Written Final

Question 1

Age of Enlightenment

Answer 1

1720-90
Era of critical thinking, reason used as a pursuit of self-fulfillment 
Sapere aude! ("Dare to know!") 
French and American revolutions
Voltaire, Rousseau, Thomas Jefferson
Emphasis on human rights and the pursuit of happiness
Challenged divine rule 
Industrial Revolution

Question 2

The Classical Era

Answer 2

Coined in mid 19th century
Viewed as “golden age” by romantics
greek/roman aesthetic values
balance, proportion, clarity, nature
parallel with architecture and sculpture
avoids excessive ornamentation and decoration

Question 3

Dichotomies between art and nature

Answer 3

1730s classicism departure from baroque aesthetic
shift to natural representation of passion
Genius- technique
Inspiration- Craft
Unconsciousness- Consciousness
Divine- human
the idea is not an end itself

Question 4

Obbligato accompaniment

Answer 4

Element of classical style
Secondary voices contribute material essential to a works music fabric
Provide original motivic material

Question 5

Rondo Form

Answer 5

Structure derived from dance music in which the basic pattern in its simplest form is ABACA
features recurring theme A
refrain contrasting theme B,C
constitutes couplets

Question 6

Sonata Rondo

Answer 6

type of rondo ABACABA
B theme corresponds with secondary key area of sonata form
repeated in the tonic key in form of sonata recapitulation

Question 7

Harmonic Rhythm

Answer 7

the rate of harmonic change within an individual phrase or series of phrases
Classical harmonic rhythm less frequent than baroque

Question 8

Periodic Phrase Structure

Answer 8

consist of many modular units of equal length

derives from basic function of dance music

Question 9

Sonata Form (and all its parts)

Answer 9

Structural convention feats
exposition, development and recapitulation
Structural relationship between tonic and dominant key
as well as their relative minor keys
modulation from primary to secondary theme in exposition
departure from harmonic areas in development
return of opening idea and primary theme in recap
no two renderings alike

Question 10

Development of Sonata Form

Answer 10

most important innovation of the classical era
type of piece and form
applies to organizational independent movements in sonatas, symphony and chamber music
Expansion of binary form with mod in first reprise

Question 11

Alberti Bass

Answer 11

Classical era accompaniment figure
repetitions of broken triad
named after Domenico Alberti
J.C Bach: Sonata in D Major

Question 12

Fantasia

Answer 12

Work that follows no structures of large scale conventions
Gives impression of composer’s free flight of fantasy
Sounds improvised
Bach: Fantasia in C minor

Question 13

Ritornello

Answer 13

“Brief return”
musical idea that returns at several points over the course of a work
after contrasting material of some kind
Ritornello principle important in concerto

Question 14

Empfindsamkeit

Answer 14

An expressive style that refers to keen awareness and the experience of empathy for others
Bach: Fantasia in C minor

Question 15

CPE Bach

Answer 15

Son of JS Bach
Fantasia in C Minor
wrote as reaction to rationalism of enlightenment

Question 16

JC Bach

Answer 16

Son of JS Bach

Sonata in D Major

Question 17

Georg Matthias Monn

Answer 17

Symphony in B Major

shows both classical and baroque tendencies

Question 18

Johann Stamitz

Answer 18

Symphony in D Major
new stylistic elements
sonata form and ritornello

Question 19

Immanuel Kant

Answer 19

Deemed instrumental music “more pleasure than culture”
Enlightenment composer
sapere aude!

Question 20

Haupsatz

Answer 20

“Topic Sentence”
Became a key concept and how material related to it
period within a music work that incorporates the expression of the whole essence of the melody
theme

Question 21

Minuet/ Minuet Proper

Answer 21

dance form that became common feature in instrumental cycles of baroque and classical eras
binary forms
minuet proper: opening and closing section within an ABA

Question 22

Trio

Answer 22

The contrasting middle section in a minuet or scherzo within a basic ABA form

Question 23

Sturm und Drang

Answer 23

Storm and Stress
Prominent use of minor mode, large melodic leaps, jagged syncopations
Haydn: Piano Sonata in C Minor

Question 24

String Quartet

Answer 24

New to classical era 
no basso continuio 
domestic genre for chamber performance 
3-5 movements, 4 emerged as standard 
Haydn initiated genre 
Haydn String Quartet in C Major

Question 25

Symphony/ Order of movements

Answer 25

emerged c. 1720s 3-mov works (fast-slow-fast) began to appear as independent of any opera or oratorio for which they were written Concert symphony intensely cultivated in classical quality orchestras varied, size grew in 2nd half composers scored w/ more varied instruments 4 mov standard by 1768 descended from Italian overture 1- Weightiest section, sets tone, sonata from, slow intro 2- slow, variety of forms, sonata, ABA 3- Minuet, dance inspired 4- Usually lighter, sonata, rondo, sonata rondo Haydn Symphony in E flat Major

Question 26

Italian Overture

Answer 26

Scored overture to opera | antecedents of symphony

Question 27

Franz Josef Haydn

Answer 27

Child prodigy, sent to Vienna Sang @ St. Stephens Cathedral, removed after voice break Became musical director for morzin fammily in 17 58 appointed at Esterhazy Directed one of the finest orchestras in europe fame throughout Europe, name forged for marketing 106 symphonies father of the string quartet provided beethoven first lessons in counterpoint

Question 28

Concerto Form/ Double Exposition

Answer 28

principal genre for instrumental virtuosos ideals of spontaneity and improvisation cadenzas in every movement first movement variant of sonata form double exposition- presents two expositions

Question 29

Opera Buffa

Answer 29

``` Comedic Opera emerged out of italy humorous subjects liberttos about everyday characters not heros more emphasis on ensemble singing simple periodic phrase structure origins in intermezzo ```

Question 30

Opera Seria

Answer 30

Serious Opera

Question 31

Intermezzo

Answer 31

works intended for performance between acts of larger, more serious operas

Question 32

War of the Buffoons

Answer 32

buffa provoked controversy, especially in france Heighted by La Serva Pardona French vs Italian culture Partisans of King Louis XV vs Queen Marie

Question 33

Gluck

Answer 33

Reformist and composer of operia seria | Alceste

Question 34

Gluck's reforms to opera seria

Answer 34

Make seria more natrual and dramatically coherent No da capo arias, no improv, no long melismas syllabic setting of the text less repitition within aria, less recitative, accompanied NOT secco overture linked to ensuing action, simple melodic lines, prominence of chorus

Question 35

Singspiele

Answer 35

Singing Play | German language spoken drama with interpolated musical numbers

Question 36

Mozart

Answer 36

Child prodigy, exploited by father across Europe Opera growing achievement in career transcended boundaries of buffa, seria, and singspiele synthesized styles in late operas don giovanni, die zauberflote, figaro, etc

Question 37

Lorenzo da Ponte

Answer 37

Librettist- collab with Mozart | Figaro, don giovanni, cosi fan tutte

Question 38

Dramma Giocoso

Answer 38

combination of buffa and seria opera | comic drama

Question 39

Secco Recitative

Answer 39

dry recitative | accompanied solely by basso continuo

Question 40

Differences between Baroque and Classical Period

Answer 40

``` Sonata form Gluck's reforms to opera emergence of string quartet emergency of symphony buffa opera ```

Question 41

What distinguishes Sonata form?

Answer 41

expanded binary form that always modulates in first reprise and involves multiple themes exposed thematic ideas in exposition built off the relationship of tonic and secondary dominant key areas followed by transitional modulation to secondary key area may or may not feature coda expo, dev, recap dev key center usually unstable

Question 42

How does double exposition form work in a concerto? What are the key areas and how do concertos integrate sonata form?

Answer 42

first movement employs a variant of sonata form two expositions, first played twice , first by the orchestra alone, and the second time by the soloist accompanied by the orchestra. ... A double exposition sonata form used in a concerto Keys vary between tonic and dominant and relative minor keys

Question 43

Identify different types of Opera Mozart composed

Answer 43

Buffa, Seria, transcended boundaries of buffa, seria, and singspiele Die Zauberflote- written for commoners

Question 44

Identify different genres in which Haydn composed

Answer 44

106 symphonies pioneered the string quartet piano sonata

Question 45

Discuss the differences between opera seria and buffa

Answer 45

Serious vs Comedic buffa: liberttos about everyday characters not heros more emphasis on ensemble singing simple periodic phrase structure