Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

🧬 > Wrong Questions - B1 to B3 > Flashcards

Wrong Questions - B1 to B3 Flashcards

1
Q

Why can a body cell not grow into an embryo?

A
  • body cells lost ability to differentiate as many genes are already switched off
  • only embroynic cells are totipotent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why does a runner need to keep breathing quickly after a run?

A
  • used anaerobic respiration as couldn’t get enough oxygen
  • caused lactic acid to build up
  • thus she needs extra oxygen to remove the oxygen debt by breaking down the glucose and remove the lactic acid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How can DNA mutations lead to cancer?

A
  • mutations to DNA effects the base sequence of DNA
  • bases may be added,deleted or changed
  • changes the amino acid sequence so they are read differently
  • amino acids determine how protein folds thus different shaped proteins produced
  • this means that proteins such as enzymes can’t catalyse reactions any more
  • changes in enzymes (e.g active site), can cause harmful changes to call processes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does DNA replication occur?

A
  • DNA unzips through the enzyme DNA helicase
  • then DNA polymerase adds free complementary nucleotides to the exposed bases on both strands (A - T and C-G)
  • strands now twist into a double helix
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the steps of mitosis

A
  • nuclear membrane breaks
  • chromosomes lines up in centre and pulled apart by spindle fibres
  • nuclear membrane forms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the point of sieve plates in plants?

A
  • found in phloem

- allow movement on sucrose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do our eyes dilate?

A
  • pupils dilate when radial muscles contact
  • allows more light into the eye
  • this is a reflex action
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What part of a kidney tubule is affected by ADH?

A
  • increases permeability of kidney walls

- thus collecting ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the cerebrum in charge of?

A
  • controls motor function, movement and conscious activities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why is adrenaline applied to wounds?

A
  • reduces blood flow to the skin
  • causes vasoconstriction in the skin
  • less blood is lost
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where is progesterone made?

A
  • corpus luteum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why is photosynthesis important in the rate of transpiration?

A
  • photosynthesis happens in the guard cells not epidermal cells, thus sugars are found in the guard cells (less sugar)
  • epidermal cells have higher w.p than guard cells and allows water to move into guard cells by osmosis
  • more turgid = open stomata due to thicker inner cell wall
  • opening of stomata affects the transpiration rate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why is the rate of reaction very slow at 20 degrees?

A
  • particles have less kinetic energy
  • particles move slower
  • less frequent collisions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How can you check colour change more accurately?

A
  • with a colorimeter

- get same person to judge the colour change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why is using a gas syringe more accurate?

A
  • more accurate as otherwise the bubbles might be diff sizes or chance of missing it
  • instead gas syringe collects the total volume of gas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why is calculating percentage change useful with osmosis practicals?

A
  • you can still compare even if the sizes are different shapes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the purpose of the cell membrane?

A
  • it controls what leaves and enters the cell

- has receptor molecules that allow cells to communicate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the purpose of the vacuole?

A
  • it contains cell sap - a solution of salt and sugar

- it keeps the cell rigid and upright

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the purpose of the cell wall?

A
  • it is made of cellulose

- it supports the cell and keeps the cell walls rigid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why do we use stains?

A
  • it creates contrast to help us see subcellular structures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why is a higher magnification bad?

A
  • makes it harder to focus

- harder to see the whole organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How is DNA arranged?

A
  • arranged in chromosomes and divided into genes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe enzyme-substrate complexes:

A
  • enzymes are biological catalysts
  • they are specific to a reaction - speed up reactions
  • never used up
  • bind at the active site to form E-S complexes
  • products are released by the enzyme
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do you test for non-reducing sugars?

e.g. sucrose

A
  • add dilute HCl at 75 degrees C in a water bath
  • add sodium- hydrogen carbonate
  • add benedict’s reagent
  • if blue = no sugar but red = yes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How do you test for proteins?

A
  • Biuret test:
  • add NaOH
  • add CuSO4
  • If blue = no protein but purple = yes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What’s the symbol for lactic acid?

A

2(C3H6O3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How is starch broken down?

A
  • broken down by carbohydrase in animals

- broken down by amylase in plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How is H2O2 broken down?

A
  • by catalyse

- found in potatoes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Why does photosynthesis allow organisms to do?

A
  • increase their biomass

- allows respiration as it releases oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the advantages of being a multi called organism?

A
  • can grow larger

- can have specialised organs and tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is a cardiac muscle?

A
  • no nerve impulse is needed from the brain for the heart to contract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are valves used for in the heart?

A
  • prevents back flow from the atrium to the ventricle

- stops oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How are fat cells specialised?

A
  • can expand to x1000
  • store fat
  • small nucleus
  • small cytoplasm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Why are adult stem cells useful?

A
  • can differentiate into some cells and can repair damage such as reverse paralysis or cure arthritis
  • pluripotent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How are the lungs adapted to exchange?

A
  • constant ventilation and good blood supply = higher cont gradient
  • alveoli have a spherical shape = high SA
  • thin walls = shorter distance for diffusion
  • moist lining for dissolving gasses
36
Q

What are the adaptions of plant exchange surfaces?

A
  • broad leaves for high SA
  • thin = less distance
  • intercellular spaces for gas exchange
  • lower leaves with stomata for CO2 and O2 change and water to escape in transpiration
  • root hair cells = high SA to get H20 and mineral ions
37
Q

What are the advantages of a double circulatory system?

A
  • diffusion occurs quickly
  • blood pumped at high Pa = more oxygen to cells a
  • this maintains the body temp
38
Q

Where does the body send blood to?

A
  • organs and tissue
  • body and brain
  • except for the lungs, O2 diffuses out and CO2 diffuses into the blood
39
Q

What are the features of arteries?

A
  • oxygenated blood
  • blood away from the heart at high Pa
  • small lumen
  • thick elastic muscular walls that contract and expand (pulse)
  • collagen allows it not to burst under high Pa
40
Q

What are the features of capillaries?

A
  • exchange between blood and tissues/cells
  • small lumen
  • 1 cell thick = shorter distance = higher diffusion
  • medium Pa
  • semi-permeable wall allows it to supply O2 and diffuses out CO2
41
Q

What type of muscle is the heart?

A
  • myogenic muscle
  • contracts without receiving nerve impulses from the brain
  • thus needs lots of mitochondria
42
Q

Where are vascular bundles found in leaves?

A
  • form networks to support tissue
43
Q

What are the features of xylem?

A
  • made from dead cells = no lignin
  • transport h2o and mineral ions
  • lignin supports the outside
44
Q

Where are sugars made from photosynthesis used?

A
  • used in meristems to make new cells
  • roots to store tissue
  • is an energy store
45
Q

How is water lost through stomata in the transpiration stream?

A
  • in light = photosynthesis happens
  • thus in the light, photosynthesis makes sugars in the guard cells
  • guard cells have a low w.p
  • epidermal cells (next to the guard cells) have a high w.p as no sugars are made there (as they have no chloroplasts)
  • thus water moves into the guard cells by osmosis = turgor pressure = inner wall thicks and stomata ‘opens’
  • water moves out of leaves into the air due to steep cont gradient
  • BUT in dark = less water loss as less sugar in G cells = high w.p and water moves out into the epidermal cells = flaccid and ‘close’ the stomata
46
Q

What are the advantages of the transpiration stream?

A
  • keeps plants cool
  • allows plants to keep turgor pressure and stay rigid and stop wilting
  • water for photosynthesis
  • mineral ions also taken into the plant from the soil along with h20
47
Q

What do eukaryotic cells have that prokaryotic don’t?

A
  • eukaryotic cells have mitochondria but prokaryotic cells don’t have mitochondria
  • they get energy other ways
48
Q

What happens when you enter a dimly-lit room vs a very brightly-lit room?

A
  • dimly lit = pupils dilate = circular muscles relax and radial muscles contract
  • brightly lit = pupils constrict = circular muscles contract and radial muscles relax
49
Q

What is the function of the brain?

A
  • the brain processes all information by receptor cells about the internal and external changes in the environment and hormones to make a coordinated response
50
Q

What are CT scans?

A
  • X-rays of the inside of the brain are compared for odd behaviour
  • disadvantages = risk of cancer and can’t see the brain
  • advantages = can see 3D structures and need no surgery (thus less chance of infection and damage)
51
Q

What is negative feedback?

A
  • type of control mechanism in homeostasis
52
Q

How does the cycle of the menstrual cycle begin again?

A
  • if pregnant = high progesterone levels, thus uterus lining maintained and high progesterone inhibits FSH and LH
  • if not pregnant = low progesterone levels and thus uterus lining sheds (menstruation) and low progesterone stimulates the production of FSH and LH
53
Q

How does the kidney absorb necessary molecules from the blood?

A

Ultrafiltration:

  • blood enters the kidney through the renal artery leading to the glomerulus
  • high Pa due to narrow blood vessels leads small molecules to pass out of glomerulus to the Bowman’s Capsule
  • larger molecules remain in the blood

Selective Reabsorption:

  • filtrate passes through the kidney tubule
  • glucose, salts and water absorbed
  • passes through Loop of Henle and collecting ducts
  • extra water and salts are reabsorbed and waste is sent to the bladder for excretion
54
Q

What is the cerebrum, cerebellum and medulla in charge of?

A

Cerebrum:
- consciousness, intelligence, memory, language
Cerebellum:
- balance, muscle coordination
Medulla:
- unconscious activities (breathing, the beating of the heart)

55
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A
  • the amount of oxygen needed if all the energy

released was from aerobic respiration (1)

56
Q

What chemical is released in the body after an organism starts respiring anaerobically?

A
  • lactic acid
  • produced during exercise (because of anaerobic
    respiration) and removed after exercise / when
    resting (1)
57
Q

Who would produce more urine? Someone, who drank isotonic drinks after (Sanchez) a run or someone who drank just water after a run (Leroy)?

A
  • Leroy produces more urine
  • as this dilutes his blood more than Sanchez’s
  • high water level is detected by the hypothalamus
  • less ADH released from the pituitary gland
  • decreases the permeability of the nephron/kidney
  • less water reabsorbed (in kidney tubules)
  • produces urine that is more dilute
58
Q

How could it be tested if the spring is behaving elastically with only one mass?

A
  • remove mass

- check if it’s still the same - has it deformed?

59
Q

How can lower frequency waves be made with a spring?

A
  • add masses

- use spring with smaller spring constant

60
Q

What are the reasons for higher anomalous results for spring oscillations in 10 seconds?

A
  • timed too many oscillations

- misread stopwatch

61
Q

What is the minimum number of atoms in a molecule?

A
  • 2, because you cannot have a molecule with only one atom, as this is an atom.
62
Q

Why is foil used on a test tube in a photosynthesis experiment?

A
  • foil doesn’t allow light through

- this causes the rate of photosynthesis to be 0

63
Q

What happens to the CO2 concentration in someone’s blood if their rate of respiration increases?

A
  • concentration in blood increases

- as CO2 is a product of respiration

64
Q

Where are the glomerulus and Bowman’s Capsule found?

A
  • glomerulus- renal cortex

- Bowman’s Capsule - renal cortex

65
Q

Where are the Loop of Henle and collecting ducts found?

A
  • Loop of Henle - renal cortex, dips into the medulla, then renal cortex again
  • collecting ducts - medulla
66
Q

Describe hormonal methods of contraception:

A
  • progesterone + oestrogen pill = o inhibits FSH and thickens cervical mucus and thins uterus lining so egg can’t implant and prevents ovulation
  • patch/ injection/ implant release o and p
  • IUD = releases progesterone
67
Q

Describe non-hormonal methods of contraception:

A
  • IUS = kills sperms through a copper coil
  • diaphragm = covers cervix (only works with spermicide)
  • condom = barrier (prevents against STIs)
68
Q

Resolution is…

A
  • measure of the smallest object using an instrument

- resolution is the ability to distinguish two objects from each other.

69
Q

Give two advantages and disadvantages of CT scans?

A

Advantages:
No surgical operation is required –- so reduced risk of infection / brain damage.
Allows 3D structures to be seen – enabling accurate identification of abnormalities.
Other acceptable suggestions with explanation.
Disadvantages:
Requires use of several X-rays – which have the potential to cause cancer.
Only still images produced – cannot see brain functioning, so cannot always link problem
to source.

70
Q

What is negative feedback?

A
  • detecting a change

- reversing that change

71
Q

What causes red-green colourblindness?

A
  • genetics

- missing cones

72
Q

Why might a scientist publish his work?

A
  • to inform other scientists (who might be
    working on the topic)
  • to see if other scientists can replicate the
    work/ to have it peer-reviewed
  • to allow recognition for their work✓
73
Q

How do you add an air bubble to a capillary tube?

A
  • lift the end of the capillary tube out of the (beaker) of
    water
  • after a short time / when some air has gone in, put it back into the water
74
Q

What happens when a cell doesn’t have enzymes or a cell wall?

A
  • cannot digest food
  • cannot release energy
  • cannot carry out any other
  • named vital cell process
  • cell cannot grow
  • cell cannot reproduce
75
Q

What effect does blocking ADH have?

A
  • blocking ADH makes the kidney tubule less
    permeable/less water reabsorbed
  • blocking ADH increases the volume of water lost
    from the body/present in urine/urine becomes
    more dilute
  • blood concentration is increased / water potential
    lowered / water would move out of cell/water will
    not move into cells
  • eventually, blood and cells are isotonic/same
    concentration/same water potential/same sodium
    ion concentration
76
Q

What is tRNA?

A
  • tRNA is a carrier molecule for amino acids / tRNA/carrier molecule brings (correct) amino acids into
    place / tRNA reads the triplets on the mRNA
77
Q

What is our cerebellum in charge of?

A
  • coordinate voluntary muscle movements

- maintain posture, balance, and equilibrium

78
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A
  • quantity of oxygen required to break down lactic acid in anaerobic respiration
79
Q

Where are mitochondria involved in making enzymes?

A
  • provide energy for translation in ribosomes
80
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates?

A
  • energy for the body

- fat oxidation

81
Q

What are the two types of lipids?

A
  • fats and oils
82
Q

What is a gene?

A
  • Section of DNA that codes for a characteristic
83
Q

Difference between animal and plant stem cells:

A

· Animal stem cells usually differentiate at the early stages of their life

· Stem cells in adult animals are mainly used for replacement or repair

· Plant cells differentiate throughout their life cycle

· Plant stem cells are grouped together in structures called meristems

84
Q

What is the medulla oblongata in charge of?

A
  • automatic actions such as heart and breathing rate
85
Q

What is the cerebrum in charge of?

A
  • complex behaviour such as memory, language and personality
86
Q

What components of the blood transport what molecules?

A 
Molecules carried
Oxygen/haemoglobin ( by red blood cell)
Carbon dioxide (by plasma/rbc)
Glucose/amino acids (plasma)
Hormones (plasma)
urea (plasma)
water (plasma)
Antibodies (plasma)

🧬 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions