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D1 Biomedical Systems I > Written Exam 1 > Flashcards

Written Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Which joints are immovable or slightly movable?

A

Synarthrosis

(skull = suture, teeth = gomphorsis)

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2
Q

Name and describe the two divisions of the synarthrosis joints

A

Immovable or very slightly movable

  1. Suture = joints between bones in the skull
  2. Gomphosis = joint in between the roots of the teeth into the alveolar processes
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3
Q

What are slightly moveable joints?

A

Amphiarthrosis

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4
Q

What are two types of amphiarthrosis joints?

A

slightly movable

  1. Fibrocartilaginous discs = between vertebral bodies
  2. Fibrocartilaginous disc = between pubis symphysis
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5
Q

What are Diarthrosis joints?

A

freely movable joints

= most joints in body

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6
Q

What are the two types of synovial joints?

A

Joint cavity that produces a synovial fluid for lubrication

  1. Typical - ends of two bones are covered in articular cartilage, ligaments join the bones together, capsular ligaments, and joint cavity (lined by synovial membrane that produces synovial fluid)
  2. With articular Discs = Everything the same except there is an articular disc separating the two bones (knee and TMJ)
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7
Q

What type of joint is in plane or gliding

A

Plane or gliding

Acromioclavicular joint

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8
Q

What type of joint is a hinge?

A

Ginglymus

Hinge: motion in one plane (elbow)

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9
Q

What type of joint rotates on an axis?

A

Trochoid (pivot)

Rotation about an axis

dens of axis and atlas joint

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10
Q

What type of motion is in two plants, no rotation?

A

Condyloid

(occipital atlas joint when skull sits on your spine, rock head back and forth and side to side)

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11
Q

What type of joint has motion in all planes, plus rotation?

A

Enarthrodial (ball and socket)

Ex: hip joint

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12
Q

What type of joint is motion in two planes, some axial rotation

A

Sellar (saddle or Ellipsoid)

Example: Thumb joint

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13
Q

What bone features make up the TMJ?

A

Mandibular fossa

Articular eminence

Head of mandibular condyle

Articular surfaces covered by dense fibrous tissue

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14
Q

What type of joint classification is the TMJ?

A

ginglymoarthrodial - (hinge and gliding combination)

bilateral - (both sides of jaw)

Synovial Joint - (secretes synovial fluis)

Contains articulating disc

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15
Q

Explain the anatomy of the condyle of the mandible head and neck

A

1. Head = anterior articular surface (front of head), medial pole (inside), lateral pole (outside, and pterygoid pit (depression on medial side where lateral pterygoid muscle attaches)

2. Neck - below the condylar head

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16
Q

In the articular disc, what is the superior compartment responsible for?

A

sliding motion down the articular eminence

superior = gliding

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17
Q

In the articular disc, what is the inferior compartment responsible for in the TMJ?

A

hinge motion

inferior = hinge

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18
Q

What does the central region of the articular disc of the TMJ contain?

A

fibrocartilage

** important **

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19
Q

What does the posterior region of the articular disc of the TMJ contain?

A

elastic fibers

pressure bearing

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20
Q

Name and describe the ligaments in the TMJ area, where they connect and function

A
  1. Temporomandibular (lateral) ligament
    1. Covers capsular ligament
    2. Zygomatic process of temporal -> neck of mandibular condyle
    3. Prevents posterior displacement and excess lateral displacement of condyle
  2. Sphenomandibular ligament
    1. Spine of sphenoid -> lingula of mandible
    2. Prevents excessive opening
  3. Stylomandibular ligament
    1. Styloid process to angle of mandible
    2. Prevents excessive protrusion
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21
Q

Name and describe the nerves that innervate the TMJ

A

Mandibular branch of trigeminal (V3)

  1. Auriculotemporal = articular branches to most of joint
  2. Masseteric = to small anterior portion
  3. Deep temporal = to small anterior portion (highly painful)
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22
Q

What is the major nerve that innervates the TMJ?

A

Trigeminal V3 (mandibular branch)

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23
Q

What are the major blood supplies to the TMJ area?

A

1. superficial temporal artery = numerous branches supply posterior capsule. Terminal branch of external carotid

2. Maxillary artery = runs deeper to the mandibular space. Terminal branch of external carotid artery (into pterygoid space)

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24
Q

What are the 5 main motions involved with the TMJ, name, describe, state the muscles

A

1. Protrusion = condyles move forward, lateral pterygoid

2. Retrusion = condyles move back, posterior and horizontal temporalis, masseter

3. Depression = condyles rotate anteriorly and articular disc glides down. Wide opening = protrusion and depression, Suprahyoid, infrahyoid, lateral pterygoid

4. Elevation = discs glide back up eminence and condyles rotate posteriorly, masseter, medial pterygoid, temporalis

5. Lateral deviation = excursion - move mandible right or left causing discs on one side to glide down eminence and the other side to rotate anteriorly, opposite lateral pterygoid

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25
What are the is the motion and muscles involved with protrusion
Protrusion = condyles move forward, - lateral pterygoid
26
What are the motions and actions involved in Retraction?
2. Retrusion = condyles move back, - posterior and horizontal temporalis, masseter
27
What are the muscles and actions involved in Elevation
4. Elevation = discs glide back up eminence and condyles rotate posteriorly, - masseter, medial pterygoid, temporalis
28
What are the muscles and actions involved in Depression
3. Depression = condyles rotate anteriorly and articular disc glides down. Wide opening = protrusion and depression, - Suprahyoid, infrahyoid, lateral pterygoid (wide)
29
What are the muscles and actions involved in lateral deviation
5. Lateral deviation = excursion - move mandible right or left causing discs on one side to glide down eminence and the other side to rotate anteriorly, - opposite lateral pterygoid
30
On the condyle of the TMJ, what is the most common fracture? What is the name for a partial dislocation of the TMJ?
neck = 30% Angle = 25% Chin = 22% Subluxation (partial dislocation)
31
What features make up the roof of the orbit?
1. orbital plate of frontal 2. Lesser wing of sphenoid
32
What features make up the floor of the orbit?
1. orbital surface of maxilla 2. Orbital surface of zygomatic 3. Orbital process of palatine
33
What features make up the medial wall of the orbit?
1. frontal process of Maxilla 2. Lacrimal bone 3. Orbital plate of ethmoid
34
What features make up the lateral wall of the orbit?
1. Orbital surface zygomatic 2. Greater wings of the sphenoid
35
What features make up the base of the orbit (of the cone)
Orbital margin - outlines/surroundings the opening to the eye socket
36
What features make up the Apex of the cone of the orbit?
Optic canal/foramen
37
What features make up the boundaries for the Inferior Orbital Fissure?
- Zygomatic bone - Maxilla - Sphenoid
38
What are the following features that make up the superior orbital fissure boundaries?
- Palatine bone - Sphenoid - Ethmoid
39
What are the following features that make up the optic canal boundaries?
- sphenoid - Ethmoid
40
What are the three branches of the trigeminal nerve?
V1 = ophthalmic V2 = maxillary V3 = mandibular
41
What features run through the optic canal?
CN II = Optic nerve Ophthalmic artery
42
What features run through the superior orbital fissure?
Nerves 3, 4, 5/1, 6 CN III = Oculomotor nerve CN IV = Trochlear Nerve CN V1 = Trigeminal, ophthalmic CN VI = Abducens Nerve Superior ophthalmic vein
43
What features run through the Inferior orbital fissure?
Infraorbital nerve (V2 - trigeminal, maxillary) Infraorbital artery, vein Zygomatic nerve (V2 - trigeminal, maxillary) Inferior opthalmic vein
44
What features run through the supraorbital foramen?
Superior orbital nerve (V1 - Trigeminal, Ophthalmic) Superior orbital vein and artery
45
What features run through the infraorbital canal?
Infraorbital nerve (V2 - trigeminal, maxillary) Infraorbital vein and artery Nerve runs through infraorbital groove and into the infraorbital canal and out front of face through the infraorbital foramen
46
What features run through the Anterior ethmoidal foramen?
Anterior ethmoidal nerve (V1 - Trigeminal, Ophthalmic) Nerve called nasociliary nerve Medial wall of the orbit/superior boarder - anterior
47
What features run through the Posterior ethmoidal foramen?
Poster ethmoidal nerve (V1 - Trigeminal, Ophthalmic) Nerve called nasociliary nerve Medial wall of the orbit/superior boarder - Posterior
48
What features run through the zygomaticofacial foramen?
Zygomaticofacial nerve (V2 - trigeminal, maxillary) zygomaticofacial artery and vein branch off the zygomatic nerve that ran through the infraorbital fissure into the orbital cavity
49
What features run through the zygomaticotemporal foramen?
Zygomaticotemporal nerve (V2 - trigeminal, maxillary) zygomaticotemporal artery and vein branch off the zygomatic nerve that ran through the infraorbital fissure into the orbital cavity
50
Where do the extrinsic muscles of the eye originate from?
All from the **annular tendon** *_EXCEPT_* for the **_inferior oblique_**, that originates from the **maxilla**
51
What is the function of the Levator palpebrae and where is it located? Which nerve innervates this muscle?
Elevates upper eyelid located above the eye Inserts into the eyelid (blinking and open eye) Nerve III = oculomotor nerve
52
What is the function and location of the Superior rectus? Which nerve innervates this muscle?
directs eye superiorly and medially, rectus means straight CN III = oculomotor nerve
53
What is the function of the inferior rectus? Which nerve innervates this muscle?
directs eyes inferiorly and medially CN III = Oculomotor nerve
54
What is the function of the Medial rectus? Which nerve innervates this muscle?
close to the midline, directs eyes medially (adduction) CN III = Oculomotor Nerve
55
What is the function of the lateral rectus? Which nerve innervates this muscle?
lateral side of orbit directs eyes laterally (abduction) Nerve VI (6) = Abducens Recall: LR6SO4
56
What is the function of the superior oblique? Which nerve innervates this muscle?
Directs eye inferiorly and laterally Comes in at an oblique angle Nerve IV (4) = trochlear Recall: LR6SO4
57
What is the function of the Inferior oblique? Which nerve innervates this muscle?
Directs eyes superiorly and laterally Originated from floor of the maxilla and inserts into the lateral/inferior portion of the eye at an oblique angle CN III = oculomotor nerve
58
What muscles must work together to look up with your eye?
Inferior oblique (up and out) and Superior Rectus (up and in)
59
What muscles must work together to look straight down?
Superior oblique (down and out) and Inferior rectus (down and in)
60
What are the major nerves that innervate the eye?
***_1. Optic_*** = CN II ***_2. Oculomotor_*** = CN III ***_3. Trochlear_*** = CN IV for SO ***_4. Abducens_*** = CN VI for LR ***_5. Ophthalmic division of trigeminal_*** V1 - primary sensory nerve for face and goes into the supraorbital fissure and spits into three branches
61
What are the three branches of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve (V1) and what are their main functions and locations
***_1. Frontal nerve_*** * Located: just above levator palpebrae muscle, frontal nerve splits into supraorbital and supraochlear nerves (sensory for scalp and upper eyelid) ***_2. Lacrimal nerve_*** * Sensory nerve through the lacrimal gland, eye conjunctiva, and lateral upper eyelid ***_3. Nasociliary Nerve_*** * Most of the branches travel in a medial fashion and branch includes: * _Anterior ethmoidal nerve_ - sensory to ethmoidal sinus and outer nose * _Posterior ethmoidal nerve_ - sensory to ethmoidal sinus * _Infratrochlear nerve_ "hook" - trochlea, anterior part of face * _Long ciliary nerves_ back of eyeball - sensory from back of eyeball
62
Explain the path of the frontal nerve into the optic canal
Frontal nerve leads to three branches: 1. Supratrochlear Nerve 2. Medial branch of supraorbital nerve 3. Lateral branch of supraorbital nerve
63
Explain the path of the lacrimal nerve
Lacrimal nerve -\> lacrimal gland
64
Explain the path of the Nasociliary nerve
65
Explain the path for the artery that supplies the optic canal
Internal carotid artery -\> ophthalmic artery (from optic foramen with optic nerve) branches to: 1. Posterior ethmoidal artery 2. Anterior ethmoidal artery 3. supraorbital artery 4. lacrimal artery
66
Explain the location of the ciliary ganglion
Located off the nasociliary nerve
67
Explain the short ciliary nerves
- Run between the ciliary ganglion to the back of the eye - Contain sensory fibers serving the eye and cornea that are part of the nasociliary nerve, may travel through the ciliary ganglion from the eye via the short ciliary nerve
68
Explain the long ciliary nerves
- Branches running between the back of the eye and the nasociliary nerve - Contain sensory fibers innervating the eye and cornea
69
Explain the ophthalmic vein pathway
***_Superior ophthalmic vein and inferior ophthalmic vein_*** drains into the cavernous sinus * Tributaries from orbital contents and facial vein * Drainage to **_cavernous sinus_** = clinical significance = lots of communication and pathway for infection spreading
70
Explain the lacrimal gland
* ***_Gland_*** = located in lacrimal fossa on lateral aspect under the eyebrow. Tear production * ***_Puncta_*** = small holes that suck up tears * ***_Canals_*** = lead tears from puncta to nasolacrimal duct * ***_Lacrimal sac_*** = collects and stores tears * ***_Nasolacrimal duct_*** = empties tears into nasal cavity
71
What is the fat called that fills the space between the muscles, arteries, and nerves and protects the eye from trauma?
retrobulbar fat
72
Which of the following nerves is an anatomical marker for dissection?
Frontal nerve of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal V1 Largest nerve of the branches and runs along the levator palpebrae superiors
73
What are the divisions of the maxillary portion of the trigeminal nerve?
Infraorbital NAV Zygomatic Posterior superior alveolar NAV
74
What are the nerves that make up the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve (V1)?
- ***_frontal_*** = largest and anatomical marker (forehead and eyebrows) - ***_Lacrimal_*** = to lacrimal gland - ***_Nasociliary_*** = inferior, nose, long and short ciliary and infratrochlear nerve
75
What are the nerves that make up the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve (V2)?
- ***_Infraorbital_*** = floor of orbit, infraorbital NAV - ***_Zygomatic_*** = ZO and ZT - ***_Posterior superior alveolar NAV_***
76
What are the nerves that make up the mandibular portion of the trigeminal nerve (V3)?
- ***_Auriculotemporal nerve_*** = TMJ condyle - ***_Masseter_*** = Anterior TMJ capsule - ***_Deep temporal_*** = Anterior TMJ - ***_Inferior Alveolar Nerve_*** = innervates the mandibular teeth through the mandibular foramen/canal, mental foramen then to teeth
77
The muscles of mastication were derived from what during fetal development?
first (mandibular) pharyngeal/branchial arch
78
Which nerve innervates all of the structures derived from the first (mandibular) arch?
Trigeminal nerve (CN V) Therefore all muscles of mastication = CN V
79
What is the origin, insertion, and action of the lateral pterygoid muscle?
***_O = superior_*** = Infratemporal crest (greater wings) ***_O = Inferior_*** = Lateral surface of lateral pterygoid ***_I_*** = pterygoid pit of head of the mandible ***_A_*** = _protrusion_ (jetting) out and jaw _depressor_, lateral deviation
80
What is the origin, insertion, and action of the medial pterygoid muscle?
O = Medial surface of lateral pterygoid I = fills pterygoid foss and then continues by inserting into the mandibular ramus A = Elevates (closes) mandible, lateral deviation
81
What are the origin, insertion, and action of the temporalis muscle?
Fan-shaped with horizontal and vertical fibers O = temporal lines I = coronoid process of mandible and coracoid notch (anterior border of ramus) A = Vertical fibers = elevate; horizontal = retrusion/back contain a resting tonus
82
What are the origin, insertion, and action of the masseter muscle?
Two parts = superficial and deep of the muscle ***_Superficial_***: O = zygomatic process of the maxilla and anterior 2/3 of the zygomatic arch I = angle and lower part of ramus of mandible A = powerful elevator, slight retraction ***_Deeper_***: O = posterior 1/3 of zygomatic arch I = ramus A = powerful elevator, slight retraction "sling"
83
What is an accessory muscle of mastication? What is it innervated by?
Buccinator muscle - Makes up part of cheek and manages food bolus - Innervated by = Facial nerve CN VII (7)
84
What are the important contents in the pterygomandibular space?
- Lingual nerves Inferior alveolar nerve and artery
85
To anesthetize the lingual and inferior alveolar nerve, you must puncture this structure?
Pterygomandibular raphe (sheet of CT)
86
If you put the needle too far back, what feature will you pierce and what will result?
parotid gland Facial paralysis of the facial nerve (temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular and cervical)
87
What feature was derived from the second pharyngeal/branch arch during fetal development?
Muscles of facial expression
88
What innervates the facial expression muscles?
facial nerve (VII)
89
What is the function of the orbicular oculi?
eye socket encircled, palpebral portion closes eye
90
What is the function of the orbicular oris
encircles the lips, involved with lip movement
91
What is the function of the procerus
midline (between eyes) and inserts on the naison, involved in transverse wrinkling of skin between eyes (frowning)
92
What is the function of the nasalis
stretches over bridge of nose, involved in compression and dilation of the nostrils
93
What is the function of the zygomaticus major
runs from cheek to angle to the mouth, involved in smiling
94
what is the function of the zygomaticus minor
runs from cheek to angle to the mouth, involved in smiling
95
What is the function of the levator labii superioris
raise the upper lip, located laterally to the nose
96
What is the function of the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
raises the upper lip, runs from the lip and along the nose "wings of the nose" also involved in dilation of the nostrils
97
What is the function of the levator anguli oris?
elevates the angle of the mouth, associated with smiling
98
what is the function of the depressor anguli oris?
depresses the angle of the mouth associated with frowning
99
What is the function of the depressor labii inferioris
depresses the lower lip, associated with pouting
100
What is the function of the mentalis?
deeper in the face, helps with protruding the lower lip, wrinkles over skin over the chin, associated with pouting
101
What is the function of the buccinator?
involved with compression the check and managing the food bolus
102
What is the function of the risorius?
thin muscle that comes straight transverse line to angle of the mouth, draws angle of mouth posteriorly
103
What is the function of the frontalis?
muscle runs over entire top of skull, connects to the epicranial apaneurotica
104
What is the function of the occipitalis?
draws scalp posteriorly
105
What is the function of the platysma?
superficial fibers that sweep down from the mandible to the neck
106
What is the function of the corrugator supercilli?
part of the eyebrow, moves the eyebrow down and medially, associated with frowning
107
What are the muscles involved with smiling?
Zygomaticus major Zygomaticus minor Levator anguli oris
108
What are the facial muscles involved in frowning?
depressor anguli oris corrugator supercilli
109
What are the facial muscles involved in pouting?
depressor labii inferioris Mentalis
110
Explain the trigeminal innervation branches
111
What are the two arteries that branch off the external carotid for the facial vascular supply?
***_Facial artery_*** ***_Superficial temporal Artery_*** \*\* both from external carotid artery
112
What are the two veins that are required to know for facial vascular structures?
* ***_facial vein_*** = drains into internal jugular vein * ***_superficial temporal vien_*** * frontal and parietal branches
113
What are the common features found in C3 - C6?
Contain bodies, transverse process 1. ***_Bifid spines_***: split, sometimes C2 2. ***_Transverse processes:_*** vertebral artery through foramen 3. ***_Articular facets:_*** horizontal plane for rotation
114
Explain the features of the Atlas (C1)
* No vertebral body. Just _anterior arch_ and little bumps * No spinous process. just _posterior tubercle_ * _Anterior and posterior arches with lateral mas_s * very broad because receive the condyles of the occipital bone of the cranium
115
Explain the unique features of the Axis (C2)
* Dense: stole the verbral body of C1. * articulates with anterior arch of C1 * Pivot joint with atlas: articulation between dens and anterior arch. Allow you to shake head back and forth
116
Explain the unique feature of vertebra prominens C7
non-bifid spine - very prominent spinous process. bump that sticks out at base of neck
117
Explain the features that make up the Anterior Triangle
* ***_Submandibular Triangle_*** * Inferior boarder of mandible * Anterior digastric * posterior digastric * ***_Submental Triangle_*** * Midline * Anterior digastric * Hyoid bone * ***_Carotid Triangle_*** * Sternocleidomastoid * Posterior digastric * Superior belly Omohyoid * ***_Muscular Triangle_*** * Sternocleidomastoid * Superior belly omohyoid * Midline
118
What are the borders of the anterior triangle?
Sternocleidomastoid (posterior) Midline (anterior) Superior border of the mandible (superior)
119
What are the Muscles found in the Anterior triangle? and what are the actions?
* ***_Infrahyoid muscles_*** * **Omohyoid** * **Sternohyoid** * **Sternothyroid** * Nerves: **ansa** **hypoglossi** **(****cervicalis****) from C 1, 2,** **3**. Innervates every little infrahyoid muscle. A loop that surrounds vasculature * ***Action:*** depress hyoid bone, larynx and mandible * ***_Suprahyoid Muscles_*** * **Posterior digastric** (CN VII) * **Stylohyoid** (CN VII) - bifurcates around tendon * **Anterior digastric** (CN V) * **Mylohyoid** (CN V) - originates from mylohyoid line and meets in middle to form floor of mouth * **Geniohyoid** (spinal nerve C1) * ***Action*** = elevate hyoid, larynx and depress mandible
120
What are the nerves and vessels visible in the anterior triangle?
* External/internal carotid artery * Anterior jugular vein - located medially within anterior triangle * Vagus nerve (CN 10) * Accessory nerve (CN 11) * continues to posterior triangle to innervate the trapezius muscle * Hypoglossal nerve (CN 12) - to tongue * Ansa cervicalis * Cervical plexus "branches
121
What are other non-nerve/muscular structures visible within the anterior triangle?
* Thyroid cartilage * Thyroid prominence "adam's apple" * Thyroid gland * Cricoid cartilage * Submandibular gland - in submandibular triangle
122
Describe the features of the posterior triangle
* ***_Occipital Triangle_*** * Omohyoid inferior (bottom) * Sternocleiodomastoid (medial) * Trapezius (distal) = CN XI (11) intervation * ***_Subclavian Trangle_*** * Clavical (bottom) * Omohyoid Inverior (top) * Sternocleiodomastoid (medial)
123
What are the 5 muscles that make up the floor of the posterior triangle?
Scalenes (anterior, middle, superior) Levator scapulae Splenus capitis
124
What are the nerves and blood vessels that are located in the posterior triangle?
Nerves * Accessory CN XI (11) - innervates trapezius * Phrenic Nerve - made of C3, 4, 5 = stay alive * Brachial plexus - conduit Blood * Subclavian vein and artery
125

D1 Biomedical Systems I (3 decks)

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