocities first, people can get over them; stay away from the women; the primacy of public relations; and the end justifies the means
126
What are the four stages of Humanism in Italy
Beginnings, Civic Humanism, more philosophical, courtly
127
What was in the beginnings stage of Humanism
It was more pure and simple, Petrarch and Boccaccio, a grammatical movement, literacy and grammar (14th century)
128
What was in the civic Humanism stage of Humanism
Leonardo Bruni -- A History of Florentine People, Activist Scholar -- vita activa
129
What did Leonardo Bruni say in A History of Florentine People
The empire was not created to make way for Christianity, authoritarianism destroyed the Republic: which is to say all before him believed Medieval Europe created to pave the way for Christianity. A civic humanist, a conversion from scholarly aloofness
130
What was in the more philosophical stage of humanism
Cosimo de Medici is patron to Marsilio Ficino, Pico della Mirandola
131
What did Marsilio Ficino
Platonic Academy -- spiritual and eternal values. Translated all of Plato's works into Latin
132
What did Pico della Mirandola do
Translated the Hebrew Bible, Talmud, Cabala
133
What was in the humanism becomes more courtly and aristocratic stage of humanism
Ariosto -- Orlando Furioso --> true love. The Song of Roland --> a work of literature about battles. Machiavelli -- The Prince --> how to get power and keep it
134
What transmitted the Renaissance to the North
The printing press, end of the Hundred Years' War (1453), the French invasion of Italy in 1494
135
What was the shared worldview at the time of the northern renaissance
Mysticism/ neo-Platoism, begins with Meister Eckhart, Divine spark, Pantheism
136
Who was Meister Eckhart
A highly educated Dominican, exerted his greatest influence in a series of sermons, never guilty of heresy but said some controversial things
137
Who said "Henceforth I shall not speak about the soul, for she has lost her name yonder in the oneness of divine essence. There she is no more called soul: she is called infinite being."
Meister Eckhart
138
Who said "She plunges into the bottomless well of the divine nature and becomes one with God that she herself would say that she is God."
Meister Eckhart
139
Who founded the Friends of God and what was it
Meister Eckhart founded it, it helps other with their mystical experience
140
What does the Divine Spark mean
The spark of God resides in everything
141
Who was Teresa of Avila
Born in 1515, wrote The Interior Castle, its about the contemplative soul with stages in the castle (heaven)
142
Who was John of the Cross
Born in 1542, wrote the Dark Night of the Soul, is aobut the journey of the soul from the body to union with God
143
What are some modern versions of Meister Eckhart
Quakers and Matthew Fox
144
Who continues Meister Eckhart's ideas
Johan Tauler and the Friends of God
145
What does Meister Eckhart's ideas become
They take formal shape as New Devotion, are taught by Brethren of the Common Life, founded by Gerhard Groote of the Netherlands
146
Who was Gerhard Groote
Said the essence of religion is an inward, spiritual communion with God through Christ. The only valid test of this inner experience is its outward manifestation in a life of moral rectitude and Christian service
147
What were some qualities of northern humanism
Overtly Christian in tone, borrows historicism and philological techniques from Italians, influenced by New Devotion, Reformist in nature
148
Who was Erasmus
Someone who almost had a cult between 1515 and 1530 in Spain despite never being there.
149
What did Erasmus write
Enchiridion militis Christiani (Manual for a Christian Soldier), written in 1526 and was the most popular theological/devotional work in Spain
150
What made humanism disappear
The spread of Protestantism
151
What were Christian humanists suspected of
Heresy ("As the curtain of fear descended, the glow of Christian humanism gave way to the flames of the auto-de-fe")
152
What did Erasmus publish after returning to Paris
Adages (1500) a collection of classical proverbs, Enchiridion (1503) a practical guide for piety for the lay person, several editions of Cicero's letters, a critical edition of Valla's Annotations of the New Testament
153
What was Erasmus' New Testament like
Had a lengthy introduction which smacks of Protestantism, everyone should read the Bible
154
How did the church and Protestants view Erasmus
The church viewed him as a traitor, he wouldn't leave though so Protestants thought he was a coward
155
What helped set up the Lutheran movement
People became relatively unchurched
156
How did people become unchurched before the Lutheran movement
People didn't go to church (rarely take sacraments), church became a popular religion, elite religion is more orthodox
157
How did the church become a popular religion
It became a mix of popular superstition and Christianity, focused on here and now, survival is primary concern
158
Who was Alexander VI of Borgias family
He was obsessed with money, power, and wanted it for his four children. Cesare was made bishop and a duke. Lucretia was a de facto pope in his absence
159
What was Alexander VI's greatest skill
The ability to ignore all the major signs of religious dissatisfaction
160
What did Leo X have to deal with
The debt created in part by Julius II commissioning Michelangelo
161
What were the problems of the clergy
Absenteeism and Pluralism (critical lack of leadership). Qualifications, younger sons appointed (first sons getting inheritance). Education, many illiterate, not theologically trained, brutal to flock
162
Why are the problems of the clergy important
This is the church of Martin Luther's day
163
What was Martin Luther's early life like
Trained at the Brethren of the Common Life, studied law at University of Erfurt, entered Augustine order, University of Wittenberg
164
What does Martin Luther have to do with humanism
Basic reform, Access to Erasmus's NT, Concept of history, Mysticism
165
What was the theological revolution about
The burden of the penitential cycle, justification by faith (removing James from the Bible), Transubstantiation vs consubstantiation
166
How does Luther become a public figure
Ninety-five These (writing about how the papacy is a human institution and indulgences completely destroy the point of doing good deeds)
167
What are Indulgences
Money for the remission of sins
168
What brought about indulgences
Financial problems of the church
169
What does Martin Luther do at Heidelberg
He attacks the idea of free will
170
What does Martin Luther mean by Anfectungen
It is a word that means "if good works don't matter, why do them?"
171
What does sola scriptura mean
Latin for "scripture alone," a Protestant Reformation idea that meant the church was not needed or important as the Bible
172
Who does the church send to challenge Martin Luther
Johann Eck
173
What was Ulrich Zwingli known for
His ability to present ideas, he worked to reform clerical abuses, and he preached against selling indulgences
174
Who does state building begin with
John Locke
175
What does the Renaissance say about history
People have a context
176
What all does John Locke live through
The execution of Charles I, the civil war, the Glorious Revolution
177
Due to what he has lived through, what does John Locke think is bad
Absolutism and divine right rulers are both bad
178
What is tabula rasa
John Locke says people are this, tabula rasa translates to a blank slate
179
What does the idea of being a blank slate at birth mean
There are no innate ideas
180
What does Robert Sapolsky say about the environment
We are shaped by our environment, to the point where our first ancestors shape us
181
What did Essay Concerning Human Understanding, and Two Treatises of Civil Government argue for
They are the first great argument for empiricism
182
What is empiricism
We know what we know through our five senses
183
What does the Second Treatise of Government say
If there are natural laws, maybe there are natural rights
184
What does John Locke say about progress
Progress is always good
185
What/who proves that progress is not always good
Rachael Carson
186
Who is Rachael Carson
The mother of the modern environmental movement (silent spring) "Have you noticed, you haven't heard birds signing in the morning anymore
187
How does John Locke think
We give up some rights to the state but we are keeping our right to private property
188
What is something church-wise that John Locke rejects
Humans are born into original sin
189
What did John Locke say without knowing
Gender is a social construct
190
What did Crane Brinton do
He wrote The Anatomy of a Revolution
191
What did The Anatomy of a Revolution say
History is a pendulum, switching from strong government to weak government
192
Who was James I
King of England (1603 to 1625), also ruled over Scotland for many years, first of the Stuarts
193
Who was James I the son of
Mary Queen of Scots
194
How was James I a successful leader
The Trew Law of Free Monarchies
195
What was the Trew Law of Free Monarchies
Kings have Divine right, Monarchs are subject to no authority but God, Kings are unrestrained by human laws
196
What did James I's critics say
He did not look the part, tongue was too big for his mouth, rolling eyes gave him a perpetually apprehensive expression (as if he is never quite sure of himself), he wore his clothes heavily padded to protect him from the knife of an assassin, while deer hunting he would tie himself to his horse, no one wanted to hunt with him because he would cut open the deer and make a mess
197
What where James I's accomplishments
First English Bible
198
What is popular religon
A religion of the everyday people
199
What was Alexander VI obsessed with
Money and power, he wanted it for his children
200
What role did Cesare take under his fathers ruling
Bishop and duke
201
What role did Cesare take under his fathers ruling
Bishop and duke
202
What does de facto mean
Acting
203
What does de just mean
By law
204
What did the Renaissance give us
Philology, people have a history, context
205
What is philology
Study of language
206
What did the Northern Renaissance give us
Mysticism and the study of religion
207
What was Leo X forced to deal with
The debt created by Julius II commissioning Michelangelo
208
What did Martin Luther and the Reformation lead to
State building
209
What were the problems of the Clergy
Absenteeism and pluralism, qualifications, education
210
What is absenteeism and pluralism
Critical lack of leadership
211
What is the year associated with Marin Luther
1517
212
Where did Martin Luther train at
Brethren of the Common Life
213
What did Martin Luther believe in
Mysticism
214
What is mysticism
The idea that you do not need a church to have a relationship with God
215
Where did Martin Luther study law
University of Erfurt
216
Who says, "Religion must resonate from within"
Dr. Bohannan
217
What was Martin Luther's conversion experience
Lightning striking near his horse knocking him off
218
What was the Renaissance all about
Reforms
219
T/F The New Testament is very scattered stories from Paul and Gospels
True
220
What is concept of history
Everything ahs a history and that history matters
221
What is justification by faith
Works are evidence you have been saved
222
What is transubstantiation
Bread and wine transforms into the body and blood of Christ
223
What is consubstantiation
Bread, wine, the body, and the blood coexist and do not suddenly change
224
What are indulgences
Money for the remission of sins
225
Who says, "you cannot buy yourself into Heaven"
Martin Luther
226
What is the Ninety-Five Theses
Martin Luther lists 95 things, he posts it on the church doors
227
Why did Martin Luther believe you should still do good works
You will be relieved of anfectungen
228
What is anfetungen
Guilt feeling
229
What does sola scriptura mean
The Bible is all you need
230
What did Ulrich Zwingli believe was important
Having children, having more than 1 church, living lavishly, 5 course meals
231
Did Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli agree on the idea of the church
Yes
232
Who wrote the Institutes of the Christian Religion
John Calvin
233
What is predestination
Everybody is predestined to end up in Heaven or Hell
234
What was John Calvin worried about
Being a good person
235
236
What does the Renaissance say about history
People have context
237
What is a divine right king
Kings were chosen by God to rule
238
Is absolutism good or bad
Bad
239
Are Divine Right Rulers good or bad
Bad
240
What does tabula rasa mean
Blank slate
241
242
What does TULIP stand for
Total depravity
Unconditional election
Limited atonement
Irresistible grace
Perseverance of the saints
243
What did John Calvin believe
We are all worthy of Hell but some will be saved
244
245
What is empiricism
We only know what we learn from our senses
246
What is popular sovereignty
Power comes from people and government provides defense, taxes, and law and order
247
What is the government governed by
Natural laws
248
What does ipso facto mean
By definition
249
Who wrote Silent Spring
Rachel Carson
250
What was Rachel Carson known as
Mother of modern environmental movement
251
What did Rachel Carson discover
DDT was weakening eggshells so the mother was squishing eggs
252
What did Thomas Hobbes believe
We give up all of our rights to the government
253
Who said, "Life is nasty, brutish, and short without society"
Thomas Hobbes
254
What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau believe
We give up all of our rights to our community. As a result, no one is more powerful than another
255
What is constitutionalism
Shared government
256
Who wrote The Anatomy of Revolution
Crane Brinton
257
What did Crane Brinton view history as
A pendulum
258
Where is James I from
England
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What is James I other name
James VI of Scotland
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How long did James VI of Scotland rule
36 years
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Who was James I wife
Anne of Denmark
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Did James I look the part
no
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What was wrong with James I appearance
His tongue too big for his mouth, rolling eyes gave him an appearance like he wasn't sure of himself, wore heavily padded clothes to protect against an assassination
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What did James I have to do when riding his horse
Be tied down
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What is Guy Fawkes Day also called
November 5, commemorating the failure of the Gunpowder Plot of 1605
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What were some of James I accomplishments
First English Bible, Creation of the Union Jack
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Who wrote To Kill a Mockingbird
Nelle Harper Lee
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WHich crops did not work in Jamestown
Olives for olive oil, grapes for wine
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What is the only crop that worked in Jamestown and made it thrive
Tobacco
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Why was Jamestown created
To make money
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Who wrote A Counterblaste to Tobacco
King James I
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In 1622 how many pounds of tobacco were being sold in Jamestown
60,000 lbs
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How much tobacco was Jamestown producing by the end of the 17th century
20,000,000 lbs
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What were King James I problems
Debt (spend money like crazy), lost land, lost income (sold his land)
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Who hated King James I
Puritans
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Why did Puritans not like King James I
He was bisexual
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What does England move from and go to
From divine right kings to shared power
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Who was known as the wisest fool in Christendom
King James I
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How was King James I not politically smart
He would put people he was close to in the Privy council and not in the House of Lords/Commons where they would of had power
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Who was King James I son
Charles I
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did King James I want Charles to marry
Infanta
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How did King James I die
Dysentery at 58
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How was Charles I when compared to his father
Worse
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How did Charles I make money
Sells tax to everybody, sells monopolies, fiscal feudalism, wardship
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What is fiscal feudalism
A tax to avoid fighting
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What is wardship
A guardian runs land for young children that were left with land and sells anything of value. Gives land back at 18
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Who else were hated by Puritans
Bishop William Laud
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What is the Eleven-Year Tyranny
Charles I refuses to call Parliament into session
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How often does Parliament meet now
Every 3 years
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What is the Triennial Act
Requires Parliament to meet at least every three years
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What is the Militia Bill
Parliament selects military leaders
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What outlawed fiscal feudalism
The Militia Bill
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Who was John Pym
Anti-Charles I Parliament member, he got arrested
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In the English Revolution (civil war) who supported the king and William Laud
Royalist (Cavaliers)
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In the English Revolution (civil war) who supported the idea of change
Parliamentarians (roundheads)
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What is John Lilburne's nick name
Free John
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Where did the ideas of the Agreement of People come from
Pushing back against Charles I
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What did the Diggers believe
Full equality
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What did the Ranters believe
Sin was a mental construct
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When Charles I was executed who took over
Oliver Cromwell
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Who tried to succeed Oliver Cromwell
His son, Richard
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Who said, "I am a martyr of the people"
Charles I
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What was the importance of the Declaration of Breda
Pardons and amnesty for civil war fighters, Parliament would handle issues of religion and land
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What were Charles II nicknames
Good-Time Charlie, Merry Monarch
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Who did Parliament put on an allowance
Charles II
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Why had puritans acquired a bad name
They executed Charles I
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What was the Test Act of 1673
Had to accept Anglican church to work in government
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What was the Five Mile Act
Puritans can't preach within five miles of towns with Anglican Church
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Who created the Treaty of Dover
Louis XIV
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After Charles II dies, who takes over
His brother, James II
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Who created the Clarendon Code
Charles II
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What was the Glorious Revolution
James II could have led a fight against William, but James was incapacitated by a nosebleed
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What was the Toleration Act of 1689
Granted rights to nonconformists (Protestants)
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What marks the decline of the monarch and the decline of the divine right king
The Glorious Revolution
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Where were Henry IV, Cardinal Richelieu, and Cardinal Mazzarin from
France
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What were Henry IV, Cardinal Richelieu, and Cardinal Mazarin's goals
Weaken local government, put power in the hands of the state, strengthen royal authority, enlarge French territory, move towards absolutism
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What did France move to and from what
It moved from constitutionalism to absolutism
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What did the Edict of Nantes do
Grated freedom of worship to Protestants, granted civil rights, including access to education for Protestants, Protestant pastors would be paid by the state
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What are Huguenots
French Protestants
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What was the forty-day rule
Predict within 40 days of when you will die and you pick who gets your job or you can pay 1/60th of your income to keep the office in your family
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What happens when you kill the king
You are drawn and quartered
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Who assumes the throne after Henry IV
Louis XIII (age 9)
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Who was Louis XIII mom
Reagent Marie de Medici
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What does Marie de Medici do
Recalls the elu from Guyenne and Languedoc, squanders money
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In the wars of Mother and Son who loses
Mother
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When Louis XIII returns to health what does he do with his mother
Exiles her
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Louis XIII and who were best friends
Cardinal Richelieu
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What were Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu
Hypocondriacs
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What was Louis XIII nickname
Louis the Just
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What did Louis XIII make
Idea of treason
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What is lese majeste
The ability to reign in traitors
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What did the Edict of Alais do
Stripped Protestants of power
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What is the intendent
A salaried bureaucrat to oversee provincial governments
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Who is Louis XIV's mom
Anne of Austria
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When does Louis XIV assume personal rule
After Mazarin died
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What does Louis XIV master
Art of absolutism
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What does Tokugawa go from and to
Feudal Monarchy to Centralized State
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What were the four main islands of Japan
Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu
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What is Kyoto
Home of imperial capital (home to 2000 aristocratic households at its peak)
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What is edo
The ancient name for Tokyo, akin to the American West
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What was Japanese state and samurai
A move backward in time
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How was the government prior to the 6th and 7th century
Chiefdoms ruled villages and dominated the islands
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How did the Yamato Line (Sun Line) establish dominance over other chiefdoms
Marriage, patronage, brute force, then a lavish banquet
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When did the Sun Line become a monarch
New years day 646
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Who was the Sun Line's first monarch
Tenno ("The heavenly sovereign", descendant of sun goddess)
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What was the bureaucracy like in Japan
Distributed land and required taxes. 66 providences divided by the heavenly sovereign
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What happened to the younger sons of the heavenly sovereign
Hereditary aristocracy
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What happened in 794
Monarch and nobles moved to Kyoto
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How did the new government assert its power
All males, except sons of aristocrats, must be inducted into military service
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What made a dependable army impossible
Desertion, they failed to secure a permanent conscript army
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Who did the Yamato/Sun Line call on to maintain law and order
Skilled fighters families called the Samurai, Shogun, Daimyo, Ronin
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What were the Samurai
The warrior class, confucian virtues of loyalty and frugality, zen buddhist of giving up desires and material things in order to face death easily
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What were the Shogun
The top warrior class
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What were the Diamyo
The controlled large amounts of land, had its own collection of samurai
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What were the Ronin
Masterless samurai
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What was the line of power in Japan
Emperor, court nobility, shogun, daimyo, samurai, peasants, craftsman, merchants
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Who said "How can it be that the samurai should have no productive occupation?"
Yamaga Soko, the quote reflects on his station in life, discharging loyal service to his master, deepening his fidelity to his friends
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What is Chushingura
Tale of the 47 Faithful Samurai
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What was the Tale of the 47 Faithful Samurai
A daimyo Lord was humiliated by a Shogunate official, he drew his sword in the presence of the emperor, which is an offense punishable by seppuku, he did, his ronin avenged his death
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What is the significance of Chushingura
The state must maintain social order
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What happens in the Tokugawa Ieyasu era
Emperor gives default leadership to the shogun, three state builders/unifiers
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Who were the three state builders/unifiers
Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Tokugawa Ieyasu
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What did Oda Nobunaga do
Kept armies in the field (always expanding authority), first to grasp potential of fireman introduced by the Portuguese, ended feudal wars by combining 22 provinces, ambushed at his castle in Kyoto, wounded and disemboweled himself to preserve honor, attacked army of 30,000 with 3,000 and won
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What did Toyotomi Hideyoshi do
Avenges Nobunaga's death; gathered 250,000 samurai, musketeers, pikeman, archers, foot soldiers; one of the largest armies in the known world; conquers Kyushu and Shikoku then accepts the surrender of the daimyo in Honshi; Japan militarily unified
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What did Tokugawa Ieyasu
1587 he was one of the 12 largest diamyo; occasionally allied with Nobunaga and Hideyoshi
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How did Hideyoshi reward Tokugawa
By doubling the size of his holding (the Kanto plain) where he builds a new castle (in edo/Tokyo)
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What is the largest city
Tokyo with 37 million people
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How did Hideyoshi prepare his legacy
He made the 5 major daimyo swear to support his son, Hideyori, until he came of age
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What happened to Ieyasu
He was seduced by ambition and power; he fought an alliance of daimyo from Western Japan at the battle of Sekigahara in 1600
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Who won the Battle of Sekigahara
Ieyasu's army of 70,000; ceremoniously viewed the severed heads of thousands of his enemies
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What was the significance of the Battle of Sekigahara
Ieyasu confiscated lands of the defeated and imposed his will on 200 daimyo
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What happens 3 years after the Battle of Sekigahara
The emperor names Ieyasu Shogun
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What can the House of Tokugawa do
Make laws, levies taxes, has unassailable armed strength, has unquestioned monopoly
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What is Bakufu
The military-style government of the Japanese Shogun
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What happens to Hideyoshi's son and his loyalists
They are destroyed, his castle burned down, Hideyori commits seppuku
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What does Ieyasu do to Hideyoshi's land
Confiscates it and relocates 229 daimyo (1. legal codes regulated the imperial court 2. hostage system 3. policy of seclusion)
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What legal codes regulated the imperial court
Consent required to marry, to repair castle
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What was the hostage system
Required wives and children of daimyo to permanently reside in edo (Tokyo), daimyo required to spend every other year there (makes feudal lords courtiers)
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What was the policy of seclusion
No foreigners permitted to enter Japan nor could oceangoing ships be built
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When did the House of Tokugawa's rule
1603 (same year as James I's start) to 1867
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Why does Ieyasu step down
To ensure Hidetada rules
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When does the American civil war end
1865
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What does Hideyoshi do to Korea
Attack them in 1597, kill anyone who resisted, burned Seoul to the ground, created Mimizuka
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What is Mimizuka
The mound of ears/noses
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Which can first
Assassination of Henry VI
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Which 2 go together
Hideyoshi and one of the largest armies in the world
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Who does the pendulum swing both ways for
Oliver Cromwell
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Why are the Ranters important
Sin is a mental construct so we can be like God and don't need the church
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What countries are comparable
Japan and France
