Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

6th year Writtens > Writtens > Flashcards

Writtens Flashcards

(77 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is co-trimaxazole

A

Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is co-trimaxazole used for?

A
  • Pneumocystis jiroveci (PJP)
  • Toxoplasmosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do you treat MS neuropathic bladder

A

Intermittent self catheterisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

1st line management of SCC

A

Primary excision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is mohs micrographic surgery

A

excised samples are examined under the microscope and further samples are taken until the margins are clear on all of them. Used for high-risk recurrent lesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Desribe typical apperance of scc

A

Ill-defined keratotic ulcerating (upward) lesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Rifampicin side effects

A

Red/Orange secretions
Liver inducer (interactions esp with the COCP)
Hepatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Isoniazid side effects

A

Iron accumulation in mitochondria (sideroblastic anaemia)
Neuropathy (B6 deficiency)
Hepatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Pyrazinamide side effects

A

Hyperuricaemia, hepatitis, photosensitivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ethambutol side effects

A

optic neuritis (decreased acuity and colour blindness) - initially affects the myeinated cones more than the un-myelinated rods
ototoxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Drug co-prescribed with TB medication?

A

Pyridoxine (B6)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What medication contributes to hypothyroidism?

A

Amiodarone
The chemical structure is analogous to thyroxine and it contains large amounts of iodine
Therefore has a cytotoxic effect on thyroid follicular cells and inhibits the conversion of T4 to T3
Consequently hypothyroidism (Wolff-chaikoff effect) or hyperthyroidism (jod-basedow effects) can occur
TFTs should be checked before and every 6 months of therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the symptoms or limited cutaneous scleroderma?

A

Thickening and fibrosis of the skin in the distal limbs (elbows and knees) Beaked nose
small furrowed mouth (microstoma)
CREST syndrome
* Calcinosis
* Raynauds
* Esophageal dysmotility
* Sclerodactyly
* Telangietcasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a common complication of limited cutaneous scleroderma?

A

Pulmonary hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What Ix for scleroderma?

A

Anti centromere antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What Ix for diffuse sytseic sclerosis?

A

Anti-SCL-70 antibodies aka anti-topoisomerase II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Goodpastures treatment

A

Plasma electrophoresis
Steroids
Immunosupression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Causes of atrial fibrillation

A

DEHYDRATED PIRATES
Dehydration
Pulmonary disease e.g. pulmonary embolism
Ischemia (hypertension, ischemic heart disease, heart failure)
Rheumatic heart disease
Anaemia, atrial myxoma
Thyrotoxicosis
Ethanol Abuse
Sepsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ix for GBS

A

Nerve condustion studies = decreased motor conduction speed with/without complete block
CSF shows raised protein but no cells and no oligoclonal bands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

CSF picture of viral meningitis

A

Glucose normal
Protein normal/raised
Lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is becks triad? What is it seen in?

A

Muffled heart sounds, engorged neck veins, hypotension
Indicitive of cardiac tamponade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is cushings triad? What is it seen in?

A

Bradycardia, hypertension, widening pulse pressure
Seen in riased ICP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is Kussmauls sign? What is it seen in?

A

Paradoxical raised JVP with inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a sign of acth-dependent cushings syndrome?

A

Tanned skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the common signs/symptoms of cushings?
Weight gain (94%) Fatiguability and (proximal) weakness (87%) HTN >150/90 (82%) Hirsutism (80%) Amenorrhoea (77%) Cutaneous striae (67%) Personality changes (66%) Ecchymoses (65%) Oedema (62%)
26
What is mobitz type 1 heart block
P-R delay increase with time until a beat is miseed
27
What is mobitz type 2 heart block
P-R delay NOT increasing, where beats are missed in a ratio e.g. every 3rd beat is missed
28
What is a stokes adam attack?
syncope secondary to complete heart block due to reduced CO
29
What are the lung manifestations of SLE?
* Pleurisy * Pleural effusion * Pneumonitis * Interstital lung disease * Pulmonary hypertension * Alveolar haemorrhage
30
DIagnostic criteria of HHS
Serum glucose >35mmol/L Leads to osmolarities >320mOsm/Kg
31
Fluid correction in HHS
Defecit = 100-220 mL/kg Aim to replace 50% of this deficit within the first 12 hours.
32
Targets for treatment in HHS
Reduce glucose concentration of 4-6 mmol/L/hr Fall in sodium concentration of less than 10 mmol/L/day.
33
Management of HHS
Fluids (0.9% sodium chloride) 1 litre over 1 hour, 1 litre over 2 hours, 1 litre over 6 hours Aim for fall in sodium of no more than 10mmol/l in 24 hours Will also need potassium replacement (as per DKA guidelines) Insulin 0.05units/kg/hour Aim for fall in glucose of 4-6mmol/hour
34
Serum findigns in wilsons
Low serum caeruloplasmin High urinary copper Low serum copper (paradoxical)
35
Treatment for wilsons diseae
Penicillamine
36
X ray findings in rheumatoid
LESS Loss of joint space Periarticular erosions Soft tissue swelling Subluxation Juxta-articular osteoporosis
37
X ray findgins in osteoarthritis
LOSS Loss of joint space Osteophytes forming at joint margins Subchondral sclerosis Subchondral cysts
38
Causes of prolonger diarrhoea
Giardia
39
Omeprazole side effects
Osteoporosis
40
Fracture type in bisphosphonates
Atypical e.g. subtrochanteric femur fracture
41
Cause of tinea infections
Trichophyton rubreum
42
Anaemia in CKD management
Normal ferritin = EPO Low ferritin = IV iron
43
TCA overdose symtpoms
Dilated pupils Wide QRS Sinus tachycardia Urine retnetion Constipation and nausea Confusion
44
Statin targets
>40% reduction in non-HDL cholesterol
45
Insulin adjustment in hsopital if still eating
Continue regular outpatient regime (consider 25% reductions)
46
Insluin adjustment if NBM
Continue basal insulin Stop rapid/short acting if missing just 1 meal If missing >1 meal or very ill and require tight control start sliding scale
47
Ischemic Stroke management
Must CT to rule out haemorrhagic Formal swallowing assessment is essential If <4.5 hrs: 300mg aspirin Assess for Thrombolysis (IV Alteplase) Thrombolectomy If >4.5 hrs: 300mg aspirin Thrombolectomy
48
Secondary prevention of stroke
With AF: Warfarin/DOAC Without AF: Continue aspirin for 2 weeks Life-long clopidogrel
49
Haemorrhagic stroke management
Haemorrhagic stroke * Control BP, balance & review anticoagulation medication Stop smoking Control hypertension and hyperlipidaemia
50
Carotid endarterectomy thresholds
Symptomatic stenosis of 70-99% (ECST criteria) Symptomatic stenosis of 50-99% (NASCET criteria)
51
Scoring systems in TIA
ABCD2 score to assess likelihood of stroke after TIA * Age ≥ 60 years = 1 * Initial BP. Either SBP ≥ 140 or DBP ≥ 90 = 1 * Clinical features of the TIA (Unilateral weakness = 2 Speech imparment without weakness =1) * Duration of symptoms (10-59mins = 1, >60 = 2) * Diabetes = 1
52
Complications of stroke
Aspiration pneumonia Cerebral oedema (↑ ICP) Immobility Depression DVT Seizures Death
53
Features of secondary hyperparathyroidism
Low calcium
54
Normal kidney size
10-12cm
55
Renal artery stenosis findings
Displarity in kidney size >1.5cm Hypertension AKI Other signs of vascular disease
56
Management of displaced intracapsular hip fracture
Total hip replacement: if can walk independently, no cognitive imparement, medically fit for anaesthesia) Hemiarthroplasty: If not suitable for total e.g. old and frail
57
Most common parotid tumour
Pleomorphic adenoma
58
Management if not tolerating metformin side effects?
Modified release metformin
59
Causes of 'end of stream' haemturia?
Bladder cancer Prostate cancer
60
Psoriasis management
Stress and alcohol avoidance Emollients - soften the plaques Topical drugs: Vit D based creams High dose steroids Antihistamines for itching
61
Recalcitrant psoriasis management
1) UV light therapy 2) Oral drugs ○ Methotrexate ○ Cyclosporin ○ Acitretin ○ Hydroxycarbimide If still unresponsive: Monoclonal antibodies (Infliximab)
62
Vaccinations if had splenectomy
Men A&C HiB Pneumoccal Seasonal Flu
63
GBS symptoms
* Lower motor neurone signs ○ Decreased power ○ Hypotonia ○ Absent reflexes EVEN WITH REINFORCEMENT * Ascending symmetrical weakness and paraesthesia ○ Lower>upper limbs * Cranial nerve involvement ○ Dysphagia, dysarthria (slowed/slurred speech) ○ Facial weaknesss (LMN pattern) ○ Signs of bulbar palsy * Can involve ANS e.g.: ○ Bladder dysfunction ○ Constipation ○ Sweating & Tachycardia ○ Dysthymias Postural hypotension
64
When to give antibiotics in surgery
within 60 minutes before the skin is incised and as close to time of incision as practically possible
65
Ix for food stuck in oropharynx
Lateral soft tissue x ray
66
How to statisfy the causes of ascities
Ascitic tap and Serum-ascites albumin gradient (SAAG) High SAAG (>11g/l) - low protein (TRANSUDATE) Low SAAG (<11g/l) - high protein (EXUDATE)
67
Criteria for exudate vs transudate
Transudate (protein content <30g/l) Exudate (protein content >30g/l) If equivocal (25-30g/l) use lights crtieria for diagnoiss Exudate if: * Pleural fluid:serum protein >0.5 * Pleural fluid:serum LDH >0.6 * Pleural fluid LDH >2/3 upper limit of serum LDH
68
Cause of transudative ascities
High SAAG (>11g/l) - low protein (TRANSUDATE) * Heart failure * Constrictive pericarditis * Portal hypertension - most common * ○ Cirrhosis * ○ Alcoholic hepatitis * ○ Portal vein thrombosis * Budd-Chiari syndrome
69
Causes of exudative ascities
Low SAAG (<11g/l) - high protein (EXUDATE) Peritoneal cause of ascites * Malignancy * Infections (inc TB) * Pancreatitis * Bowel obstruction Exception = nephrotic syndrome Loosing huge amount of protein in your urine So very low serum protein as its all being lost Therefore, although ascities protein content normal it is high relative to the serum levels
70
Pseudomonas antibiotcs
Ciprofloxacin Gentamicin Tazocin (pipercillin tazobactam)
71
Ix of chice in osteomyeltitis
MRI
72
Management of Ventricular arryhtmias if pt is conscious?
Sedate them and do synchronised DC cardioversion
73
What is pityriasis rosea
Pink rash appearing on the chest and back intensley itchy self limiting caued by virus
74
Rosacea management
Topical: metronidazole/ivermectin Oral: if severe give tetracyclines e.g. doxycycline
75
Ix of choice in laryngeal pathology?
Laryngoscopy
76
Causes of ring enhancing lesions in HIV
Toxoplasmosis Lymphoma
77
Symptoms of opiate withdrawal
* Chills * Fever * Myalgia * Diarrhoea * Insomnia * Nausea * Dilated pupils Peaks 72 hours after last dose

6th year Writtens (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions