world history semester exam

Question 1

Neolithic Revolution

Answer 1

The change from hunting and gathering to farming crops and domesticating animals. Permanent settlements, new technology, and social classes were created because of this. Also, tamed and herded animals.

Question 2

Paleolithic Era (Old Stone Age)

Answer 2

The people were Nomads who who hunt and gather while moving from place to place.

Question 3

Cause population growth of early civilizations

Answer 3

Abundance of food via agriculture

Question 4

Eight characteristics of a civilization

Answer 4

1. organized government- To be able to produce large amounts of food and see irrigation projects, new government came about. (Priest had the most power.)
2. complex religion- Ancient people believed in many gods (polytheistic). Priests gained the favor of the gods by hard rituals. To ensure help people built temples and sacrificed animals
3. job specialization- Urban people developed new crafts and weapons. People all had different jobs, sing, dance, storytellers, and merchants
4. social classes- Became really complex. People were ranked based on their jobs. High class priests and nobles, merchants, peasant farmers, and slaves were the lowest of the social event
5. arts and architecture- Are expressed the beliefs and values of the people who made them. Showed people the strength and power of their government and religion
6. public works- Public works were built, closely linked to the temples and palaces to benefit the city, protecting it from attacks and ensuring food supply
7. writing- New skill developed by ancient civilizations was the art of writing. Archaeologists found many ancient writings (tax rolls, treaties, and marriage contracts)
8. cities- Most people lived as their Stone Age ancestors had. Nomads and city dwellers have been complex

Question 5

Social hierarchy of early civilizations

Answer 5

(On top) Priest and Nobles, (second) wealthy merchants, (third) humbler artisans, (bottom) peasant. farmers. Gave everyone a role of leadership and who to look up too.
Cultural diffusion

Question 6

Cultural diffusion

Answer 6

The spreading of a culture and it’s attributes (ideas, customs, technology). It was a source of change.

Question 7

Cause for migration, trade, and warfare during early civilizations

Answer 7

Famine, drought, or other disasters (Migration), then interacted with others to introduce people to new goods or times (Trade), forced their way of life upon people defeated or absorbed to their life (warfare) All brought change and caused cultural diffusion which spread civilization.

Question 8

Ziggurats

Answer 8

Pyramid temple that soared toward the heavens. (rectangular stepped towers with writing on them also known as stories to be told.) built by mesopotamia.

Question 9

Hammurabi’s Code

Answer 9

• Source of Mesopotamian government and society
• 1st important attempt by a ruler to codify, arrange and set down in writing, all of the laws that would govern a state
• crime and punishment: deals with offenses against others
• civil law: deals with private rights and matters

Question 10

Tigris and Euphrates River

Answer 10

River system that intersect at Iraq that supported the development of the Mesopotamian society. The tigris was the birthplace of the Assyrian, Babylonian, and Sumerian civilizations.

Question 11

Cuneiform

Answer 11

One of the earliest types of “writing” in Mesopotamia. (clay tablets imprinted with a reed pen.)

Question 12

Karma

Answer 12

all actions of a person’s life that affect his or her fate in the next life
help ensure the social order by supporting the caste system

Question 13

Dharma

Answer 13

the religious and moral duties of an individual
a person acquires merit for next life
help ensure the social order by supporting the caste system

Question 14

Four Noble Truths

Answer 14

1. all life is full of suffering, pain, and sorrow
2. the cause of suffering is the desire for things that are really illusions, such as riches, power, and long life
3. the only cure for suffering is to overcome desire
4. the way to overcome desire is to follow the Eightfold Path

Question 15

Shi Huangdi

Answer 15

Emperor of Qin dynasty, first emperor of China
- built the strong authoritarian government
Technological achievements of the Han Dynasty
- Papermaking, which was credited by Chai Lun.
- Used Mulberry bark as a main ingredient for wrapping paper

Question 16

Caste system of India

Answer 16

cannot speak to other of another caste.(low or poor to higher or the rich.)
was determined by heredity
oldest male was the leader of the house.
believed in reincarnation (when you die you come back in a different life or caste level.)

Question 17

Differences between Hinduism and Buddhism

Answer 17

Hinduism: wide variety of religious traditions and philosophies that have developed in India. believe in reincarnation, value the practice of meditation, and observe festive holidays
Buddhism- believing that human life is miserable and spiritual emancipation is the highest goal to seek

Question 18

Mandate of Heaven

Answer 18

Claiming that one has been chosen to rule the land and can be overthrown if they lose heaven’s favor.
to justify their rebellion against the Shang
passed the Mandate of Heaven to the Zhou, who “treated the multitudes of the people well.
- expanded the idea of the Mandate of Heaven to explain the dynastic cycle, or the rise and fall of dynasties. -
- if the rulers became weak or corrupt, the Chinese believed that Heaven would withdraw its support.

Question 19

Confucianism

Answer 19

the system of philosophical and ethical teaching founded by Confucius and developed by Mencius

Question 20

Oracle Bones

Answer 20

Were used to communicate with ancestors in shang china. (made of either cattle or pig bones.)
Chinese’s oldest writing
Shang priests wrote questions addressed to the gods or the spirit of an ancestor.
interpreting the pattern of cracks, they provided answers or advice from the ancestors

Question 21

Aristocracy

Answer 21

rule by a landholding elite

Question 22

Monarchy

Answer 22

A government in which a king or queen exercises central power

Question 23

Republic

Answer 23

System of government where officials are chosen by the people

Question 24

Oligarchy

Answer 24

challenging the landowning nobles for power and came to dominate some city-states.
result was a form of government; In an oligarchy, power is in the hands of a small, powerful elite
Spartan Women
had to exercise and strengthen body
runs the family estate
inherited property

Question 25

Tyrant

Answer 25

``` people who gained power by force won support of the merchant class and the poor by imposing reforms to help these groups ```

Question 26

Cause and Result of Peloponnesian War

Answer 26

Cause: rivals between Sparta and Athens (they were competing for power) Results: downfall of Athens (no longer ruling power)

Question 27

Plato's Republic

Answer 27

his idea of an ideal state | concerning the definition of justice

Question 28

Parthenon

Answer 28

temple on the Athenian Acropolis, Greece, dedicated to the maiden goddess Athena

Question 29

Vassal's obligations

Answer 29

Members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty. Obligated service and loyalty

Question 30

Serfdom

Answer 30

Peasant agricultural laborers bound to lord’s land

Question 31

Manorialism

Answer 31

System of economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor for access to land.

Question 32

Feudalism

Answer 32

Powerful local lords divided their lands among lesser lords. In exchange these vassals pledged service and loyalty to the greater lord.

Question 33

Chivalry

Answer 33

Code of conduct for knights during the Middle Ages

Question 34

Constantinople

Answer 34

center of the Byzantine empire excellent harbor commanded key trade routes linking Europe and Asia

Question 35

Justinian's Achievements

Answer 35

- used law system to unite empire (absolute power) - had power over church - combined political/spiritual power

Question 36

Great Schism

Answer 36

``` Rival popes(English, French, and later, Roman) contend for Papal authority. - Began when Pope Urban VI set a series of reforms that upset a large group of french cardinals. This caused a rivalry between the English and the French cardinals in which the french elected their own pope and moved back to France. ```

Question 37

Effects of Mongol rule of Russia

Answer 37

-isolated Russians cutting them off from ideas and inventions from the rest of Europe allowed Russians to follow their customs as long as they never rebelled

Question 38

Humanism

Answer 38

focused on worldly subjects rather than on the religious issues that had occupied medieval thoughts. They believed that education should (the individual’s creative power.)

Question 39

Theme of Northern Renaissance Art

Answer 39

It focused on themes such as naturalism, religious reform, and gothic style

Question 40

Thomas More

Answer 40

Gave history the work of literature Utopia with his human thinker thoughts.

Question 41

Council of Trent

Answer 41

A council of the Roman Catholic Church convened in Trento in three sessions between 1545 and 1563 to examine and condemn the teachings of Martin Luther and other Protestant reformers; redefined the Roman Catholic doctrine and abolished various ecclesiastical abuses and strengthened the papacy

Question 42

Rene Descartes

Answer 42

Analytical geometry and theory writer and helped move the world to modern science

Question 43

Francis Bacon

Answer 43

Innovator at the forefront of science. He shaped the science world with experiments and observations. (Scientific method)

Question 44

Renaissance

Answer 44

The period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world; a cultural rebirth from the 14th through the middle of the 17th centuries

Question 45

Henry VIII and Church of England

Answer 45

altered relationship between English Crown and the church ( CHURCH OF ENGLAND) wanted to end papal control over the English Church asked to cancel marriage, and the Pope didn’t grant successfully ended the destructive civil wars that plagued England

Question 46

Main goal of the Jesuits

Answer 46

Stopping the spread of Protestantism, spreading Catholicism, and establishing catholic schools in Europe and abroad.

Question 47

Method of Albuquerque to establish trade posts in India

Answer 47

He destroyed the muslim and arab influences in India to establish a dominant Portuguese empire.

Question 48

Treaty of Tordesillas

Answer 48

Agreement between Spain and Portugal to settle conflicts over newly discovered or explored lands by Christopher Columbus.

Question 49

Triangle Trade Route

Answer 49

Trade route between North America(which includes the West Indies), Africa, and Europe. Inflation in Europe in mid 1500s Mercantilist policy to protect local European industries from foreign competition Creoles Person in Spain’s colonies in the Americas that was American-born descendant of a Spanish Settlers

Question 50

Mayflower Compact

Answer 50

The first written framework of government in what is now the United States. It was signed by 41 Mayflower colonists.

Question 51

Peninsular

Answer 51

Member of the highest class in Spain’s colonies in the Americas

Question 52

Treaty of Paris

Answer 52

Paris, Treaties of, various treaties of peace signed in Paris, France. Treaty of 1259. Henry III of England and Louis IX of France ended a state of war between their countries that had lasted since 1201. Henry abandoned his claim to Normandy and the domains of Maine, Anjou, Touraine, and Poitou in the lower Loire Valley. He kept a coastal strip of Aquitaine and Gascony, but as a vassal of the French king. The settlement lasted until the Hundred Years' War began in 1337.