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WSET3 Wines & Grapes > WSET3 Viticulture > Flashcards

WSET3 Viticulture Flashcards

1
Q

Typical maritime- climate regions

A

Bordeaux

Eastern coast of New Zealand

Northern Portugal

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1
Q

Important environmental needs for vines

A

Sunlight, water & carbon dioxide - photosynthesized by Chorophyll to produce glucose

CO2 always available, so only sunlight and water matter

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2
Q

Vines’ dormancy temperature

A

10 C

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3
Q

Vine growth to peak temperature

A

22-25 C

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4
Q

Growing season in the northern hemisphere

A

April to October

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5
Q

Growing season in the southern hemisphere

A

October to April

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6
Q

The annual weather pattern of an area averaged over several years

A

Climate

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7
Q

Climate parameters

A

Rainfall Temperature

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8
Q

Regional climate classification (by temperature)

A

Cool - 16.5 C or lower

Moderate - 16.5 C - 18.5 C

Warm - 18.5 C - 21 C

Hot. 21 C+

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9
Q

Typical cool-climate regions

A

Champagne

Mosel

Southern England

Anderson Valley

Tasmania Carneros

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10
Q

Cool-climate wines

A

Early ripening varieties
e.g. Chardonnay, Pinot Noir

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11
Q

Basic building block of the vine

A

GLUCOSE

Combines to produce cellulose for roots, trunks, shoots, leaves and fruit

Tannins, acids and flavor molecules in the grape

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12
Q

Typical moderate-climate regions

A

Bordeaux

N Rhone

Rioja

Piedmont

Tuscany

Coonawarra

Marlborough

Napa & Sonoma

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13
Q

Moderate-climate wines

A

Medium-bodied wines from intermediate-ripening varieties e.g. Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Sangiovese

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14
Q

Typical warm-climate regions

A

S Rhone

Douro

Jerez

McLaren Vale

Paarl

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15
Q

Warm-climate wines

A

Heat-loving varieties e.g. Grenache, Mourvedre, Ruby Cabernet

Fortified wines

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16
Q

Typical hot-climate regions & wines

A

San Joaquin Valley, CA

Table & Drying Grapes

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17
Q

Define Continentality

A

Difference between the average mean temperature of the hottest month and the coldest month

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18
Q

Regional climate classification

(by degree of “continentality”)

A

Maritime

Mediterranean

Continental

Tropical

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19
Q

Maritime climate characteristics

A

Low annual range of temperature

Warm summers and mild winters

Relatively high rainfall and cloud cover

Near large bodies of water

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20
Q

Maritime-climate wines

A

Medium-bodied wines with moderate alcohols

e.g. Bordeaux reds and whites, Muscadet, Rias Baixas, Vinho Verde

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21
Q

Mediterranean climate characteristics

A
  • *Low annual** range of temperature
  • *Warm** sunny summers and mild winters
  • *Dry** summers with most rain in winters
  • *Long growing season**
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22
Q

Typical Mediterranean- climate regions

A

Mediterranean

West coast of the United States

Chile

SE Australia

W Cape, S Africa

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23
Q

Continental climate characteristics

A

Wide annual range of temperature
Hot summers and cold winters Inland
Dry
Short growing season

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24
Q

Mediterranean-climate wines

A

Full-bodied, rich-textured reds with ripe tannins

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25
Q

Typical cool continental- climate regions
- continentality and long day length

  • cool autumns
A

Burgundy
Champagne
Northern regions of Germany British Columbia
Alsace
Austria

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26
Q

Grapes in regions with continentality and long days

A

Early-ripening varieties

  • Riesling
  • Pinot Noir
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27
Q

Cool continental-climate wines

A

Intensely-flavoured, late- harvested whites

High alcohols,

Sweet wines

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28
Q

Typical warm continental-climate regions

A

Mendoza

Central Europe

Central Spain

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29
Q

Warm continental- climate wines
- long warm autumns

A

Malbec
Cabernet Saurignon

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30
Q

Tropical climate characteristics

A

Minimal annual range of temperature

Hot summers and warm winters

Rainfalls more deciding factor

Unsuitable for high quality viticulture

Shortened vine productive lifespan

Brazil India Thailand

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31
Q

What is aspect? How does it affect a vineyard?

A

Direction a vineyard slope faces

  • an important characteristic of a vineyard site
  • determines exposure to sun
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32
Q

Preferred aspect in cool climates in northern hemisphere

A

South facing

  • warmer
  • aiding the ripening process
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33
Q

What is slope? How does it affect a vineyard?

A

Degree of incline
- determines intensity of sunlight received

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34
Q

Advantages of east facing vineyards

A

Sun’s rays scattered less in the morning, when the earth has cooled overnight, and dust has settled

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35
Q

Disadvantages of west facing vineyards

A

Sunlight scattered more by dust that has been lifted by warming air during the day; Face damper, cooler prevailing weather conditions

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36
Q

Aspect and slope for locations that would otherwise be too hot

A

Slopes that face away from the equator

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37
Q

Influence of slope or incline on a vineyard

A

Sunlight interception

Air movement

Soil properties

Cost of working the land

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38
Q

Advantages of sloping vineyards

A

Air movement on slopes (i.e. cold and dense air move downhill displacing warm and less dense air to produce warm thermal layers on the slope) deters frost and offers slightly improved ripening potential;

Soils on slopes tend to be poorer, more coarse for better drainage

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39
Q

Disadvantages of sloping vineyards

A

Increased risk of erosion;

Higher costs (manual), e.g. the Mosel Valley

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40
Q

Ideal vineyard sites

A

Isolated hills
- no big currents of colder air flowing down from the main hills

e.g. Burgundy’s hill of Corton at Aloxe-Corton, Montagne de Reims in Champagne

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41
Q

Effects of canopy management

A

Affect climate in the fruiting zone, therefore style and quality of wines

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42
Q

Effects of thick vigorously-growing canopy in cool-climate regions

A

Reduce flower initiative and berry set due to shading; Higher acid retention due to cooling;

Reduce sugar accumulation due to humidity & shade; Encourage competition for sugar

43
Q

Temperature’s effects on yield

A

Rate of growth;
Number of flower clusters and size;
Success of the setting of flowers into berries

44
Q

Conditions for finest tastes and aromas

A

Slow, cool, berry ripening

45
Q

Temperature’s effects on quality

A

Level of yield;
Accumulation of sugars and reduction of acidity; Development of wine aromas Phenolic ripeness (tannins)

46
Q

Disadvantages of excess rain

A
  1. Cool the mesoclimate;
  2. More difficult for machinery to work;
  3. Increase risk of fungal disease; Reduce fruit set (esp. in low temp);
  4. Brunch compaction and berry splitting;
  5. Dilute must if rains before harvest
47
Q

Purpose of sunlight

A

Energy source for vines to build sugars
Increase temperature of vineyard

48
Q

Effects of sunlight in cool temperature

A

Rate of photosynthesis slows; Increase leaf area and canopy to compensate;
Exposure of fruit to sunlight enhance ripening;

Eliminate pyrazines in Bordeaux varieties

49
Q

Exposure of fruit to sunlight

A

Increase rate of ripening;

Increase risk of sunburn;

50
Q

Effect of day length

(photoperiod)

A

Regions in high latitudes have longer summer days (more exposure to sunlight) to offset lower temperatures
e.g. Mosel, S England, Central Otago

51
Q

Effects of sunlight on yield and quality

A

Amount of sugar produced by photosynthesis

  • warm & cloudy (Hunter Valley) –> low sugars;
  • cool & sunny (Central Otago) –> high sugars
52
Q

Sunlight required for vitis vinifera

A

> 1250 hours of sunshine to produce ripe fruit

53
Q

Geographical features affecting climate

A

Bodies of water;
Ocean currents
Forest
Altitude and mountain ranges

54
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of proximity to water

A

Pro:

Store of heat,

Reflects sun’s rays,

Source of irrigation,

Reduce risk of ground frost

Morning mist for “Noble Rot”

Cons:

Increased humidity; eg potential fungal disease (downy mildew)

55
Q

Effects of ocean currents

A

Create cooling mists and fogs
e.g. Pacific Ocean current off California; Humbolt current off Chile

Warm up the climate
e.g. Gulf stream on west coast of UK

56
Q

Proximity to forests

A

Pros: windbreaks; store heat; reduce erosion

Cons: cool the mesoclimate in warm weather and increase humidity; birds

57
Q

Effects of altitude

A

Mean annual temp decreases by 0.6 C for every 100m rise in altitude (or a reduction of 105 degree-days a year)
Increase the cooling effects of wind exposure

58
Q

Mountain ranges

A

Protection from excessive wind and rain (rain shadow)
e.g. Alsace & Vosges mountains

59
Q

Purpose of soil

A

Support vine; Provide nutrients

60
Q

Soil characteristics

A

Nutrients
Pets & rootstock
Water holding capacity and availability Heat retention
Fertility

61
Q

Soil fertility

A

Soil texture
Soil structure
Organic matter content Mineral content Availability of air and water Level of acidity/akalinity

62
Q

Soils with low fertility

A

Vines grow best on these soils - restrict canopy growth;
- often stony and well-drained

63
Q

Heavy soils

A

High clay or silt content

Hold more water

64
Q

Lighter soils

A

More sand and gravel

ore free-draining

65
Q

Advantages of clay soils

A 
More moisture
More nutrients (negative charge)
66
Q

Disadvantages of clay soils

A

Take longer to heat up in spring and tend to be colder all year round (coz water);
Swell when they absorb water and shrink when dry leading to cracking and water loss;

Sticky when wet;
Wet clay soils’ structure deteriorates when worked

67
Q

Loam

A

Balanced mixture of clay, silt and sand Both nutrient holding abilities of clay and good drainage of sand

68
Q

Soil types

A

Limestone

Chalk

Slate

Granite

Volcanic rocks

69
Q

Limestone

A

Sedimentary rock from deposition of shells & skeletons of marine life; mainly calcium carbonate; alkaline & free draining
e.g. central and eastern Loire, Piedmont, N Spain, Burgundy, Limestone Coast Zone in S Australia

Limestone-rich soils inhibits uptake of iron & other micronutrients (risk of chlorosis)

70
Q

Chalk

A

Lower density than limestone; better drainage
e.g. Champagne, Jerez

71
Q

Other sedimentary rocks

A

Dolomite - similar to limestone but with high level of magnesium

Sandstone - compressed sand and quartz

Shale - soft clay

72
Q

Slate

A

Shale that has been altered by high pressures and temperature;

harder and less porous than shale;

heat retention
e.g. Mosel

73
Q

Granite

A

Igneous rock from solidified magma from volcanoes; extremely hard and desnse but free-draining
e.g. Baden, N Rhone, Beaujolais

74
Q

Volcanic rocks

A

Lava on surface
e.g. Santorini, Madeira

75
Q

Humus & Benefits of humus

A

Partially decomposed organic matter

maintain soil structure; retains nutrients; holds water;
low plasticity and cohesion for easier soil management; gradual release of nutrients as humus slowly mineralised; darken colour to retain heat

76
Q

Macronutrients

A

N - plant cells, nucleic acids, chlorophyll and hormones; second to water for plant growth
P - energy fixation, root growth, ripening K - regulate flow of water and sugar, ripening

Ca - regulate cell acidity, cell walls
S - amino acids and enzymes
Mg - chlorophyll, regulate acidity, sugar metabolism, ripening

77
Q

Parts of the vine

A

Roots - absorb water and nutrients, anchor vine, store carbohydrates

Trunk/arms (Permanent Wood) - more than 1 year old; restricted by pruning; transport water, store carbohydrates

Shoots (one year old wood) - support leaves & buds.

Nodes - from where leaves, flowers and tendrils grow

Buds - prompt, latent/dormant

Leaves - photosynthesis, transpiration

Petioles - leaf stalks (petiole analysis for nutrients)

Flowers - reproduction, hermaphroditic, inflorescences

Tendrils - “fingers” that hold on to trellis wires, cannot support themselves

Berries - inflorescenes, attract birds

78
Q

Growth cycle of the vine

A

Budburst - April/May (Sep/Oct)

Shoot growth - May/Aug (Oct/Jan)

Flowering and fruit set - Jun/Jul (Nov/Dec)

Berry growth & veraison - Jul/Sep (Dec/Feb)

Wood ripening - Sep/Nov (Feb/Apr)

Berry ripening - Sep/Nov (Feb/May)

Winter dormancy - Nov/Jan (May/Jul)

79
Q

Veraison

A

Berry skins change colour

Translucent for white varities

Red for black varieties

80
Q

Most important stages in the growth cycle

A

Floral initiation (depend on temp and sunlight)

Budburst (affected by spring frosts)

Flowering (temp, affected by rain)

Fruit set (coulure = failure of berries to set)

Shoot growth (in balance with yield)

Berry ripening (sugar/physiological ripening)

81
Q

Life cycle of the vine

A

Yr 1-3 Trunk/Wood (Vegetable growth/drop fruit)

Yr 3-4 1st Crop (good fruit to leave balance)

Yr 7-20 Wood thicken (vigorous vine/high yield)

Yr 20+ Yield decline (vielles vignes, alte Reben)

82
Q

Criteria for vine selection

A

Adaptation to the climate: cold, short growing season, drought etc

Resistance to disease: phylloxera, nematodes, mildews, oidium, botrytis

Adaptation to the soil conditions: lime, drought, acidity, salt (most important for rootstocks)

Economic characteristics: high yield, high quality, suitablity for mechanisation

83
Q

Clonal selection

A

Vines taken from one parent (genetically identical)

Criteria
- yield, fertility, berry size, sugar, acidity, colour, flavour, aroma, disease, drought, virus free, ease of grafting, cost

84
Q

Crosses

A

Intraspecific

New variety is produced from two parents of same species (eg V Vinifera)

CAbSav = CabFranc x SavBlanc

Muller-Thurgau = Riesling x Madeleine Royale

85
Q

Disadvantages of clonal selection

A

Spread of disease
Limited to certain regions
Limited to certain styles Overproduction
Reduction in vine genetic resources

86
Q

Hybrid

A

Interspecific

Usually 1 American as parent with V Vinifera (such as Vidal )

Reasons for hybridisation

  • Phylloxera & Downy Mildew (Plasmopara viticola)
  • winter cold resistance
87
Q

Layering

A

Canes are buried in the ground and then separated from the parent plant once they have established their own roots

Vitis berlandieri and rotundifolia
Vitis vinifera only layered in Phylloxera- free soils

88
Q

Cuttings

A

Pieces of parent plant develop into new plants

Hardwood winter cuttings from canes (carbohydrates)

Cuttings 30-45 cm in length

Stored at 5 C prior to grafting

Heat treated at 50 C for 30 mins (pests, virus)

89
Q

Grafting

A

Vinifera scion grafted onto American rootstock
Purpose
- Phylloxera, Nematodes

  • soil conditions (lime)
  • high or low vigour
  • change varieties (top or head-grafting)
90
Q

Grafting methods

A

Field grafting:

Bench grafting (in nursery)

Whip (by hand)

Omega (by machine)

Top grafting:

chip-budding

T-budding

cleft-grafting

91
Q

Key environmental and financial factors for site selection

A

Water availability

Regional climate (temp & sunshine hour)

Soil type and quality

Access to the site

Availability of labour and resources

Proximity to market

92
Q

What is a trellis?

A

A physical structure, consisting of posts and wines that largely supports the grapevine framework (canes, shoots, foliage)

Simple: low vigor, low potential site

Complex: high vigor sites, disease control

93
Q

What factors affect the choice of a trellis system?

A

Legislation
Geographical features of site
- topography
- wind
- rainfall
- temperature
- frost risk (higher trellis at bottom of slope)
- soil fertility
Effectiveness of light interception

Cost/time (establishment and maintenance)
Mechanical potential
Popularity and attractiveness

94
Q

Untrellised

A

S Europe

bush (trunk trained short)
no trellis
spur-pruned (bush vines or gobelets) cane-pruned (basket; Santorini, Greece)

  • *Pros**: low cost
  • *Cons**: low yields, disease, manual
95
Q

Staked vines

A

Cote Rotie, S France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, California, S Africa

Post to support vine
Trained higher than bush
Trained to form a crown (head) 20-30 cm above the ground
Spur-pruned without a crown

Pros: air circulation -> less disease

Cons: low yield, not for high vigor sites

96
Q

Single wire

A

Cordon trained and spur pruned Head trained and cane pruned

Pros: continuous foliage, inexpensive

Cons: new shoots hang down -> sunburn

97
Q

Two-wire, vertical

A

California in mid-1980s

Most basic form of multi-wired trellis system
Single fruiting wire, single foliage wire above

Pros: mechanical pruning and harvesting

98
Q

Vertical shoot position (VSP)

A

France, Germany, cooler regions of Austalia and NZ
Places with high risk of fungal diseases

Non-divided canopy
Movable foliage wires
Cane-pruned (guyot)
Spur-pruned (unilateral/bilateral cordons)

Pros: mechanical operations & harvest

Cons: high shoot density, not for high vigor varieties and high potential sites

99
Q

Pergola/tendone trellis

A

Chile, Agentina, Italy, Portugal

Table grapes

2m high trunks

Cane or spur pruned

Cons: high cost of construction/maintenance; not for high potential sites; shading problems (powdery mildew, botrytis)

100
Q

When is terracing needed?

A

Slope over 20 degrees

101
Q

Why pruning and training?

A
  • *Un-pruned vines**
  • irregular yields
  • high-acid, low-sugar berries
  • *Pruning and training to increase yield/quality**
  • balance between fruit and leaf
  • ideal canopy (15 shoots/m; 1-1.5 leave thick)
  • shoot about pencil thick, 12-15 nodes long
  • appropriate crop size
  • trellis to capture max sunlight
  • avoid leave bunching/disease risk - uniform bunch ripening
  • allow mechanical spraying and harvesting
  • young vines pruned lightly with flower removed
  • older vines pruned lightly to raise crop
102
Q

What is canopy management?

A

Organisation of the shoots, leaves and fruit of the grapevine to maximise the quality of the microclimate of the leaves and fruit to improve quality and yield and to minimise disease risk.

Where is it importance?

  • cool-climate regions
  • New World: high vine vigor in fertile soils
103
Q

Main aims of canopy management

A

Max light interception

  • large canopy surface
  • early development of canopy in spring
  • avoid inter-row shading (1:1 height:alley width)

Min canopy shading

  • shaded leaves use, rather than produce energy
  • Dr Richard Smart: vegetative cycle

Uniform microclimate for fruit

Balance between fruit and leaf

Min disease

Mechanization (pruning, pesticide, harvesting)

104
Q

Types of Irrigation

A

Flood - lots of water required; desert areas for bulk wine eg Argentina

Sprinklers - effective for large vineyards; cheap to instal; frost control; induce noble rot Cons: water waste; fungal disease; labour intensive (traveling sprinklers)

Drip - better control of water supply; save water. Con - expensive, constant monitoring

105
Q

Pests

A

Phylloxera - nematode destroyed 2/3 of V Vinifera, eats roots

Nematodes - microscopic worms, can transmit vine virus, need to sanitize soil before planting

Birds/animals - eaten off vine can lead to fungal disease for 1/2 eaten grapes. Netting is the best option for birds. Fences for animals

Insects - feed on grapes and leaves. Either use insecticides or integrated pest management eg introducing predators of pests

106
Q

Fungal Disease

A

Downy & powdery mildew - thrive in warm, humid conditions. Attacks green shoots & leaves Leaves: yellow oil spots, white downy patches. Lives in the tissue (not on surface); Flowers dry up and drop off; Berries go grey

Grey Rot: Botrytis Cinerea (same as Noble Rot); High humidity and warm temp; Enter vine through wound; Attacks leaves & fruit; Brown then black patches; Berry infections most serious
Affect tight clusters from middle outward

Prevention: canopy management to open air flow and keep as dry as possible; spraying at flowering

copper salts (preentative); organic and systemic pesticides

WSET3 Wines & Grapes (27 decks)

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