Written answer concepts Flashcards
(61 cards)
Petty and Brinol professional performance study
Body posture is used to communicate information. Participants asked to list 3 positive or negative personal traits relating to future professional performance in confident or doubtful posture. Found confident posture positive statements had high self attitudes and confident posture negative attitudes had low self attitudes
Smile mimicry study
Gunnery asked people to fake genuine smiles or imitate smiles (with eye change) from photos and raters were asked to judge genuineness. Found that genuineness of faked smiles was correlated with ability to produce smiles with eyes. Krumhuber asked participants to watch fake or genuine smile videos while facial musculature was observed. Zygo and Obi increase in genuine and Corru decreased
Co-laughter study
Co-laughter is simultaneous laughter between individuals in social interaction. Laughs can be spontaneous (genuine) or purposeful (volitional). Participants were better at identifying whether people are friends or not from laughter. Female-female friends were highest and female-female strangers were lowest. Geographical location does not change ratings
Marinovic proxemics study
Children watched videos depicting ostracism of someone else or videos of simple interaction. Measured how close child would sit next to an experimenter and found ostracism group sat closer
Fredrickson’s broaden and build theory
We experience positive emotions that leads us to broaden our cognitions (perception, decision making, action ideas) then build resources (psychological, social, physical) which leads to greater wellbeing and then more positive emotions (this is an upward spiral)
Bartlett gratitude study
Participant and confederate do joint task then hard individual task. Computer then either breaks and confederate fixes it or it doesn’t break. Gratitude group will spend more time helping confederate, will give more tokens to confederate, will throw ball to confederate
AirBnB study
Prejudice is a preconceived opinion not based on reason. The AirBnB study #1 had places with no rating, mediocre rating and 5-star rating with hosts with norwegian or norwegian-somali names. Found that no rating and mediocre rating had higher bookings for norwegian name but 5-star was the same. Study #2 had white or African American guest names with no review or positive review and no review had higher White acceptance but positive was the same. Then included non-positive review and found same for both groups.
Latent negative stereotype study
Expressing positive stereotypes signals that one holds underlying negative group-based beliefs. Gender study tried to recruit women to hospital saying ‘women are nurturing’ and found increase negative stereotype, sexist ratings and depersonalisation. Ethnicity study had people asking for math help saying ‘Asians are smart’ and found increased negative stereotype, racist ratings and depersonalisation. Ethnicity comparison study either had categorisation condition (i’m white, you’re asian) or positive stereotype (asians are good at math, i’ll do the other stuff) and found positive stereotype had higher negative stereotype, racist ratings and depersonalisation
Target stereotype study
Study #1 had women read neutral content or positive unrelated stereotype content or positive related stereotype then completed a math test. Positive related stereotype had lowest performance but only for women who cared about math. Study #2 had men read neutral content of positive related stereotype content. Men reading positive related stereotype had lower socio-emotional test performance but only for men who cared. Study #3 had men, women and Asian participants complete identity-salience task after taking easy test in stereotyped domain. Found that activation of positive stereotype increased belief in good performance in past and future performance of similar tasks
Correlational FB studies
Ryan measured social, family and romantic loneliness with self-reported usage patterns (active vs passive) and found users had higher family loneliness, equal romantic loneliness and lower social loneliness to nonusers. Phu measured loneliness, happiness, number of FB friends and FB persistence and found positive correlation between number of friends and happiness and negative correlation with loneliness. FB persistence was associated with higher loneliness
Longitudinal FB study
Teppers had Belgian HS students measure parent-related and peer-related loneliness and motives for FB use and found peer-related loneliness lead to social skills, decrease loneliness and personal contact motives at a later time period. Social skills and meeting people motives lead to peer-related loneliness at a later time.
Experimental FB study
Deters looked at intervention of posting more status updates than usual or learning about posting rates on loneliness and found increase of 8 posts per week and reduction in loneliness for intervention group explained by daily social connectedness and wasn’t affect by comments or likes
Types of love
Liking, companionate, empty, fatuous, infatuation, romantic, CONSUMMATE
Gottman’s main findings
Physiological calm (listening and empathy), trust (maximise benefits for both people), commitment (cherishing and nurturing). 6 year divorce or marriage conflict study.
Narcissism SM study
Selfie frequency and attractiveness ratings positively correlated with narcissism and all forms of narcissism correlated with self-interested motivation of SM use
Emotion contagion study
Emotional experiences spread through social pathways. Showed more or less positive emotional posts on FB and found if you saw more positive emotional posts you would post more positive and less negative content and opposite was shown for more negative emotional posts being shown
Types of aggression
Reactive aggression (impulsive, hostile), instrumental aggression (terrorism, fraud) violence (severe physical harm), indirect aggression (destroy reputation)
Goals of violence
Escape from aversive situations, attain a goal, release of negative affective arousal, resolve conflicts, gain respect, attack an enemy
Why do men and women fight
Men fight for status, competition of women and when opportunities to obtain resources are bleak. Women fight when fear of retaliation is low, when low risk forms of aggression can be used and when there is competition for men
Genes for aggression
Gene variants of MAOA and OXTR combined with life adversities lead to aggression (epigenetics). Low MAOA + adverse environment → biased development of neural systems → hyperactive amygdala and underactive vmPFC → increased negative emotional salience and increased likelihood and intensity of aggression
General aggression model
Personal (traits and attitudes) and situational (pain, weapons present) influence internal state through cognition, affect or arousal, leading us to appraise a situation leading to either a thoughtful action or impulsive action
I-cubed theory
Instigation (exposure to something that create an urge to aggress) + impellance (personal or situational factors that increase effect of aggressive behaviour inclinations) + inhibition (personal or situational factors that increase likelihood that people will not result in anger)
Dominance confrontations with cortisol
Cortisol increases when social stress among subordinates increases but decrease when social support increases due to the varying levels of status challenges
Social evaluative theory and cortisol
When we could be negatively judged by others, there is a pronounced response of cortisol levels. Seen in high cortisol levels in public speaking and high SET and subjective social status when individuals give speech in front of linguistic experts while doing mental arithmetic
