ww1 Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
Which event led to German unification?
A
Which event led to German unification?
Franco-Prussian war
2
Q
_______________ became Chancellor in ____. One of his policies was Realpolitik (diplomacy based on practicalities).
A
Otto von Bismarck became Chancellor in 1871. One of his policies was Realpolitik (diplomacy based on practicalities).
3
Q
Members of The Triple Alliance
A
Members of The Triple Alliance
italy
germany
austria-hungary
4
Q
What did Germany and Russia agree under the 1887 Reinsurance Treaty?
A
What did Germany and Russia agree under the 1887 Reinsurance Treaty?
to remain neutral if the other went to war in europe
5
Q
What were Otto von Bismarck’s policies?
A
What were Otto von Bismarck’s policies?
1
Realpolitik (policy based on practical considerations)
2
In foreign policy, he considered the whole world - this was known as Weltpolitik
3
He looked to build alliances between the countries of Europe
6
Q
Why was Germany a threat to Europe in 1892? (2 reasons)
A
Why was Germany a threat to Europe in 1892? (2 reasons)
Germany had undergone rapid industrialisation and was seeing very quick economic growth.
Germany had an experienced and strong military following the series of wars building up to unification in 1871.
7
Q
What role did Bismarck play in European alliances?
A
What role did Bismarck play in European alliances?
he used his skill to keep the alliances together
he helped created the triple alliance
he signed a secret ‘reinsurance treaty’ with russia in 1887
8
Q
_____________ was emperor of Germany in the late __th Century. He forced Otto von Bismarck to resign in ____.
A
Kaiser Wilhelm II was emperor of Germany in the late 19th Century. He forced Otto von Bismarck to resign in 1890.
9
Q
what is true about the Franco-Russian Alliance (19__)?
A
what is true about the Franco-Russian Alliance (1982)?
this alliance meant germany was threatened from the east and west
10
Q
What were the results of alliances in Europe?
A
What were the results of alliances in Europe?
Bismarck’s work in the 1880’s failed
Europe was divided into two blocks
germany was surrounded by the entente powers
11
Q
Kaiser Wilhelm II caused the first Moroccan crisis in ____. He told the Sultan …
A
Kaiser Wilhelm II caused the first Moroccan crisis in 1905. He told the Sultan he supported Moroccan independence from France. This angered the French.
12
Q
Second Moroccan Crisis (____)
caused by …
The Kaiser sent ___________________________. But ______ stood by France, showing the strength of the Entente.
A
Second Moroccan Crisis (1911)
caused by France sending troops to put down a rebellion against the ruler.
The Kaiser sent a gunboat to the Moroccan port of Agadir. But Britain stood by France, showing the strength of the Entente.
13
Q
Results of the Second Moroccan Crisis (____)
France and Germany agreed that France would seize Morocco as a ‘_________’
Germany would be given land in …
A
results of the Second Moroccan Crisis (1911)
Result: France and Germany agreed that France would seize Morocco as a ‘protectorate’
Germany would be given land in the French Congo as compensation.
This land was mostly worthless swamp and jungle.
14
Q
What happened after Kaiser Wilhelm II went to Morocco? (____)
the disagreement between …
france and …
france was angry because …
A
What happened after Kaiser Wilhelm II went to Morocco?
the disagreement between France and germany was solved at the algeciras conference
france and Britain moved closer together, whereas the kaiser had hoped to split them up
france was angry because it saw Morocco as being in its sphere of influence (where it had control)
15
Q
When did the Balkan crisis start + end?
A
When did the Balkan crisis start + end?
1908—>1909
16
Q
Who were the Slavs?
Most of the Serbian and …
Austria-Hungary believed …
Many Slavs …
A
Who were the Slavs?
Most of the Serbian and Russian populations were Slavs and the two countries bonded over this
Austria-Hungary believed the Slavs were an inferior race
Many Slavs wanted to be free from Ottoman rule
17
Q
Features of the fall out of Russia and Austria-Hungary during the Balkan crisis:
Austria-Hungary and …
Austria-Hungary entered …
Russia supported …
Russia would not …
A
Features of the fall out of Russia and Austria-Hungary during the Balkan crisis:
Austria-Hungary and Russia agreed to support each other’s claims on Balkan areas
Austria-Hungary entered Bosnia-Herzegovina without Russian approval
Russia supported Serbia and Montenegro, who prepared for war against Austria-Hungary
Russia would not go to war because Germany said it would support Austria-Hungary
18
Q
The Balkan Wars took place in …
A
The Balkan Wars took place in the Balkan Penninsula from 1912-1913.
19
Q
the Balkan league was made up of
A
the Balkan league was made up of
Serbia, Greece, Albania and Bulgaria,
20
Q
Which country did the Balkan League oppose in 19__-13?
A
Which country did the Balkan League oppose in 1912-13?
ottoman empire
21
Q
Which rivalries changed after the Balkan Wars?
1 Serbia gained ... 2 Serbian resentment ... 3 Rivalry between Russia ...
A
Which rivalries changed after the Balkan Wars?
1
Serbia gained significant extra territory, but Austria-Hungary prevented Serbia gaining land which gave it access to the sea
2
Serbian resentment against Austria-Hungary grew
3
Rivalry between Russia and Serbia grew also
22
Q
What was the situation after the Balkan Wars?
A
What was the situation after the Balkan Wars?
serbian resentment against austria hungary had grown
the balkan league had broken down
23
Q
When conflict did come, it was inevitable that …
A
When conflict did come, it was inevitable that all the Great Powers would be dragged into war because of the obligations to their alliances
24
Q
What caused Britain to abandon splendid isolation?
1 Germany expanding ... 2 This forced Britain to ... 3 Britain had been defeated ... 4 This also led to Britain ...
A
What caused Britain to abandon splendid isolation?
1
Germany expanding its military under Kaiser Wilhelm II’s Weltpolitik (world policy)
2
This forced Britain to abandon isolationist policies
3
Britain had been defeated in the Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902)
4
This also led to Britain becoming more involved in European politics
25
During the second half of the 19th century, British __________ was centred around 'splendid isolation'.
During the second half of the 19th century, British foreign policy was centred around 'splendid isolation'.
26
Kaiser Wilhelm wanted to __________ Germany and for it to have its ‘place in the Sun’ (_______). To do this, the Kaiser relied on the military strength of the _______.
Kaiser Wilhelm wanted to strengthen Germany and for it to have its ‘place in the Sun’ (colonies). To do this, the Kaiser relied on the military strength of the Prussia.
27
What was Kaiser Wilhelm II's main aim?
What was Kaiser Wilhelm II's main aim?
to strengthen germany's position in World affairs
28
What caused tension between Britain and Germany in Africa prior to WW1?
What caused tension between Britain and Germany in Africa prior to WW1?
both wanted colonies in 1890's
they wanted to access to gold and diamonds
29
Why did Germany start looking for land in Africa in the late 19th Century?
1
Germany wanted access to __________________
2
Kaiser Wilhelm had a new policy of __________
3
Germany wanted a '____________'
Why did Germany start looking for land in Africa in the late 19th Century?
1
Germany wanted access to gold and diamonds
2
Kaiser Wilhelm had a new policy of Weltpolitik
3
Germany wanted a 'place in the sun'
30
What was the Scramble for Africa?
What was the Scramble for Africa?
mad rush to seize land in Africa in the 1890's
31
Who was Alfred von Tirpitz?
Who was Alfred von Tirpitz?
navy secretary
32
In ____, the First Naval Law increased the navy by _ battleships.
In ____ the Second Naval Law doubled the size of the navy to __ battleships.
In ____, the Third Naval Law expanded the navy by another _ battleships.
In 1898, the First Naval Law increased the navy by 7 battleships.
In 1900 the Second Naval Law doubled the size of the navy to 38 battleships.
In 1906, the Third Naval Law expanded the navy by another 6 battleships.
33
Why did Kaiser Wilhelm II expand the navy?
Why did Kaiser Wilhelm II expand the navy?
```
1
Industrial growth
2
Larger German empire
3
Increased German patriotism
4
a symbol of strength to the world
```
34
What was the Naval Defence Act?
1
In ____ (year), Britain passed the Naval Defence Act
2
The act established the '_______________9'
What was the Naval Defence Act?
1
In 1899 (year), Britain passed the Naval Defence Act
2
The act established the 'two-power standard'
35
the Naval Defence Act established the 'two-power standard', this means ...
the Naval Defence Act established the 'two-power standard', this means that that the Royal Navy could expand to match the number of battleships owned by the two largest naval powers (France and Russia) combined.
36
_________________ was the heir to the ___________ throne.
On __ ____ 1914, the Archduke and his wife were in Bosnia.
During the visit, the Archduke and his wife were shot by a ______ Serb called _______ _______.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand was the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne.
On 28 June 1914, the Archduke and his wife were in Bosnia.
During the visit, the Archduke and his wife were shot by a Bosnian Serb called Gavrilo Princip.
37
What happened after the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand?
```
1
Austria-Hungary wanted to use the assassination to attack _____ because it believed that their __________ had secretly helped the ________
2
Austria-Hungary asked ...
3
On 5 July 1914, ...
4
Serbia asked ...
```
What happened after the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand?
1
Austria-Hungary wanted to use the assassination to attack Serbia because it believed that their government had secretly helped the assassins
2
Austria-Hungary asked for the help of Germany
3
On 5 July 1914, Austria-Hungary received full German support in the ‘blank cheque’
4
Serbia asked for support from Russia against Austria-Hungary and Germany
38
Countdown to War - the July crisis
Countdown to War - the July crisis
23 July 1914: the Austria-Hungary government sends the Serbian government a 10 point ultimatum with a 2 day response
25 July 1914: Serbia accepts 9 of the ten points
28 July 1914: Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
30 July 1914: Russia begins to mobilise army as it did not want to be humiliated after earlier events in the Balkans.
1 August 1914: Germany declares war on Russia because they wanted to appear strong following the humiliation of the Moroccan crises. It also wanted to support Austria-Hungary.
39
The ultimatum was designed to be ...
The ultimatum was designed to be so harsh that Serbia would obviously decline the terms. This would make an Austro-Hungarian attack on Serbia seem justified.
40
Serbia did not accept the condition that ...
Serbia did not accept the condition that Austro-Hungarian police could be placed in Serbia to investigate the assassination.
41
Why did Germany declare war on Russia?
Why did Germany declare war on Russia?
1
Germany wanted to appear strong following the humiliation of the Moroccan crises
2
Germany also wanted to support Austria-Hungary
3
The July Crisis started war in Eastern Europe, but not in Western Europe
42
When Germany attacked Belgium, Britain had an excuse ...
When Germany attacked Belgium, Britain had an excuse to enter the war. In 1839 (year), Britain had signed the Pact of London, guaranteeing support for Belgium.
43
When did Germany invade Belgium?
When did Germany invade Belgium?
3 august 1914
44
Germany thought it could win a quick victory against ______ whilst an _______ Russia was still mobilising. Then Germany could fight ______.
To catch France by surprise, Germany decided to enter through _______ not Alsace-Lorraine
Germany thought it could win a quick victory against France whilst an inefficient Russia was still mobilising. Then Germany could fight Russia.
To catch France by surprise, Germany decided to enter through Belgium not Alsace-Lorraine
45
Long-term factors contributing to the outbreak of WW1:
_________
A policy of strengthening a country by conquering new territory.
_______
Spending more money to increase military strength.
Long-term factors contributing to the outbreak of WW1:
colonialism
A policy of strengthening a country by conquering new territory.
Militarism
Spending more money to increase military strength.
46
Short-term factors contributing to the outbreak of WW1:
Short-term factors contributing to the outbreak of WW1:
1
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
2
The July Crisis
3
German invasion of France through Belgium
47
The Schlieffen Plan was ________ by the Franco-Russian Alliance in ____, which threatened Germany.
War now could be staged on _______.
The Schlieffen Plan was motivated by the Franco-Russian Alliance in 1890, which threatened Germany.
War now could be staged on two fronts.
48
What did the Schlieffen Plan require?
What did the Schlieffen Plan require?
1
This plan relied on Russia taking a long time to mobilise
2
The Germans believed that France would be easily defeated.
49
How did the Schlieffen Plan begin?
1
France did not mobilise in July, meaning ...
2
_ August 1914: Germany invaded Belgium to start the plan.
How did the Schlieffen Plan begin?
1
France did not mobilise in July, meaning that Germany could not pretend to invade in defence
2
3 August 1914: Germany invaded Belgium to start the plan.
50
Who was Alfred von Schlieffen?
Who was Alfred von Schlieffen?
Alfred von Schlieffen was head of the german army he developed a plan. Planning was completed in 1905.
51
Battle of the Marne
____ September 1914
the _______ failed to defeat ______ in 6 weeks
this battle is important because ...
Battle of the Marne
6-10 September 1914
the germans failed to defeat france in 6 weeks
this battle is important because german advancement stopped here
52
Why was there a war on two fronts in August 1914?
Why was there a war on two fronts in August 1914?
Britain entered the war on 4 august 1914
Russia only took 10 days to mobilise
the germans were unable to advance after early september
53
Trench warfare involved three lines of trenches.
The frontline was for ...
The support line provided ...
The reserve line was where ...
Trench warfare involved three lines of trenches.
The frontline was for launching attacks or defending against enemies.
The support line provided a retreat from the frontline.
The reserve line was where troops waited in between attacks.
54
Trench warfare helped to create ...
Trench warfare helped to create the stalemate of 1915 to 1918
55
Why was industrialisation important during the First World War?
```
1
____________ of weapons was possible for the first time
2
Machine guns increased firepower
3
Automatic rifles enabled ...
```
Why was industrialisation important during the First World War?
1
Mass-production of weapons was possible for the first time
2
Machine guns increased firepower
3
Automatic rifles enabled soldiers to fire more quickly
56
Although _____ gas was officially banned, Germany used _______ gas at the Second Battle of Ypres in ____ ____.
Although poison gas was officially banned, Germany used chlorine gas at the Second Battle of Ypres in April 1915.
57
What did the introduction of tanks achieve in WWI?
```
1
Tanks were introduced in ...
2
They were a good way to counter ...
3
Tanks could cross ___________ and _________________ but were very ________
```
What did the introduction of tanks achieve in WWI?
1
Tanks were introduced in September 1916
2
They were a good way to counter new weapons
3
Tanks could cross No Man’s Land and crush machine gun nests but were very unreliable
58
the western front
| Trenches stretched from the ...
the western front
| Trenches stretched from the English Channel to Switzerland. 400 miles
59
Early Tactics in the First World War
At the start of the war, tactics were decided in ...
But it soon became obvious that this was incredibly ___, and a better method of ____________ was needed
Tactics were still based to a large extent on ‘charges at the enemy position'.
Early Tactics in the First World War
At the start of the war, tactics were decided in central headquarters and then sent out to the front line.
But it soon became obvious that this was incredibly slow, and a better method of communication was needed.
Tactics were still based to a large extent on ‘charges at the enemy position'.
60
Barbed wire was used to ...
these zones were covered by ...
Barbed wire was used to force the enemy down particular paths into 'kill zones'.
these zones were covered by machine guns and artillery
61
What was the main issue with fighting from trenches?
What was the main issue with fighting from trenches?
it was difficult to attack the enemy
62
It was very hard to make ______ and win _______ in this trench warfare.
Because it was so hard to gain _______, it became a war of ______, where each side tried to exhaust (run down) the enemy’s _______.
It was very hard to make advances and win territory in this trench warfare.
Because it was so hard to gain ground, it became a war of attrition, where each side tried to exhaust (run down) the enemy’s resources.
63
How many casualties did Germany suffer during the Battle of Verdun?
How many casualties did Germany suffer during the Battle of Verdun?
340,000
64
What happened at the Battle of Verdun?
```
1
The battle lasted ...
2
The battle was between ...
3
In the first eight hours, ...
```
What happened at the Battle of Verdun?
1
The battle lasted from February to December 1916 (300 days)
2
The battle was between France and Germany
3
In the first eight hours, Germany fired two million shells
65
battle of the somme
the allies bombed ...
the allies then ...
some british soldiers ...
by the end of the first day ...
by July 4, Britain ...
by the end of august, ...
on 15 September ...
battle of the somme
the allies bombed the german lines for seven days before the ground attack began
the allies then sent 100,000 troops to attack german line
some british soldiers did reach german lines but many were shot down by German machine guns
by the end of the first day the british suffered 57,000 casualties
by July 4, Britain had suffered a further 25,000 casualties
by the end of august, germany had suffered almost 250,000 casualties
on 15 September britain used tanks for the first time
66
Britain fought the Battle of the Somme to ... it was intended to ...
Britain fought the Battle of the Somme to help the French troops in Verdun. The battle was intended to accelerate a victory for the Allies.
67
What was the situation at the end of the Battle of the Somme?
What was the situation at the end of the Battle of the Somme?
fighting ended after 141 days
the british had advanced 7 miles
ended in november
68
battle of the somme
battle of the somme
1 July - 18 november 1916
69
Germany attacked Verdun because it hoped that it would weaken the Allied Powers.
The Chief of the General Staff, Erich von Falkenhayn wanted to time Verdun so that it happened at the same time as a ____________
Germany attacked Verdun because it hoped that it would weaken the Allied Powers.
The Chief of the General Staff, Erich von Falkenhayn wanted to time Verdun so that it happened at the same time as a U-boat attack.
70
___________ decided to make a film about the Battle of the Somme to boost _____.
This was very popular. But the public at home were shocked by ...
These lists were so long that ...
The War Office decided to make a film about the Battle of the Somme to boost morale.
This was very popular. But the public at home were shocked by the thousands of wounded troops returning and the long casualty lists being published in the newspapers.
These lists were so long that the government stopped publishing them in 1916.
71
Casualties in the Battle of Verdun
Germany
________ casualties
France
________ casualties
Casualties in the Battle of Verdun
Germany
340,000 casualties
France
380,000 casualties
72
Features of the The Battle of Passchendaele:
```
1
Also called ...
2
Took place ...
3
Lasted ...
```
Features of the The Battle of Passchendaele:
```
1
Also called the Third Battle of Ypres
2
Took place outside the city of Ypres in Belgium
3
Lasted July to November 1917
```
73
Conditions in The Battle of Passchendaele
At Passchendaele, Belgium experienced its worst rainfall in __ years. The soil turned into a _______________.
This mud and marshland clogged ...
it also stopped ...
The mud was so deep that ...
Conditions in The Battle of Passchendaele
At Passchendaele, Belgium experienced its worst rainfall in 30 years. The soil turned into a muddy marshland.
This mud and marshland clogged rifles and stopped them from working.
It also stopped tanks from being used.
The mud was so deep that some soldiers and horses drowned in it.
74
How did the German navy threaten Britain?
```
1
By attacking ...
2
By attacking ships Britain was sending to it's ____
3
By stopping ...
```
How did the German navy threaten Britain?
1
By attacking supply ships carrying raw materials
2
By attacking ships Britain was sending to it's allies
3
By stopping communication between Britain and its empire
75
Features of the u-boat campaign (1915-1918):
```
1
Between 1915 and 1918, the number of _______ u-boats grew from ______________
2
By 1917, one in four British merchant ships ...
3
German u-boatwarfare ...
4
In May 1917 (year), Germany ...
```
Features of the u-boat campaign (1915-1918):
1
Between 1915 and 1918, the number of German u-boats grew from 21 to almost 200
2
By 1917, one in four British merchant ships failed to reach their final destination because of German attacks
3
German u-boatwarfare seriously threatened Britain's survival in the war
4
In May 1917 (year), Germany tried to stop the British blockade in the Battle of Jutland
76
Features of the Dardanelles attack:
1
18 March 1915: ...
```
2
But ...
3
In response, ...
4
Instead, ...
```
Features of the Dardanelles attack:
1
18 March 1915: Warships bombarded Ottoman forts along the Dardanelles Strait
2
But the Ottomans managed to sink 3 warships
3
In response, the Allied Powers decided to stop the naval attack
4
Instead, they launched a land invasion and hoped this would allow them to eventually restart the naval plan
77
Features of Italy's secret agreement with the Allies:
```
1
The agreement promised ...
2
The Allied Powers did this to ...
3
They hoped that ...
4
This would ...
```
Features of Italy's secret agreement with the Allies:
1
The agreement promised that Italy would gain territory from Austria-Hungary
2
The Allied Powers did this to weaken the Central Powers
3
They hoped that Germany would send troops to the Italian Front
4
This would weaken the Eastern Front
78
Italy signed a secret ... This agreement promised ...
Italy signed a secret agreement with the Allies. This agreement promised that Italy would gain territory from Austria-Hungary.
79
Although Italy was a member of ...
Although Italy was a member of the Triple Alliance, it tried to stay out of the First World War. It claimed that Austria-Hungary had not been attacked and so it did not need to help.
80
How did Russia withdraw from the First World War?
russia signed ...
russia gave away ...
russia lost ...
How did Russia withdraw from the First World War?
russia signed a peace treaty with austria-hungry and germany at brest-litovsk
russia gave away half its european territory to the central powers
russia lost much of its farmland
81
What did US President James Monroe say in 1823, and what effect did his words have?
In 1823, ...
This began the US policy of 'isolationism'.
What did US President James Monroe say in 1823, and what effect did his words have?
In 1823, the US president James Monroe began this policy, called the Monroe Doctrine.
This began the US policy of 'isolationism'.
82
The impact of US entry on war:
```
1
The USA supplied ...
2
When the USA declared ...
3
They sent roughly half ...
```
The impact of US entry on war:
1
The USA supplied the allies with billions of dollars worth of weapons during the war.
2
When the USA declared war on Germany in 1917, it drafted four million men into military service
3
They sent roughly half of these troops to fight in Europe, increasing the Allies' personnel and resources in the war of attrition
83
By 1918, war technology ...
One of the greatest difficulties of the war was that ...
As a result, ]
By 1918, war technology had become much more innovative.
One of the greatest difficulties of the war was that technological innovation was not matched by tactical innovation.
As a result, many soldiers were unnecessarily killed.
84
Which tactics became more common towards the end of the war?
By the end of the war, ...
For example, ...
Which tactics became more common towards the end of the war?
By the end of the war, ...
For example, ...
85
leading German generals in the First World War
leading German generals in the First World War
erich von falkenhayn
Paul von Hindenburg
Erich Ludendorf
86
Features of the Spring Offensive:
```
1
500,000 ...
2
The Spring Offensive targeted ...
3
The Germans launched ...
4
3,000 ...
```
Features of the Spring Offensive:
1
500,000 German troops came from the Eastern Front
2
The Spring Offensive targeted places where British and French troops were gathered together
3
The Germans launched a huge attack, hoping to quickly destroy the Allied powers
4
3,000 shells were fired every minute in the first few hours of the attack
87
What were the results of the German Spring Offensive?
germany reached ...
general Ferdinand ...
germany could ...
What were the results of the German Spring Offensive?
germany reached the river marne by july 1918 but then got stuck.
general Ferdinand Foch's counteract caused germany to retreat
germany could not move troops fast enough to sustain the attack
88
What was the significance of the single command under French leadership in 1918?
1
Allied forces ...
2
This meant ...
What was the significance of the single command under French leadership in 1918?
1
Allied forces were united under the single command of General Ferdinand Foch of France
2
This meant that Allied leadership was more efficient
89
How many German civilians are said to have died from starvation and disease caused by the blockage?
How many German civilians are said to have died from starvation and disease caused by the blockage?
425,000
90
What have different historians said about the impact of the blockade on Germany in 1918?
```
1
Historians have said ...
2
Some argue ...
3
The blockade ...
4
The 'turnip winter' ...
5
Many historians disagree ..
6
The British blockade had a ...
```
What have different historians said about the impact of the blockade on Germany in 1918?
1
Historians have said that around 425,000 German civilians died because of the starvation and disease caused by the blockade
2
Some argue that starvation on the home front forced German defeat in 1918
3
The blockade made the ‘turnip winter’ worse in Germany of 1916-1917
4
The 'turnip winter' was when Germany suffered because of a failed potato harvest
5
Many historians disagree by saying Germany had new resources from Russia
6
The British blockade had a material effect on Germany but also contributed to a growing sense of war weariness and resentment against the military leadership
91
___________________ and _________________ said that a ___________________ was needed in Germany for a .... with the Allies.
Field Marshal Hindenburg and General Ludendorff said that a democratic government was needed in Germany for a favourable peace settlement with the Allies.
92
When did Kaiser Wilhelm allow a more democratic government to be formed?
When did Kaiser Wilhelm allow a more democratic government to be formed?
3 October 1918
93
On 9 November 1918, ...
Following this, ...
On 9 November 1918, Kaiser Wilhelm II lost the support of his advisors and was forced to abdicate. At first he refused.
Following this, the leaders of the army withdrew their support for the Kaiser. The Kaiser abdicated and fled to Holland.
94
The Kaiser appointed ...
The Kaiser appointed a Liberal, Prince Max of Baden, to be Chancellor. Prince Max stablished a new government.
95
Who became the leader of Germany after Kaiser Wilhelm II's abdication?
Who became the leader of Germany after Kaiser Wilhelm II's abdication?
friedrich ebert
96
What led to Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicating in 1918?
```
1
By 29 September 1918, ...
2
Field Marshal Hindenburg and General Ludendorff told ...
3
Hindenburg and Ludendorff said ...
```
What led to Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicating in 1918?
1
By 29 September 1918, it was clear that Germany would be defeated
2
Field Marshal Hindenburg and General Ludendorff told Kaiser Wilhelm II that Germany could not win the war
3
Hindenburg and Ludendorff said that a democratic government was needed for a favourable peace settlement with the Allied Powers
97
Who were the leaders of the new Germany after the war?
1
Philipp Scheidemann, ...
2
Friedrich Ebert, ...
Who were the leaders of the new Germany after the war?
1
Philipp Scheidemann, a member of the Social Democratic Party (SPD), declared the new German Republic
2
Friedrich Ebert, the leader of the SPD, became the leader of the country
98
Terms relating to Germany's withdrawal from war:
Armistice
...
November Criminals
...
Terms relating to Germany's withdrawal from war:
Armistice
Peace agreement.
November Criminals
The German politicians who took Germany out of the war.
99
How did the First World War end?
1
11 November 1918: ...
2
Some Germans felt ...
How did the First World War end?
1
11 November 1918: Friedrich Ebert admitted defeat and signed the armistice (peace treaty) with the Allies
2
Some Germans felt that Germany could have won the war and so were ‘stabbed in the back’ by Ebert and his government
100
Ebert and the politicians who negotiated peace became known as the ...
This event was exploited by ...
Ebert and the politicians who negotiated peace became known as the ‘November Criminals’;
This event was exploited by the Nazi Party in their rise to power in the 1930s.
101
When was the armistice (peace treaty) signed?
When was the armistice (peace treaty) signed?
11 november 1918
102
During the final phase of the war ...
This unified the ...
During the final phase of the war, Haig strongly supported the creation of a single command under General Ferdinand Foch.
This unified the Allied Powers and reduced disagreement within the military leadership.
103
Which of these are true of General Sir Douglas Haig?
ordered the battle ...
believed ...
casualties ...
Which of these are true of General Sir Douglas Haig?
ordered the battle of the somme, to relieve the pressure at the battle of verdun
believed the war would be won on the western front
casualties at the somme and passchendaele brought Haig's name into disrepute
104
_____________ worked most closely with ___________ to bring about the Allied victory.
Marshal Foch worked most closely with Field Marshal Haig to bring about the Allied victory.
105
Which armies did Marshal Foch lead?
Which armies did Marshal Foch lead?
```
1
French
2
British
3
Italian
4
American
```
