world views Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
an ideology refers to a core set of what?
A
of descriptive & normative beliefs
2
Q
What is descriptive beliefs?
A
how the world really is
3
Q
What is normative beliefs?
A
how the world should/ought to be
4
Q
What is the equation of causality/causation?
A
X causes Y
5
Q
What is the main sentence with X & Y?
A
if X had not happened, then Y wouldn’t have happened
6
Q
According to Max weber, what is a state?
A
a state is a body of institutions that enjoy a monopoly on legitimate violence within a defined territory
7
Q
According to Thomas Hobbes, are we better off with or without a state? (main sentence)
A
What legitimizes the state is that we are BETTER OFF living under a state than not
8
Q
In the State of Nature, are there laws?
A
no laws
9
Q
Why is it bad to live under a State of Nature?
A
State of Nature = no laws
b/c humans are selfish, we’ll do bad things whenever we think we can benefit.
+ no laws = no one to punish us (no police)
10
Q
Why is it better to live under a state rather than a State of Nature?
A
better off with a law system/governement b/c although it could be limiting, it provides and fuels our freedom & autonomy
11
Q
What is acollective action problem?
A
it’s a scenario where if each person acts in their individual best interest, everyone ends up worse off, then if everyine had acted differently
12
Q
What is in my best interest?
A
best interest to betray
no matter what you do, I’m better off betraying than staying loyal
13
Q
What is the outcome if everyone is selfish?
A
then everyone ends up worse off, then if poeple would have acted differently
14
Q
Is the State of Nature a CAP?
A
yes
15
Q
NEXT TOPIC:
A
SOCIALISM
16
Q
Common Ownership involves what?
A
the tripartite rights of ownvership
17
Q
Name all 3 rights of ownvership
A
usus
fructus
abusus
18
Q
Define usus
A
you have the right to use and exclude (from others using it)
19
Q
Define fructus
A
you have the right to own your proceeds (the fruit of your work)
20
Q
Define abusus
A
you have the right to transfer the good or destroy it
21
Q
Are communists for or against private property?
A
Against, they want to ABOLISH PP
22
Q
Which 2 rights of ownership does it affect?
A
no fructus, no abusus
23
Q
Why are communists AGAINST PP?
A
b/c it drives material inequality
24
Q
How does it drive material inequality?
A
b/c the ones who uses their pp wisely, will acquire more property than others, driving material inequality
25
So does socialism want equality or no?
yes, socialism want EQUALITY everywhere
(so don't like pp)
26
Do social democrates want to abolish the pp?
NO
27
How come social democrates don't want to abolish the pp?
they would rather nationalize major industries
(monopolies are economically inefficient, since they're immune to supply and demand)
28
In capitalism, prices reflect supply and demand, give the arrows and 2 key sentences to prove this
↑ supply, ↓ prices
↑ demand, ↑ prices
29
What do entrepreneurs seek most?
they seek to make money
30
How do entrepreneurs make good money?
they'll tend to supply whatever goods are in most demand b/c price for goods are higher
31
So, in recap, capitalism tend to produce the goods that people _________
want most without anyone telling people what to make
32
Who is the governement in communism?
the central planning committee
33
What is the main thing happening in communism?
the government estimate what people want
34
So what is the main job of the governement?
to set prices and direct production
35
What are the 2 problems about this?
- people have heterogenous (different) preference
- they are no prices revealing supply & demand
36
According to Karl Marx, what does communism require?
the dictatorship of the proletariat
37
What is the dictatorship of the proletariat?
a dictator operating on the behalf of the working class
38
What do we call an "efficient" distribbution of resources?
Pareto optimal
39
What is the main sentence in regards to Pareto optimal situations?
it is impossible to make one better off without making another worse off
40
If you can improve someone without harming another, is this Pareto optimal?
NO ITS NOT
41
A common test for wheter an economy is allocatively efficient is whether the resource distribution is Pareto optimal. Give me one again the main sentence to prove that a situation is PO:
if the distribution is such that can't improve one's position without making another worse
42
What does PO not mean?
it does not mean it's fair/just
fairness ≠ Pareto Optimal
43
NEXT TOPIC:
ANARCHISM
44
is Anarchism for or against the state
AGAINST, OPPOSED to the state
45
What is the main sentence about the state for anarhcists?
"the state is uneccesary evil"
46
Why do they think it's evil?
b/c the state undermines our autonomy
(we'd have MORE control over our future WITHOUT a coercive/violent system of law and order than prohibits certain activities (killing))
47
What is the liberal response to this?
we'd have even LESS autonomy WITHOUT a system of law and order
(if the SoN is really bad/nasty/rude, you can't live properly/happily w/o law & order + won'T have any options or opportunities)
48
What would an Anarchists response to this response?
Hobbe's state of nature story, b/c human are selfish, we'll do bad things whevener we think we can benefit from it + no police to punish us
49
Why would they think the state is unecessary?
the liberal's response assumes that humans are selfish BUT this isn't so, we can peacefully coexist in the absence of coercice law & order
50
Do anarchists think people are selfish or no?
they deny that people are selfish
51
small recap, what do Anarchist think about law and order?
they imagine a society without law and order
(so, if this society had norms, the norms cannot be enforced via coercion)
52
NEXT TOPIC:
NATIONALISM
53
what is a nation (exact definition)
a psycho-political entity
it's a group to which memebrs belong on the basis of shared languages, history, values, ethnicity and social norms
54
What is an inclusive nation? + example
members need to share fewer things in common
(canada)
55
What is an exclusive nation? + example
members MUST share more things in common
(ethnicity -> japan)
56
Definition of patriotism:
it's love of one's nation
57
Definition of Nationalism:
it's the view that nations should be central to political organization
58
State the main difference b/w patriotism and nationalism:
patriotism is about loving/ improving your country with a respectful approach, while nationalism often involves a more aggressive assertion of national *superiority* and interests.
59
Generally, nationalists desire to live in a nation-state, what is this?
a state whose borders overlap with the borders of same nation (nation-country)
60
Do nationalists believe in national self-determination or no?
yes, they believe in national self-determination
61
What is national self-determination?
the right of the nation to govern itself
62
How is a national self-determination achieved?
through the creation of a nation-state (via unification or separation)
63
NEXT TOPIC:
POPULISM
64
Associate 2 words for people and for the elite
People = good/uncorrupted
Elite = bad/corrupted
65
Who are part of the right-wing populists?
the people (exclusive)
66
Are the people exclusive or inclusive?
exclusive
(national identity & ethnicity)
67
Right-wing populist accuse the elite of trying to do what?
they accuse them of trying to DISPLACE THE PEOPLE
68
How would they displace the people?
through immigration and multiculturalism
69
But what might we think? if elite are selfish, ______
if elite are selfish, won't they just use their power to enrich themselves (lowering taxes)?
70
What would be a populist reponse to this?
the elite are worse than selfish, they are EVIL
71
The elite are separated into 3 divisions, name them
- political elite
- economic elite
- cultural elite
72
Give an example of a political elite
lawmakers
73
Give an example of an economic elite
big businesses (apple...)
74
Give an example of a cultural elite
media, press
75
What is the notion of lobbying?
take lawmakers to dates, biggest actionor gets to keep all the bids
76
Why do they always have conditions to benefit them?
because people are selfish
77
How could we say that rich people could "get what they want"?
b/c rich people have money and have control on lawmakers (buy them out)
78
So, what might we say about the political issues?
that the elite control them
79
So, in reality, does it have something to do with immigration/ multiculturalism?
nope, only the elites, money, rich people
(all distractions from the actual important things (war...))
80
What is wishful thinking?
we're more likely to believe something IF we want it to be true (like being gullible)
81
Right-wing populists seek to do 2 things:
1) dismantle separation of powers
2) undermine judicial independence
82
Why would right-wing populists want to dismantle separation of powers?
so the leader has more centralized power
83
Why would they want to undermine judicial independence?
to prevent the judiciary from blocking laws due to thei "unconstitutionality"
84
Are the judges elected?
the judges are not elected, so they face no pressure to please the public
85
NEXT TOPIC:
FASCISM
86
Both Nazis & Fascist rose to power democratically, both enjoyed what?
both enjoyed popular support
87
How would they act before towards their contrie's democratic institutions
before they would violently dismantle them
88
This reflects to the commitment of what?
committment to the rule of law
89
What is the rule of law?
where citizens should be allowed to do whatever is not prohibited
90
By contrast, what is the government allowed to do?
the governement can only do what they've expressly authorized to do
91
Are Fascists exclusive or inclusive?
highlt exclusive view of national identity (ethnicity)
92
What do fascists think about the individual?
they exist to serve the state
93
What to they believe of the nation?
that their nation has the right to dominate others
94
Are fascists socialists? yes/no and why?
YES, b/c they prioritize common OVER individual good
95
Do facsists hate or like communists?
HATE
96
How come fascists hate communists?
b/c they desire an international revolution where EVERYONE is =
97
What can you tell me about the fact that Fascists desire a leader
a leader, unbounded by the rule of law, who represent the will of people (general will)
98
According to fascists, what is a leader's purpose?
not to expand individual autonomy, but to bring GLORY to the nation
99
Liberalism involves 2 important things + info to complete it:
1) democracy (good leaderhsip b/c of reelection)
2) separation of powers (prevent abuse of power)
100
What is very very important in society?
the PRESS
101
What is the main function of press
it's a watchdog, it performs a monotoring function
102
Why is the press
important?
when politicians act badly or abuse their powers, the press reports it + also guards against the rise of facism
103
Other traditional insitutions which safeguard the separation of powers to undermine faith in traditional institutions, the leader must do what???
tell A BIG LIE
104
If believed, a Big Lie will to 4 different things:
1) force you to DISBELIEVE institutions
2) position your leader as the one to be TRUSTED
3) position YOU & your leaders as VICTIMS
4) justify overthrowing the governement
