World War I & Postwar Era

Question 1

What was Militarism?

Answer 1

The glorification of armed strength. Was very important to many European leaders before WWI. Countries started building large well-trained armies.

Question 2

What is Mobilize?

Answer 2

Prepare its army for war. If one nation were to mobilize, other nations would mobilize in self-defense.

Question 3

What is an Ulitmatum?

Answer 3

One party threatens harmful action if the demands it has made are not met. Austria-Hungary put one of these against Serbia, who did not meet their demands, so they declared war on them.

Question 4

What are Belligerents?

Answer 4

Warring nations. Belgium agreed to not help any of these nations in order to keep its neutrality.

Question 5

What was the Triple Alliance?

Answer 5

An alliance between Germany, Italy, & Austira-Hungary. Rivals with the Triple Entente.

Question 6

What was the Triple Entente?

Answer 6

An alliance between France, Great Britain, & Russia. Rivals with the Triple Alliance.

Question 7

What was the Balkan “Powder Keg”?

Answer 7

A term used to describe the situation in the Balkna Peninsula before WWI. Set off by the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand.

Question 8

Who was Francis Ferdinand?

Answer 8

The heir to the Austrian-Hungarian throne, an Archduke. While he and his wife were visiting Sarajero, they were shot and assassinated. Their/his death(s) wee the spark that ignited the Balkan “Powder Keg.”

Question 9

What was Propaganda?

Answer 9

The use of selected bits of information, both true and false, to get people to back their country’s war effort. Used to stir the patriotism of their people. British propaganda had great influence on Americans.

Question 10

What is a “War of Attrition?”

Answer 10

A slow wearing-down process in which each side was trying to outlast the other. What became of the conflict in WWI. Ending in many bloody stalemates and no victories.

Question 11

What was Contraband?

Answer 11

War materials supplied by a neutral nation to a belligerent one. According to international law, if a ship carried contraband, the goods could be seized.

Question 12

What were Atrocities?

Answer 12

Brutal acts against defenseless civilians. British propaganda contained many German atrocities, which angered the Americans.

Question 13

Who were the Central Powers?

Answer 13

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire. None of these countries were moving towards democratic tendencies.

Question 14

Who were the Allied Powers?

Answer 14

Great Britain, France, Russia, and their partners. All of these countries were moving towards democratic tendencies.

Question 15

What were U-Boats?

Answer 15

A type of German submarine. Caused extensive losses to Allied shipping. Germany used them for blockades and to sink ships carrying food and arms to their enemies. One of these attacks sank a ship, the Lusitania, which was carrying 128 American passengers.

Question 16

Who was Woodrow Wilson?

Answer 16

President of the US. Denounced the attack of the Lusitania. Warned Germany. Led the neutral nation, and the most industrialized nation. Made a declaration in 1914 that the US should be neutral. Congress decided to declare war on Germany on April 6, 1917.

Question 17

Who was Arthur Zimmerman?

Answer 17

A high official in the German foreign military. Sent a secret telegram to the German ambassador in Mexico. Germany offered to help Mexico take back New Mexico, Arizona, and Texas (all American territory) for Mexico if they allied together. The telegram was intercepted and decoded by the British. America joins the war.

Question 18

Who were the Mensheviks?

Answer 18

A faction fighting for control of the soviets. Moderate. Lost out to the more radical Bolsheviks.

Question 19

Who were the Bolsheviks?

Answer 19

A faction fighting for control of the soviets. Radical. Led by Vladimir Lenin. Their slogan was “Peace, bread, land.” Overthrew the provisional government on November 7, 1917. Took control of Russia. In 1918 changed their name to the Communist Party. Dissolved the Constitutional Assembly.

Question 20

Who was Vladimir Lenin?

Answer 20

Leader of the Bolsheviks. A revolutionary Socialist. Demanded that all governing power be turned over to the soviets. A Marxist, a follower of Karl Marx. His version of Marxism formed the basis of Communism. His new government signed a peace treaty with the Central Powers in March 1918 in the city of Brest Litovsk.

Question 21

What was the Communist Part?

Answer 21

1918 renamed Bolshevik group. Dissolved the constitutional assembly. Gave up a lot of territory. Turned its attention to Russia’s internal political problems. Civil war broke out in early 1918. They executed the czar and his entire family for fear of their return to power. Won against the Whites in 1921, even though the Whites had Allied help. In 1922, renamed the land the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, or the Soviet Union.

Question 22

What was the Red Army?

Answer 22

The communist forces in Russia. Fought against the Counter-Revolutionaries, the Whites. Won against them in 1921.

Question 23

What was an Armistice?

Answer 23

An agreement to stop fighting. The guns of war were going to fall silent. In November 1918, a German delegation signed one of these. It provided that at 11 a.m. on November 11, 1918, all fighting would cease. After its signing, the Allies faced the takes at arranging the peace terms.

Question 24

What were Reparations?

Answer 24

Payment for war damages. In WWI, the destruction caused by the war also brought up questions about this. Many Allied leaders wanted Germany to bear the cost of the war.

Question 25

What were the Fourteen Points?

Answer 25

Woodrow Wilson's set of ideas/plan for a more just world. 6 general points & 8 more for specific countries. 6 general points: 1. No secret treaties. 2. Freedom of the seas for all nations. 3. Removal of all economic barriers, such as tariffs. 4. Reduction of national armaments. 5. Adjustment of colonial claims - fairness for colonials from imperialists. 6. Establish a "general association of nations," to guarantee political independence & protection to small & large states alike.

Question 26

Who was Ferdinand Foch?

Answer 26

A French Marshall. Commanded an Allied force that stopped the Germans at the Chateau-Thierry. The Allied powers then went on to the offensive. pushing the Germans back to their own border.

Question 27

What was the Paris Peace Conference?

Answer 27

A meeting of the Allied powers at the palace of Versailles. The Big Four (Woodrow Wilson (US), David Lloyd George (Britain), Georges Clemenceau (France), and Vittorio Orlando (Italy)) decided the terms of peace. Problems began when some countries included in the war were excluded from the conference. Wilson wanted fairness, but the other Allied powers wanted to dictate the peace settlement. Brought up 2 very conflicting viewpoints, peace & fairness, or just taking over & punishing Germany.

Question 28

What was the League of Nations?

Answer 28

A world organization to maintain peace. A part of Woodrow Wilson's plan for world peace.

Question 29

What is Genocide?

Answer 29

Systematic extermination. During WWI, the Turks had launched a genocide on the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire. 2 million Armenians in 1915, 1.5 million were killed, and the rest of them were deported out of Turkey.

Question 30

What were Economic Sanctions?

Answer 30

A kind of penalty, if a country broke agreement, used by the League of Nations. An example of this is; blocking trade with the offending nation(s).

Question 31

What was a Mandate?

Answer 31

The League set aside colonies as these. To be ruled by the government of an "advanced" nation. The advanced nation promised to "prepare" the mandate and its people for independence.

Question 32

What was the Treaty of Versailles?

Answer 32

A treaty signed at the palace of Versailles. The Treaty between Germany and the Allied powers after WWI. This Treaty delt very harshly with Germany. Germany had to: - Have a small army, reduced to no more than 100,000 soldiers - Admit it was guilty of starting the war - Pay war reparations alone - Have extreme military constrictions - Give up large chunks of territory - Put resctrictions on their government - Abolish their military draft Provided for the formation of the League of Nations. The Allies lacked the ability for enforce the rules of the Treaty. The Covenant was a future part of this.

Question 33

What was the World Court?

Answer 33

The Permanent Court of International Justice. This court would determine cases involving International law, and would deal with the disputes between nations brought to it. Independent body, but delt closely with the League of Nations.

Question 34

What was the Influenza Pandemic?

Answer 34

1918-1919. Came in three waves, and caused more deaths than WWI itself. An epidemic that occurs over a large geographical area and affects a significant portion of the population. Spread with terrifying speed. No inhabited continent was safe. It could kill some victims within 2-3 days of the first sign of symptoms. Appeared and disappeared very mysteriously. Death estimates put the death toll to well above 20 million.

Question 35

What was Surrealism?

Answer 35

Brings conscious and unconsious ideas together to portray life in a dreamlike way. Used by Franz Katka, a Czech writer. His worked used this technique, but wasn't well known until after his death. Also used in painting to portray the unconsious.

Question 36

What was Jazz?

Answer 36

A new kind of music. Improvised as it is played. Radios and new technology influenced the creation of this. Originated in New Orleans, Lousiana. Became very popular. Jazz clubs appear.

Question 37

What was Cubism?

Answer 37

An art technique. Developed by experimentation with forms and styles. This style emphasized geometric designs, using shapes such as cubes, flat planes, and spheres.

Question 38

Who were the Dadaists?

Answer 38

A group of painters. Used random images to reflect what they considered the insanity of the war.

Question 39

What was Functionalism?

Answer 39

A style of architecture. Created by Louis Sullivan. Buildings become more usefal and functional rather than just aesthetic.

Question 40

What was International Style?

Answer 40

An new style of architecture developed by European architects. Included interrupted sheets of steel and glass.

Question 41

Who were Flappers?

Answer 41

Young women who challenged "younger" societal norms. These women started wearing short hair and skirts, and going out in public places like jazz clubs.

Question 42

What was Prohibition?

Answer 42

The 18th amendment of the constitution. Made alcoholic beverages illegal in 1920. Caused people to sell illegal alcohol and make lots of money. The amendment was repealed in 1933 by the 21st amendment.

Question 43

Who was Gertrude Stein?

Answer 43

An American, who chose to live in Europe after the war. Wrote on WWI and the postwar years, showing dissatisfaction with traditional ideas. She believed all those who served in the war had become a Lost Generation.

Question 44

What was The Lost Generation?

Answer 44

An idea brought by Gertrude Stein. A group, including Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgeral, and John Dos Passos, became known as the Lost Generation. Their writings reflected a generation that had lost its moral grounding during the war.

Question 45

Who was Franz Kafka?

Answer 45

A Czech writer. Many of his works were unknown before his death in 1924. He used Surrealism in his work. Brought together conscious and unconsious ideas to portray life in a dreamlike way.

Question 46

Who was James Joyce?

Answer 46

An Irish writer. Caused a great stir in the postwar period. Wrote "Ulysses," a revolutionary book that broke from the traditional novel. Used a technique called "Stream of Consiousness," where one tries to record everything that comes into a characters mind.

Question 47

Who was T.S. Eliot?

Answer 47

An American born poet. Abandoned traditional forms of poetry, like rhyming. Expressed the negative outlook of the postwar years. Described a world without faith, where moral and spiritual values could not be restored.

Question 48

Who was Igor Stravinsky?

Answer 48

Russian born composer. Pioneered a new direction of music. His ballet, "The Rite of Spring," caused a major uproar at its first performance. It broke completely with traditional musical composition. He used multiple instruments playing at the same time in different keys.

Question 49

Who was Pablo Picasso?

Answer 49

A painter. Created the new art styled called cubism. This style emphasized geometric designs, using shapes.

Question 50

Who was Salvador Dali?

Answer 50

A Spanish surrealist painter. Painted to represent the unconscious with his art style. Painted of liquit clocks draped over a tree branch and the edge of a shelf.

Question 51

Who was Ch'i Pai-shih?

Answer 51

The last great painter of the older school of Chinese art. In China, there was struggle between modern and traditional art. He praised the traditional Chinese art.

Question 52

Who was Louis Sullivan?

Answer 52

An architect. Pioneered the new architecture. Helped develop the sky scraper. Also created the new style of Functionalism, making buildings for a specific purpose rather than a specific style.

Question 53

Who was Frank Lloyd Wright?

Answer 53

An architect. Student of Sullivan's. Adopted many of Sullivan's ideas and added his own. Believed that buildings should fit into their environment.

Question 54

What was Economic Nationalism?

Answer 54

Protectionism. Caused problems. Nations tried to protect domestic industries by limiting trade with other countries. Placed high tariffs on foreign goods. Most nations tried to protect themselves from the Great Depression by using this.

Question 55

What was Market Speculation?

Answer 55

Risky investments in the stock market. A lot of panic surrounding these caused everyone to suddenly sell their shares, and Black Friday happened.

Question 56

What was Black Tuesday?

Answer 56

October 29, 1929. Investors on the New York Stock Exchange panicked in the face of bad economic news. Investors rushed to sell their shares due to the fear of stocks dropping. The sudden sell off sent stock prices tumbling. Savers rushed to their banks to withdraw their savings, but banks didn't have enough cash. A financial crunch resulted.

Question 57

What was the Great Depression?

Answer 57

Began by the collapse of the New York Stock Exchange. Worldwide. Prices and wages fell, business activity slowed, and unemployment rose, all in a very brief period of time. Most nations tried to protect themselves from this through protectionism/economic Nationalism.

Question 58

Who was Herbert Hoover?

Answer 58

President of the U.S. at the beginning of the Great Depression. Said to believe that prosperity was "just around the corner."

Question 59

Who was Franklin D. Roosevelt?

Answer 59

New American president elected in 1932. Immediately created a relief program called the New Deal.

Question 60

What was the New Deal?

Answer 60

A relief program created by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The federal government granted money to each state to provide the needy with clothing, food, and shelter. Governmen began a program of public works, the construction of public buildings, roads, etc. to create more jobs. DId not completely end the Great Depression in the U.S.

Question 61

What was the Social Security Act?

Answer 61

Of 1935. Provided for unemployment and old age benefits. Congress established a 40-hour work week and minimum wages.

Question 62

What was a General Strike?

Answer 62

Done by workers or unions. Where workers in various industries refused to work until their demands were met.

Question 63

What was Nationalization?

Answer 63

Something is placed under government control. The weapons industry in France partially underwent this.

Question 64

What was the Maginot Line?

Answer 64

A system of series of steel and concrete fortifications. Stretched for nearly 200 miles along the borders of Germany and Luxemburg. Very costly, further hurt the French Economy. France built this to prevent furthur invasion from the East.

Question 65

What was the Locarno Pact?

Answer 65

A number of treaties signed in 1925 by many European delegates, who met in Switzerland, that pledged that their countries would peaceuflly settle all future disputes.

Question 66

What was a Popular Front?

Answer 66

A type of government organized by the left-wing parties in France. A coalition of the working and middle class parties. Liberally and socially democratic. A coalition of left-wing parties.

Question 67

Who was Leon Blum?

Answer 67

A socialist. Became premier of the Popular Front of France in 1936. To prevent the conservatives from seizing power, his government carried out many reforms.

Question 68

Who was Ramsay MacDonald?

Answer 68

Leader of the Labour Paryt in Great Britain. Spoke out for the workers but the Labour Party didn't have a majority in the House of Commons. Formed a coalition government with he Liberal Party. Their measures they set up helped the economy recover.

Question 69

What was Easter Rising?

Answer 69

An Irish revolt during WWI against Britain. Easter Monday, April 24, 1916. The British ended the bloody revolt and executed many of its leaders, which only increased Irish nationalism.

Question 70

What was the Sinn Fein?

Answer 70

Irish Nationalist party. Dominated the election for Irish seats in the British Parliament in 1918. Its representatives declared themselves the representative government for an independent Irish Republic.

Question 71

What was the Irish Republican Army (IRA)?

Answer 71

(IRA) The Sinn Fein's military. Battled British troops in a series of violent and bitter struggles. The British compromised in fear of a full scale war.