Written final

Question 1

Poisonous plants: Delphinium

Answer 1

Death occurs from respiratory paralysis and/or bloat

Has toxic window during flowering but can be eaten w/ low risk before or after

Sheep are less susceptible to larkspur bc of binding affinity

Question 2

Poisonous plants: locoweeds (astragalus and Oxytropis)

Answer 2

Symptoms: loss of judgement, optic nerve damage

toxicity caused by fungal endophyte

causes addiction, swollen brisket, deformation of offspring

Question 3

Poisonous plants: poison and water hemlock

Answer 3

Symptoms: dead animals, Cleft palate in pigs

Hydrocephalus in calves

Question 4

poisonous plants: death camas

Answer 4

cardiovascular toxin

sheep most often poisoned

Question 5

Hepatotoxic plants: houndstongue and ragwort

Answer 5

Symptoms: Distended gall bladder
Internal hemoraging

contaminates feed

Question 6

Poisonous plants: Lupine

Answer 6

Teratogenic toxicity

Causes crooked calf disease

Question 7

Poisonous plants: veratrum californicum (false hellebore or cow cabbage)

Answer 7

cyclopsis in sheep / monkey faced lamb disease

also can cause extended pregnancy

Question 8

ponderosa pine

Answer 8

3rd trimester abortion in cattle

cattle retain placenta

Question 9

nitrate poisoning

Answer 9

can be caused by: pigweed, lambsquarter, sunflower, Russian thistle, bindweed

symptoms: rapid heart rate, vomiting

Question 10

selenium accumulators

Answer 10

Caused by: Descurainia astragalus

Symptoms: fractured hooves, high temp, diarrhea

Question 11

photodynamic compounds

Answer 11

become toxic depending on light received
genera: 
Descurainia
Hypericum
Tetradymia
Eriogonum

symptoms:
swollen head
cracking and peeling hide
loss of udder due to secondary infections

Question 12

tanic acid poisoning

Answer 12

Loss of appetite
Rough hair or coat
Dry nose
caused by: acorns, other tannin containing plants

Question 13

oxalic acid poisoning

Answer 13

caused by: halogeton, greasewood
oxolate crystals form in kidney tubes
Symptoms: caulic, depression,
eminent death within 10 hours

Question 14

Yellow star thistle and Russian knapweed

Answer 14

face tremors

horses most susceptible

Question 15

hydrocyanic acid

Answer 15

chokecherry
becomes toxic after freezing, mechanical stress
causes respiratory paralysis

Question 16

broom snakeweed

Answer 16

brown-red urine, painful urination, arched back, nasal discharge

Question 17

define lenticular and trigonous

Answer 17

pertaining to sedge morphology:
Two stigmas = lenticular
Three stigmas = trigonous

Question 18

define androgenous vs. gynecandrous in relation to sedge morphology

Answer 18

Terminal spike male = androgenous

Terminal spike female = gynecandrous

Question 19

Name the plant regions in order of elevation from lowest to highest

Answer 19

Salt desert –> sagebrush grass steppe –> pinyon juniper –> mountain shrubland –> montane zone (aspen, conifer) –> alpine zone (conifer) –> alpine tundra

Question 20

Name three evolutionary advantages a plant may receive from being toxic

Answer 20

1. Being extremely toxic (killing or making the herbivore sick)
   
   2. Being unpalatable
2. Aversive conditioning

Question 21

Describe the mountain shrubland zone

Answer 21

Small, discontinuous zone.
Highly diverse with very palatable grasses, forbs and shrubs
Found between coniferous forest and grassland or sagebrush
Rich understory
Climate:

Question 22

describe the prairie zone

Answer 22

warm summers, very cold winters

lots of precip in the growing season, deep, fertile soils

Question 23

describe the southern forest zone

Answer 23

mild winters and hot, humid summers
streams, marshes, lakes, and swamps are numerous, very rich diversity
in both plant and animal life

Question 24

shortgrass prairie description

Answer 24

cold, dry winters and hot summers
semi-arid, lies in rain shadow of the rockies
dominated by blue grama and buffalograss
rain concentrated in peak seasons; hailstorms, winds are common

Question 25

define Krumholtz

Answer 25

its the stunted, shrubby looking trees that grow above the alpine line

Question 26

describe the montane forest zone

Answer 26

warm summers, severe winters most precipitation comes in the winter in the form of snow sharp vegetation boundaries

Question 27

describe the Pinyon-juniper zone

Answer 27

cold winters, hot summers with cold nights dominated by conifers gets more summer precip than sagebrush grassland

Question 28

Sagebrush grassland

Answer 28

hot, rainless summers | moderately cool, foggy winters

Question 29

salt/cold desert shrubland

Answer 29

Warm summer, cold winter, 6-9 inches precipitation, little snow; low growing, high protein shrubs

Question 30

Southern desert shrubland

Answer 30

Precipitation is usually in high-intensity rainfall events in the summer. This is not very effective for plant growth. Winters are short, mild and may have some freezing weather.