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WSET 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the intensity of a wine’s color refer to?

A

How ‘Pale’, ‘medium’, or ‘deep’ a wines color is

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2
Q

What range of color descriptors can be used to describe white wine?

A

Lemon
Gold
Amber

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3
Q

What range of color descriptors can be used to describe red wine?

A

Ruby
Purple
Garnet
Tawny

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4
Q

What range of color descriptors can be used to describe rose wine?

A

Pink
Pink-Orange
Orange

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5
Q

Where do primary flavors and aromas come from?

A

Grapes or the fermentation process

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6
Q

Where do Secondary aromas and flavors come from?

A

Post-fermentation winemaking process

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7
Q

Where do tertiary aromas and flavors come from?

A

Aging Process

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8
Q

What descriptors are used to identify the sweetness in a wine?

A

Dry
Off-dry
Medium
Sweet

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9
Q

What effect does acidity in wine have when you sip it?

A

A mouthwatering effect

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10
Q

What effect do tannins in wine have when you sip it?

A

They make your mouth feel dry and can taste bitter

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11
Q

What structural component of wines can alcohol contribute to?

A

Body

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12
Q

What is the body of a wine?

A

Body is an overall impression of how the wine feels in the mouth using the sense of touch rather than taste

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13
Q

What is the finish of a wine?

A

The finish is the collection of sensations after you have swallowed or spat the wine out

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14
Q

What should your ideal tasting environment look like?

A

free of strong odors
well-lit
enough space for samples and spittoon
white space such as table cloth or paper

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15
Q

What is the suggested wine sample size?

A

WSET suggests a 5cl (1.7 US oz) samples.

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16
Q

What are the ideal storage conditions for wine?

A

cool and constant temperature
away from direct sunlight
if sealed with a cork it should be on it’s side
if sealed with a stelvin it should be stored upright

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17
Q

What temperature should light-, medium-bodied white wine and rose wine be served at?

A

Chilled 7-10C (45-50F)

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18
Q

What temperature should sparkling wine be served at?

A

Well chilled 6-10C (43-40F)

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19
Q

What temperature should sweet wine be served at?

A

Well chilled 6-8C (43-46F)

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20
Q

What temperature should full-bodied white wine be served at?

A

Lightly chilled 10-13C (50-55F)

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21
Q

What temperature should light-bodied red wine be served at?

A

Lightly chilled 13-18C (55-64F)

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22
Q

What temperature should medium- and full-bodied red wine be served at?

A

Room temperature 15-18C (59-64F)

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23
Q

What chemical can cause cork taint?

A

Trichloroanisole

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24
Q

What is failure of closure?

A

A wine fault resulting from unwanted oxygen interacting wine the wine

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25
What can heat damage do to a wine?
The wine can lose its freshness quickly, lack the expected fruit character, and taste dull and stale.
26
What is a vacuum system?
Vacuum systems rely on a pump to remove the air from inside the bottle.
27
What is a blanket system?
These systems pump gas into the bottle, which pushes the air out of the bottle. The gas will not harm the wine.
28
What effect can sweet food have on wine?
It can make wine seem more drying, bitter and acidic, and less sweet and fruity.
29
What effect can salty food have on wine?
It can make wine seem less drying, bitter and acidic, and have more fruitiness and body.
30
What effect can highly flavored food have on a wine?
Wine can seem overwhelmed by the food
31
What does the skin of the grape contribute to winemaking?
Color Tannins Flavor
32
What does the pulp of the grape contribute to winemaking?
Sugar Acids\ Water Flavors
33
What do the stem and seeds of the grape contribute to winemaking?
Tannins
34
Which kind of grape has higher levels of color and tannins in the skin?
Black Grapes
35
What does a vine require to grow?
Water Sunlight and Warmth Nutrients Carbon Dioxide
36
What are the different stages of grape formation?
Flowering Fruit Set Veraison Ripening
37
What is extra ripening?
The process of leaving grapes on the vine past the point when they might normally be harvested, so that the sugars and acids are concentrated in the grapes. Extra ripened grapes are often used to make sweet wines.
38
What is botrytis/noble rot?
A fungus that can grow on grapes which makes tiny holes in the skin of the grapes, causing the water to evaporate. This has the effect of concentrating acids, sugars and flavors in grapes, which are then used to make sweet wine.
39
Why would a winemaker allow grapes to remain on the vine in the winer and freeze?
To freeze the water in the grapes, thus concentrating acids, sugars and flavors. Wine made from grapes frozen on the vine is called Icewine/Eiswein.
40
What is the temperature range of cool grape-growing climates?
16.5C (62F) or below
41
What is the temperature range of moderate grape-growing climates?
16.5C (62F) - 18.5C (65F)
42
What is the temperature range of warm grape-growing climates?
18.5C (65F) - 21C (70F)
43
What changes occur in grapes as they ripen?
Grapes swell with water, acidity drops, sugar increases and signature flavors develop
44
How do the flavors of white grapes change as they ripen?
Flavors develop from green fruit to stone fruit to tropical fruit
45
How do the flavors of black grapes change as they ripen?
Flavors develop from fresh fruit to cooked fruit.
46
What latitudes are most wine-growing regions located between?
30 and 50 degrees North or South of the equator
47
How does altitude influence growing conditions?
Temperatures drop with altitude
48
How does proximity to seas influence growing conditions?
Ocean currents can cool warm regions or warm cool regions
49
How does proximity to rivers influence growing condition?
Rivers reflect sunlight, helping grapes to ripen. They can also retain warmth in cooler seasons, providing warmth to vineyards
50
How do could, fog and mist affect growing conditions?
Cloud, fog and mist can protect vineyards from sunlight and moderate warmer climates
51
How does proximity to mountains affect growing conditions?
Mountains can protect growing regions from clouds, rain and cold winds
52
How does slope and aspect affect growing conditions?
In moderate and cool climates, vineyards sloped towards the equator receive more heat and light.
53
How does soil affect growing conditions?
Soil needs to store enough water and nutrients to provide for the vine. Stony soils can also absorb heat and warm a vineyard.
54
What weather extremes can cause problems for grape growers?
``` Drought Temperature Sunlight Frost Hail Rain ```
55
What are training and pruning?
Training ensures vines grown on trellises, while pruning ensures that vines retain their shape/ Both are necessary to ensure the vine produces a viable crop.
56
What is irrigation?
Providing vines with the water they need
57
Why might vines need to be sprayed?
To protect them from fungal diseases and small insects
58
What is yield?
The measure of the number of grapes produced per unit of area
59
What choices might a grape grower need to make about harvests?
The grape grower will need to decide how long to let the grapes ripen for, as this will affect the style of the wine made.
60
What do GIs indicate outside the European Union?
These terms indicate where the grapes used to make the wine were grown
61
What do GIs indicate inside the European Union?
These terms indicate where the grapes are grown. Every GI comes with extra regulations that can regulate what grapes may be grown, as well as how the wines should be made
62
What are the two subdivisions of the GIs inside the European Union?
Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) | Protected Geographical Indication (PGI)
63
What is a PDO?
This term covers relatively small areas and have tightly defined regulations. Many of the most famous and prestigious wines in Europe are classified with this term.
64
What is a PGI?
This term covers a much wider area and has less strict regulations compared with PDOs
65
What are two French terms for PDO?
Appellation d'origine protegee (AOP) | Appellation d'origine controlee (AOC)
66
What are two French terms for PGI?
Indication geographique protegee (IGP) | Vin de pays (VdP)
67
What are two Italian terms for PDO?
Denominazione di Origine Controllata (DOC) | Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita (DOCG)
68
What is the Italian term for PGI?
Indicazione Geografica Tipica (IGT)
69
What are the Spanish terms for PDO?
Denominacion de Origen (DO) | Demoninacion de Origen Calificada (DOCa)
70
What is the Spanish term for PGI?
Vino de la Tierra
71
What are two German terms for PDO?
Qualitatswein | Pradikatswein
72
What is the German term for PGI?
Landwein
73
What does the term Old Vine indicate?
A term not legally defined, that is often used to indicate that a wine has a higher quality
74
What does the term Late Harvest indicate?
It indicates that the grapes have not been harvested at the normal time, but have been left on the vine and picked much later.
75
What term indicates that the grapes have been affected by noble rot?
Botrytis-Noble Rot
76
What products are required for alcoholic fermentation?
Sugar and Yeast
77
What are the products of alcoholic fermentation?
Alcohol and Carbon Dioxide
78
What is Crushing?
Crushing involves splitting the grapes skins to release some of the grape juice
79
What is Pressing?
Crushed grapes are squeezed in a machine called a press in order to extract as much liquid as possible. This can happen either before or after fermentation.
80
What order do the steps of production occur for red winemaking?
``` Crushing Alcoholic Fermentation Draining Pressing Storage and Maturation Packaging ```
81
What order do the steps of production occur for white winemaking?
``` Crushing Pressing Alcoholic Fermentation Storage and Maturation Packaging ```
82
What order do the steps of production occur for Rose winemaking?
``` Crushing Alcoholic Fermentation during which time the wine is drained off the skins after a short maceration Pressing Storage and Maturation Packaging ```
83
What is punching down?
A plunger is used to push the cap down into the fermenting grape juice, facilitating the extraction of color and tannins.
84
What is pumping over?
Liquid from the bottom of the fermentation vessel being pumped up through a hose and sprayed over the cap, facilitating the extraction of color and tannin.
85
Tokaji Aszu is an example of a sweet wine made from which method?
Concentrated sugars, through extra-ripening or botrytis infection
86
White Zinfadel in an example of a sweet wine made from which method?
Removing the yeast through filtering
87
Port is an example of a sweet wine made from which method?
Killing the yeast by adding additional alcohol
88
When might a winemaker adjust the sugar levels in wine?
in cool climates or cool vintages the level of sugars in grapes can be too low. The wines made from these grapes are low in alcohol and lacking in body. It is possible to increase the level of sugar in the grape juice. This results in a wine with a higher level of alcohol.
89
When might a winemaker adjust the acid levels in wine?
in warm climates the acid levels in the grapes can become low during ripening. Wines made from these grapes would be unbalanced due to low acidity. In cool climates the level of acid in the grapes can be too high. In this instance the winemaker can neutralise the acid.
90
What temperatures are red wines usually fermented at?
20C to 32C (68F to 90F)
91
What temperatures are white wines usually fermented at?
12C to 22C (54F to 72F)
92
What are the effects of stainless steel or other inert vessels on wine?
Do not add any flavor to the wine | They can also be airtight, therefore preventing oxygen from interacting with the wine and causing flavors to change.
93
What are the effects of oak vessels on wine?
Oak can add flavors directly to the wine and it can also allow flavors to evolve as a result of the interaction of the wine with oxygen during maturation
94
What flavors can oak fermentation and maturation add to wine?
Vanilla Coconut Charred Wood Spice
95
What flavors does interaction with oxygen during oak maturation impart to wine?
Caramel Dried Fruit Nuts- hazelnuts, almonds, walnut. Helps soften tannin in red wine
96
What is malolactic conversion?
The conversion of Malic acid to Lactic acid lowers the acidity Buttery flavors
97
What are lees?
After alcoholic fermentation, the yeast die and fall to the bottom of the fermentation vessel, forming a layer of dead cells that is called lees. If the winemaker chooses to keep the wine in contact with the lees, they can be stirred up through the wine during maturation
98
Why might a winemaker blend wines from different vintages?
To achieve consistency to maintain a brand's style, or to add complexity to a blend
99
What changes can occur in red wine during bottle aging?
The color will change over time from ruby to garnet to tawny and become paler in intensity. The tannins can also become softer and smoother. Tertiary characteristics such as fig, prune, meat and wet leaves can develop.
100
What changes can occur in white wine during bottle aging?
The color will change over time from lemon to gold to amber. The intensity of the color will also become deeper. With bottle age, tertiary characteristics can develop such as dried apricot, honey, nut and spice.
101
What are the four principal white grape varieties?
Chardonnay Riesling Pinot Griogio/Gris Sauvignon Blanc
102
What two principal white grape varieties come from the pGI South of France?
Sauvignon Blanc | Chardonnay
103
Which French PDOs are known for producing Chardonnay?
``` Burgundy Chablis Puligny-Montrachet Meursault Macon Pouilly-Fuisse ```
104
Which GIs outside of the European Union are known for producing Chardonnay?
USA: California, Sonoma, Carneros, Napa Valley, Santa Barbara County, Oregon Chile: Central Valley, Casablanca Valley, South Africa: Western Cape, Walker Bay Australia: South Eastern Australia, Yarra Valley, Adelaide Hills, Margaret River New Zealand: Marlborough, Hawke's Bay
105
Which PDOs are known for producing Riesling?
France: Alsace Germany: Mosel, Rheingau, Pfalz
106
Which GIs outside of the European Union are known for producing Riesling?
Australia: Clare Valley, Eden Valley
107
Which PDOs are know for producing Sauvignon Blanc?
France Loire: Sancerre, Pouily-Fume, Touraine Bordeaux: Bordeaux, Graves, Pessac-Leognan
108
Which GIs outside of the European Union are known for producing Sauvignon Blanc?
``` USA: Napa Valley Chile: Central Valley, Casablanca Valley South Africa: Elgin, Constantia Australia: Adelaide Hills, Margaret River New Zealand: Marlborough ```
109
Which PDOs are known for producing Pinot Grigio/ Pinot Gris?
France: Alsace Italy: Friuli-Venezia, Giulia
110
What does the labelling term Grand Cru indicate?
An appellation that can be used in Alsace for Pinot Gris, Riesling and Gewurztraminer wines
111
What does the labelling term Vendanges tardives (VT) indicate?
An appellation that can only be used in Alsace. It means Late Harvest
112
What does the labelling term Landwein indicate?
This is the term for a PGI wine in Germany. These wines are typically light-bodied and dry to off-dry in style.
113
What does the labelling term Qualitatswein mean?
An appellation used in Germany to indicate that a wine comes from one of the 13 wine regions in Germany
114
What does the labelling term Pradikatswein indicate?
A term used in Germany to indicate that a wine has been made from grapes with a required level of sugar at harvest. The grapes must come from a single region.
115
What are the sic Pradikat categories?
``` Kabinett Spatlese Auslese Beerenauslese Trockenbeerenauslese Eiswein ```
116
What are GIs for Chennin Blanc?
France: Loire Valley - Vouvray | South Africa
117
What are GIs for Semillon?
Bordeaux | Australia: Hunter Valley, Barossa Valley
118
What is a French PDO for Viognier?
French : Northern Rhone - Condrieu
119
What are French PDOs for Gewurztraminer?
Alsace | Alsace Grand Cru
120
What is an Italian PDO for Verdicchio?
Verdicchio dei Castelli di Jesi
121
What is an Italian PDO for Cortese?
Gavi
122
What are Italian PDOs for Garganega?
Soave Soave Classico Recioto di Soave
123
What is an Italian PDO for Fiano?
Fiano di Avellino
124
What is a Spanish PDO for Albarino?
Spain: Rias Baixas
125
What is a PDO for Furmint?
Hungary: Tokaj
126
What are the four principal black grape varieties?
Merlot Cabernet Sauvignon Pinot Noir Syrah/Shiraz
127
Which principal black grape varieties are produced in the PGI South of France?
Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot Syrah
128
Which French PDOs are known for producing Merlot
Bordeaux Saint-Emillion Pomerol
129
Which GIs outside of the EU are known for producing Merlot?
``` USA: California, Napa. Sonoma Chile: Central Valley South Africa: Stellenbosch Australia: Margaret River New Zealand: Hawke's Bay ```
130
Which French PDOs are known for producing Cabernet Sauvignon?
Bordeaux, Medoc, Haut-Medoc, Pauillac, Margaux, Graves, Pessac-Leognan
131
Which GIs outside of the EU are known for producing Cabernet Sauvignon?
``` USA: California, Napa Valley, Sonoma Chile: Central Valley, Maipo Valley, Colchagua Valley South Africa: Stellenbosch Australia: Coonawarra, Margaret RIver New Zealand: Hawke's Bay ```
132
Which French PDOs are known for producing Syrah/Shiraz?
Crozes-Hermitage Hermitage Cote Rotie
133
Which GIs outside of the EU are known for producing Syrah/Shiraz
Australia: Hunter Valley, Barossa Valley, SE Australia
134
Which French PDOs are known for producing Pinot Noir?
Burgundy, Gevrey-Chambertin, Nuits-Saint-Georges, Beaune, Pommard
135
Which GIs outside the EU are known for producing Pinot Noir
USA: Sonoma, Carneros, Santa Barbara County, Oregon New Zealand: Marlborough, Martinborough, Central Otago Chile: Casablanca Valley South Africa: Walker Bay Australia: Yarra Valley, Mornington Peninsula
136
Which French PDOs are known for producing Gamay?
Beaujolais, Beaujolais Villages, Beaujolais Cru
137
Which GIs are known for producing Grenache/Garnacha?
France: Cotes du Rhone, Cotes du Rhone Villages, Chateauneuf-du-Pape, Minervois Spain: Rioja, Navarra, Catalunya Australia: Barossa Valley, McLaren Vale
138
Which Spanish PDOs are known for producing Tempranillo?
Rioja Ribera del Duero Catalunya
139
What does the labelling term Joven indicate?
Typically young and fruity | Not subject to minimum aging requirements
140
What does the labelling term Crianza indicate?
Aged in oak barrels prior to release
141
What does the labeling term Reserva indicate?
Extended aging in barrel and bottle before release
142
Which PDOs are known for producing Nebbiolo?
Barolo | Barbaresco
143
Which PDOs are known for producing Barbera?
Barbera d'Asti | Barbera d'Alba
144
Which Italian PDOs are known for producing Sangiovese?
Chainti Chianti Classico CHianti Classico Riserva Brunello di Montalcino
145
Which Italian PDOs are known for producing Corvina?
Valpolicella | Valpolicella Classico
146
What does the labeling term Classico indicate?
It indicates the grapes are grown in the hilliest parts of the region producing more concentrated and riper grapes.
147
What does the labelling term Amarone indicate?
Apassimento method - dried grapes after picking high alcohol dry to off dry
148
What does the labelling term Recioto indicate?
Sweet wine | grapes dried on matts to concentrate sugar
149
Which Italian PDO is known for producing Montepulciano?
Montepulciano d'Abruzzo
150
Which GIs are known for producing Zinfandel/Primitivo?
USA: California Italy: Puglia
151
Which GIs are known for producing Pinotage?
South Africa: Western Cape
152
What does the labelling term Cape Blend indicate?
Blend of Pinotage and and other grapes such as Cabernet Sauvignon or Merlot
153
Which GIs are known for producing Carmenere?
Chile: Central Valley
154
Which GIs are known for producing Malbec?
Argentina: Mendoza

WSET 2 (1 decks)

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