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History > World War - Responsibility for the Outbreak of The First World War 1914-1918 (Controversy 1 > Flashcards

World War - Responsibility for the Outbreak of The First World War 1914-1918 (Controversy 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which article of the Treaty of Versailles forced Germany to accept responsibility for the First World War?

A

Article 231

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2
Q

What was the strategy of the Schlieffen Plan?

A

1) Avoid a war on two fronts
2) Gain victory on Western Front of France
3) Turn forces to defeat Eastern Front

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3
Q

When was the Schlieffen Plan devised?

A

1891-1905

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4
Q

What is the ‘Calculated risk’ theory?

A

1) Germany want to expand
2) Take a risk to suggest they will go to war if the Triple Entente don’t break
3) Don’t really want a war - BRINKMANSHIP

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5
Q

Who was missing from the ‘War council’ and what does this mean?

A

Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg (he called it a ‘war council’) - undermines the theory that he was at the centre of a drive for war

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6
Q

What are the issues of using the ‘September programme’ as evidence?

A

Fischer relies on it existing before, in July 1914, but there’s no proof of this

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7
Q

What are the two key pieces of evidence Fischer uses in his theory?

A

September programme - -

*1912 War council meeting

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8
Q

What are the 3 key points to Fischer’s controversy?

‘A planned and executed war of aggression’

A

1) Germany caused war for world hegemony
2) Germany hoped the ‘Blank Cheque’ would result in general European war
3) Roots of German expansionism are found in social, political and economic tensions in Germany

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9
Q

What was the David Lloyd George’s consensus on the responsibility in 1930’s?

A

All the Great Powers had “slithered over the brink into the boiling cauldron of fire”

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10
Q

What were the names of the main theories concerning responsibility?

A
  • Escape Forwards Theory
  • Offensively Conducted Defensive War
  • Calculated Risk Theory
  • Fischer’s Theory
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11
Q

What were the issues with the Schlieffen Plan?

A
  • Violated Belgian neutrality with Britain

- Expected the war to be over in 6 weeks

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12
Q

What is the ‘Offensively Conducted Defensive War’ theory?

A

Germany felt encircled due to political and geographical isolation and the threat of the Triple Entente

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13
Q

What is the ‘Escape Forwards’ theory?

A

War used to deal with internal pressures (Wehler + Primat der Innenpolitik). Germany still to blame but not as much as Fischer claims.

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14
Q

What happened in 1890?

A

Kaiser Wilhelm II denied the renewal of the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia

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15
Q

What happened in 1870 that led France to seek Revanche?

A

Germany took Alsace-Lorraine after the Franco-Prussian war

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16
Q

When did Kaiser Wilhelm II ascend to the throne?

A

1888

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17
Q

Who did Germany support in the Boer War in 1899-1902?

A

The Boers against Britain

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18
Q

Which President did Wilhelm send a congratulatory telegram to in 1896?

A

President Kruger of South Africa

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19
Q

In which year did the British offer an alliance to Germany and how did they respond?

A

1901

Britain must first agree not to enter into an agreement with the other European powers as they wanted expansion

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20
Q

Which year did Germany buy the Pacific Islands?

A

1898

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21
Q

Which islands did Germany get from UK in 1899?

A

Eastern Samoan Islands

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22
Q

What were two problems with the Weltpolitik?

A

1) Too much money had been spent on the army and navy so it had to succeed
2) There was very little ‘free’ land for Germany to expand

23
Q

What happened in 1905-1906?

A

The First Moroccan crisis

24
Q

What were the French and German links to Tangir in Morocco?

A

French: In their sphere of influence
German: Held a number of German economic interests

25
Q

At which conference was Morocco declared in the French sphere and the subsequent strengthening of the Entente?

A

The Algeciras Conference

26
Q

When did France and Germany sign a treaty respecting thir interests in Morocco?

A

February 1909

27
Q

What happened in April 1911 leading to the Second Moroccan crisis?

A

Disturbances in Fez (town) led to French military intervention and Germany believed this undermined their treaty.

28
Q

Where did Germany send the German gunboat Panther?

A

To moor off the port of Agadir (in Morocco)

29
Q

What were the 2 main results of the second Moroccan crisis?

A

Germany gained 2 strips of the congo, while France gained full control of Morocco AND the relationship between France and Britain was stronger

30
Q

Who went to Germany from Britain in 1912 to improve relations?

A

Lord Haldane

31
Q

In which year was the Haldane Mission?

A

1912

32
Q

When did the Kaiser call a council of his military advisors?

A

8 December 1912

33
Q

When was the First Balkans War?

A

1912

34
Q

In Febraury 1909 what did Austria-Hungary make the Serbs and Russian government do?

A

Forced them to recognise the annexation of Bosnia Herzegovina and did so by threatening war on Serbia

35
Q

What was Count Aerenthal’s plan to deal with the Serbs, which was then carried out in 1908?

A

To annex the regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina

36
Q

Who was appointed in 1906 which made the real turning point?

A

Count Aerenthal as Austria-Hungary’s Foreign Minister

37
Q

What happened in 1903 that led to an even more hostile relationship between the Serbs and Austrians?

A

A strongly pro-Russian dynasty came into power in Serbia

38
Q

In which year was the Pig War and how did it break out?

A

1906 and because a trade agreement was not renewed between the Austrians and Serbians

39
Q

What was the German response to Britain in 1912?

A

That Germany stop building their dreadnoughts in the arms race

40
Q

What was the German response to Britain in 1912?

A

Germany would agree to limit fleet expansion if the British agrees to neurality if a future European land war broke out: BREAKING the ENTENTE

41
Q

What did Britain demand of Germany in the Haldane Mission?

A

That Germany stop building their dreadnoughts in the arms race

42
Q

Who attacked the Ottomans in October 1912?

A

The Balkan League

43
Q

What happened on 1st August 1914?

A

France and Germany mobilised their troops for war

44
Q

When did Austria declare war on Serbia? How?

A

28th July 1914 - - - They bombed Belgrade

45
Q

What happened on 26th July 1914?

A

The British Foreign secretary proposed a conference to deal with the Austrio-Serb issue but Austri refused

46
Q

What was Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg’s phrase for Germany’s actions?

A

‘A leap into the dark’ was taken by Germany

47
Q

Which Austrian diplomat travelled to Berlin for support in July 1914?

A

Count Hoyos

48
Q

What was the ‘Blank Cheque’?

A

The unconditional support and loyalty from Germany for Austria through financial and military aid

49
Q

Which treaty ended the First Balkans War?

A

The Treaty of London in 1913

50
Q

When was Archduke Franz Ferdinand shot?

A

28th June 1914 (Heir to Austrian throne)

51
Q

Who is thought to be Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassin?

A

Gavril Princip - a Serbian Nationalist (a member of the Black Hand)

52
Q

By how much was the German army’s size increased in the Army Bill of June 1913?

A

170,000 troops

53
Q

When and how did Britain end its ‘splendid isolation’?

A

With an alliance with France in 1904

54
Q

When did the naval arms race spark into life? What was it?

A

1906 - - When Britain launched the Battleship Dreadnought

History (4 decks)

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