WtC Change vs Continuity Flashcards by Henry Lewis

All changes with central government

Tenurial Centralisation - emphasises King’s power over nobles and Church.
The crown never has as much power as under W1 again
New sources of revenue introduced - feudal dues
Got rid of Writs and changed the language to only Latin (instead of Latin and OE)
Domesday Book - first national survey
Coronation becomes more important - it is done ASAP to mark legitimacy because there are more challengers for the throne
Regents never needed before but due to Normandy he needs regents and they are great nobles/churchmen: Odo, Lanfranc, Robert of Mortain, William FitsOsbern
Change in personnel - 5% of land held by Englishmen by Domesday book. Only 2 preconquest bishops left (Wulfstan or Worcester)
Castles (though buhrgot is Anglo Saxon and used to maintain them)
People at the royal court are somewhat different (barons in, theigns out, earls and bishops same)

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Land changes - central government

Tenurial Centralisation - emphasises King’s power over nobles and Church.
The crown never has as much power as under W1 again

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Income changes - central government

New sources of revenue introduced - feudal dues

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Written record changes - central government

Got rid of diplomas and changed the language to only Latin (instead of Latin and OE)
Domesday Book - first national survey

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Coronation changes - central government

Coronation becomes more important - it is done ASAP to mark legitimacy because there are more challengers for the throne
Small change - Laudes Regiae which sanctifies king using language of sacred power

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Regents changes - central government

Regents never needed before but due to Normandy he needs regents and they are great nobles/churchmen: Odo, Lanfranc, Robert of Mortain, William FitsOsbern

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Personal and types of positions changes - central government

Change in personnel - 5% of land held by Englishmen by Domesday book. Only 2 preconquest bishops left (Wulfstan or Worcester)
People at the royal court are somewhat different (barons in, theigns out, earls and bishops same)

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Castles changes - central government

Castles introduced (though buhrgot is Anglo Saxon and used to maintain them)

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All continuity with central government

AS tax system remains - Danegeld, geld rolls
Maintains the coinage system - reminted just as in AS England, WtC is portrayed as an AS on coins (moustache)
Keep king Edward’s laws
Harrying (harrying of the North)
King’s court held in the same places at the same time
Murdrum (against rebellion)

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Tax continuity - central government

AS tax system remains - Danegeld, geld rolls

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Coinage continuity - central government

Maintains the coinage system - reminted just as in AS England, WtC is portrayed as an AS on coins (moustache)

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Laws continuity - central government

Keep king Edward’s laws
Pleas of the crown stay the same - house breaking, breach of the peace, adultery

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Harrying continuity - central government

Harrying (harrying of the North)

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Kings crown wearing, kings court, royal household continuity - central government

Crown wearing occurs 3 times a year in the same place, at the same times and at the same places (Windsor, Winchester and Westminster) King’s court held in the same places at the same time
Royal household remains

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Murdrum continuity - central government

Murdrum adapted from anglo saxon pleas law

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All local government changes

Earldoms are smaller, not all shires now part of an earldom - they are mainly on frontiers (cause was 1075). Earls and bishops are less powerful, sheriffs are more powerful.
Sheriffs are more corrupt as they are more free
Feudal levy - great landholders owe knights to the crown. PRIVATELY NEGOTIATED - shows the king has a lot of power.
Forest law - people can’t hunt/change landscape etc without permission.
Ecclesiastical courts introduced
Baronial/honorial courts (barons settle legal disputes)
Feudal law
Trial by Battle.
Oaths used to prove innocence are CONTINUITY but the manner of their use CHANGES - discriminated against the English (if you’re English you need many oaths, Normans only need themselves)

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Earldoms changes - local government

Earldoms are smaller, not all shires now part of an earldom - they are mainly on frontiers (cause was 1075)
Earls and bishops are less powerful

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Sheriffs changes - local government

Sheriffs are more powerful - more independent and look after kings land in a single shire but not a whole county
Sheriffs are more corrupt as they are more free

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Feudal levy changes - local government

Feudal levy - great landholders owe knights to the crown. PRIVATELY NEGOTIATED - shows the king has a lot of power.

Forest law changes - local government

Forest law introduced - people can’t hunt/change landscape etc without permission.

Types of courts changes - local government

Ecclesiastical courts introduced
Baronial/honorial courts (barons settle legal disputes)

Feudal law and trial by oath changes - local government

There is an increase in the cases involving disputes over land - feudal law
Trial by Battle

Oaths changes - local government

Oaths used to prove innocence are CONTINUITY but the manner of their use CHANGES - discriminated against the English (if you’re English you need many oaths, Normans only need themselves)

All local government continuity

Sheriff responsible for the same things: tax, military, call-up, royal land, law
The system of shires, hundreds, hides etc. is the same as AS
Fyrd still exist and each does 3 months, one man per five hides. It is a PUBLIC SYSTEM
Murdrum - reintroduced from Cnut
Domesday Book - records local laws and customs from the time of king Edward.
Royal/shire/hundred/manorial courts remain
Using Anglo-Saxons in legal disputes - Aethelric bishop of Selsey, Trial of Penenden Heath
Ordeals - trial by hot iron, water etc.
Oaths to prove innocence used

Sheriff continuity - local government

Sheriff responsible for the same things: tax, military, call-up, royal land, law

System of shires continuity - local government

The system of shires, hundreds, hides etc. is the same as AS

Fyrd continuity - local government

Fyrd still exist and each does 3 months, one man per five hides. It is a PUBLIC SYSTEM

Murdrum continuity - local government

Murdrum - reintroduced from Cnut

Domesday book continuity - local government

Royal/shire/hundred/manorial courts remain

Types of court continuity - local government

Ordeals - trial by hot iron, water etc. Oaths to prove innocence used

Anglo saxon customs in legal disputes continuity - local government

Using Anglo-Saxons in legal disputes - Aethelric bishop of Selsey, Trial of Penenden Heath

Ordeals and oaths continuity - local government

Ordeals - trial by hot iron, water etc. Oaths to prove innocence used

All changes - church government

Romanesque architecture Relocation of sees to big cities - for control (and security because they are near the castle), to be used for royal administration (clergy can read/write), for wealth (people visit, it stimulates commerce). This shows the close relation with the church and crown, and the secular uses of the church. Church councils - he can control them all at once, papal reform, Canterbury's status in the English church Personnel - Normans instead of Englishmen Ecclesiastical courts are established (c. 1075) Specialisation of the role of canons (dean - buildings of the church, archdeacon - oversees legal work and estates, precentor - worship within the church) - aka priests get specialised NOTE: some of these were done by EtC but were accelerated massively by WtC Primacy - Lanfranc convinces WtC and Alexander II to make him primate (over Thomas of Bayeux), and Thomas is forced to give a profession of obedience to Lanfranc to become Archbishop of York. Council of London 1075 - Bishop of London is the third most important All churchmen pay homage to the king and give him military service (emphasising power over the Church)

Architecture changes - church government

Romanesque architecture introduced

Relocation of church changes - church government

Relocation of sees to big cities - for control (and security because they are near the castle), to be used for royal administration (clergy can read/write), for wealth (people visit, it stimulates commerce) This shows the close relation with the church and crown, and the secular uses of the church.

Church councils changes - church government

Church councils - he can control them all at once, papal reform,

Canterbury changes - church government

Canterbury's status in the English church

Personnel changes - church government

Personnel - Normans instead of Englishmen

Ecclesiastical court changes - church government

Ecclesiastical courts are established (c. 1075)

Specialisation and roles changes - church government

Specialisation of the role of canons (dean - buildings of the church, archdeacon - oversees legal work and estates, precentor - worship within the church) - aka priests get specialised NOTE: some of these were done by EtC but were accelerated massively by WtC

Primacy changes - church government

Primacy - Lanfranc convinces WtC and Alexander II to make him primate (over Thomas of Bayeux), and Thomas is forced to give a profession of obedience to Lanfranc to become Archbishop of York. Council of London 1075 - Bishop of London is the third most important

Homage changes - church government

All churchmen pay homage to the king and give him military service (emphasising power over the Church)

All continuity with church government

Monks often remain in cathedrals (unlike most places in the world where monasteries are isolated communities) - Normans learn from Anglo-Saxons. Makes bishops more wealthy

Problems with archbishop of canterbury at start of Wtc's reign

Stigand (deposed 1070 for pluralism, invasion of the see, pallium from the wrong pope). Not deposed immediately probably because he is very powerful Ealdred, Archbishop of York (crowns William)

Lanfranc relationship with king and church

Lanfranc supports the power of the king (e.g. trial of William St Calais) Lanfranc is unfriendly towards Gregory VII: Gregory wants homage, Peter's Pence, wants Lanfranc to go to Rome. Gergory only gets Peter's Pence (Lanfranc is worried Gregory might remove his primacy of the church