WW1, Russian Revolution And The Rise Of The Nazis Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
When was WW1?
A
1914-1918
2
Q
How many total soldier deaths in WW1?
A
Around 9 million soldiers were killed
3
Q
What are long term causes?
A
Causes of a war that go back years or decades
4
Q
What is Nationalism?
A
Feeling that your country is better than others.
5
Q
How did European leaders prove that they were the best?
A
By having wars with their rivals
6
Q
What is militarism?
A
Spending lots of money on your military and it’s size and using it to aggressively defend or promote your country
7
Q
What is imperialism?
A
A desire to build big empires. By the start of WW1, lots of European countries wanted big empires and saw each other as threats. They especially wanted to comtrol nations in Africa.
8
Q
What were the two European alliances?
A
The triple alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) and The triple Entente (Britain, France, Russia.)
9
Q
Pros and cons of the Alliances
A
Pros: It would put countries of of starting wars bevause it would mean fighting three countries and not just one.
Cons: It would take very little for all of Europe to get dragged into war
10
Q
When did WW1 start?
A
28 June 1914 in Sarajevo when Gavrilo Princip Shot and Killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
11
Q
Why did the Black Hand assasinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand?
A
Because they wanted Bosnia which had recently been annexed into Austria-Hungary (1908) to join with Serbia.
12
Q
Who was Archduke Franz Ferdinand?
A
He was the heir of the Austria-Hungary empire
13
Q
Where was the actual assasination?
A
The assasination happened outside Schiller’s cafe where the Archduke’s driver stopped after being informed he had taken a wrong turn. At that point, Gavrilo Princip by pure chance had the perfect opportunity to shoot the Archduke in the Wife and he did. He fired two shots: one which hit the archduke in the throat and one that hit his wife in the stomach. They were both killed.
14
Q
What happened to Gavrilo Princip?
A
Gavrilo Primcip received 20 years in prison but died 4 hears later in 1918 from a lung disease called Tuberculosis.
15
Q
How did WW1 escalate?
A
28 July- Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia for the assasination and attacked.
29 July - Russia prepares its army to protect Serbia and attack Austria-Hungary
1 August - Germany, which supports Austria-Hungary, hears of Russian preparations and declares war on Russia.
2 August - Britain prepares it’s Warships
3 August - Germany is more worried about the French army than the Russian army and declares War on France to attempt to defeat it quickly
2 August - Germany asks Belgium to march through its land to attack France and does it anyway despite Belgium not giving it permission
4 August - Britain declares War on Germany to protect Belgium and honor an agreement from 1839.
5 August - France declares war on Germany
6 August - Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia
12 August - Britain and France declare war on Austria-Hungary
16
Q
What did Italy do?
A
It did not honour it’s agreements from before the murders and joined the Allies in 1915
17
Q
Why did people rush to join the army?
A
They thought the war would be ‘over by christmas’ and they didn’t want to miss the show.
18
Q
Why did Germany rush to defeat France?
A
They didn’t want to fight a war on two fronts - France and Britain on the western front and Russia on the Eastern front.
19
Q
What was the Schlieffen plan?
A
Germany’s plan to defeat France quickly by attacking it through Belgium rather than the well-defended border.
20
Q
How did the Schlieffen plan go wrong?
A
Belgium did not let German army through peacefully, Germans could not get through belgium. Russians got ready much quicker than Germany predicted, BEF held Germans at Mons.
21
Q
When were the trenches built?
A
By 1914 trenches stretched from the english channel to switzerland.
22
Q
Problems in the trenches
A
Trench rats which stole food and were a nuisance, Trench Foot (an infection caused by cold, wet and muddy conditions) could eventually turn gangreous and result in necessary amputation, CONTINUE
23
Q
Problems in the trenches
A
Trench rats which stole food and were a nuisance, Trench Foot (an infection caused by cold, wet and muddy conditions) could eventually turn gangreous and result in necessary amputation, Food was scarce and stale and not very good
24
Q
Causes of WW1
A
France wanted revenge on Germany, many in Austro-Hungary wanted independence, Russia wanted more control in South Eastern Europe
25
When did WW1 end?
November 1918
26
Who were the Big Three at the Paris Peace conference in the palace of Versailles?
Woodrow Wilson, the American President
George Clementeau, Prime Minister Of France
David Lloyd George, The Prime Minister of Britain
27
What did the big three want to acomplish?
Woodrow Wilson (US President) wanted countries to have self determination - be able to rule themselves. He didn't care much about punishing Germany as the US had suffered little over WW1
George Clementeau (French PM) wanted revenge on Germany. He wanted to make them pay for all the damage and to weaken Germanies armed forces so they could never attack France again.
David Lloyd George (British PM) wanted to keep Germany weak but without humiliating the Germans. He wanted to reduce Germanies Navy so it couldn't threaten the British Navy and end it's threat to the British Empire. However, the British people sent him there to 'Hang the Kaiser'.
28
What did the treaty of Brest Litovsk do?
It broight what many Russians considered a 'shameful peace' as it forced Russia to give up a huge amount of territory to the axis powers -
34% of it's population,
- 32% of Russia's agricultural land
54% of Russia's factories
- 89% of Russia's coal-mines
29
What did the communists do to make Russia a more equal society?
Women were declared equal to men, peasants whohad a surplus of grain were forced to hand it over to the government so people in the cities would have enough bread, Factories wee removed from thei owners and placed under the control of workers' comityees, all land was taken away from the Tsar and old landlords, A maximum 48-hour work week was declared for factory workers, richpeople had their valuables and moeny taken by the state and they had to share their houseswith poor families
30
What happened to rich, educated people in post-revolution Russia?
Ordinary Russians were hostile to them, their houses were raided by armed gamgs and they were rounded up and forced to do jobs like clearing rubbish and snow from the streets.
31
What happened to the Tsar and his family?
They were all placed under house arrest and ion the 16 July 1918, they were all awoken by the secret police and shot in their cellar.
32
When was the first Russian Revolution?
March 1917.
33
Why did the first Russian Revolution happen?
Because people were cold and starving and went to protest and demonstrate against the Tsar. However, when the Tsar' troops would not fire upon the protesters, it became a revolution.
34
What took the place of the Tsar after the first Russian revolution?
After Tsar Nicholas II abdicated, a new Provisional government took control of Russia
35
When did Tsar Nicholas II abdicate?
He abdicated on 16 March 1917
36
When was the second Russian Revolution?
25 October 1917?
37
What did Lenin and the Bolsheviks want?
They were communists who believed that everyone should have an equal share in Russia's wealth, peasents should have a share of the land, workers should own a share of the factory where they worked and the war should be ended immediately.
38
What happened in the second Russian Revolution?
The Bolsheviks seized power from the provisional government in St Petersburg
39
What went wrong in the second Russian Revolution?
Sailors who were expected to help arrived late, the field guns were too rusty to fire, noone could find the red lantern which was to signal the start of the attack.
40
Why did the second Russian Revolution succeed?
Because nobody came to the support of the provisional government - even some of the soldiers in the winter palace decided to slip away and eat their evening meals in the resteraunts of St Petersburg rather than fighting.
41
How did the Bolsheviks take complete control?
By eliminating all opposition parties - bolshevik soldiers smashed up the offices of opposition newspapers and arrested their editors.
42
What was Lenin's secret police force called?
The Cheka
43
How did Lenin turn Russia into a one party state?
When the Bolsheviks did badly in an election for places in the new constituent assembly, Lenin sent his soldiers to the comstituent assembly and closed it down in **January 1918**
44
What problems did Jews face in historical Europe? (300ad onwards)
After Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire, Judaism became a rival religion and Jews became demonised and scapegoats for peoples problems (e.g. plagues).
The rulers of many countries passed laws that discriminated against Jews, e.g. stopping them from doing certain jobs, living seperately from non-jews in ghettos and forcing them to wear something to show they were jewish
45
What was the Holocaust?
The mass killing (genocide) of ~6,000,000 Jews across Europe intended to destroy all Jews in Europe. By the time Nazi Germany was defeated and the murders stopped, 2/3 of Europe's Jewish population was dead.
46
Who else was persecuted, killed, and put into concentration camps by the Nazis?
Roma and Sinti people (Gypsies), disabled people, Jehovahs Witnesses, political opponents, Polish and Soviet civilians, prisoners of war from the soviet union
47
What did the Nazis do to Jews in 1933? (1)
March: One day boycott of Jewish shops
April: all Jews and political opponents of the nazis removed from pubic service by law
April: number of Jewish school children reduced and controlled
October: All Jews removed frm the media
48
What did the Nazis do to the Jews in 1935?
May: All Jews removed from the army
September: Anti-Semetic Nuremberg laws introdued -
- 'The Reich Citizen Law': only those of German or related blood eligible to be German citizens
- Law for the protection of German blood and German honour: Forbade marriages and sexual relations between Jews and Germans. Severe punishment for breaing it.
49
What did the Nazis do to the Jews in 1936? (2)
March: Withdrawal of financial assistance for Jewish Children
October: Jewish teachers forbidden to teach non-Jewish Children
50
What did the Nazis do to Jews in 1938?(3)
Jewish doctors lost license to work,
Jews tell the gov their wealth and where it is,
All jewish women must have sara in their name and all jewish men must have Israel in their name,
All Jewish passports must have a red 'Jew' stamp,
All Jewish Children bnned from attending German schools,
Park enches and shops become 'For aryans only',
Jews are forced to wear distinctive cothing such as a star on their clothes
51
How did Hitler gain power?
Feb 1923: economic crisi and hyperinflation
March 1923: Germany cannot pay war reparatons to France and so France invades small pars of Germany. Small german army can't stop them.
November 1923: Germans angry at their government's inaction. Hitler tries to overthrow the gov with the other Nazis and the SA (Brownshirts). They are shot and imprisoned.
1924-1925: Hitler imprisoned. He gains lots of press coverage and writes 'Mein Kampf'. Nazi party begins to gain popuarity.
1927: Nazis hold the Nuremberg rally to attract people to their cause
1929: The Great Depression. USA asks Germany to pay back loans. Germany then cannot afford to pay back France who invades again. Unemloyment in Germany reaches 4,000,000
Jan 1933: The Nazi party bcomes the largest political party in Germany. President Hindenburg makes Hitler Chancellor of Germany.
Feb 1933: Reichstag fire. Nazis bame Communist party.
March 1933: Hitler creates the 'Enabling Law' which allows him to pass any Law he want in an emergency. He declares a state of national emergency and bans all other political parties.
April 1933: Hitler creates the Gestapo (secret police). They capture his political enemies and he sets up the first concentration camp for them.
52
Where and when was Hitler born?
Adolf Hitler was born in Austria in 1889
53
How did WW1 affect Hitler?
Before WW1, Hter was a failure, loner and loser. However, he joined the German army during WW1 and was a brave soldier. He later described the war as 'the greatest of all experiences'.
54
How did the German people feel about the treaty of Versailles?
There was bitternes and anger and many Germans criticised their new leaders (Kaiser Wilhelm fled to the Netherlands after Germany was defeated)
55
What happened in 1923?
Huge economic crisis, hyper inflation in Germany. Hitler tried to overthrow the Government using his storm-tropers in the **beer hall putsch** but he failed miserably with 16 Nazis killed and hitler being arrested and imprisoned.
56
How did Hitler become involved in Politics?
After WW1, he moved to Munich and by 1922 was the leader of the Nazis, but at the time they were just a tny political party.
57
How did Hitler become involved in Politics?
After WW1, he moved to Munich and by 1922 was the leader of the Nazis, but at the time they were just a tny political party.
58
How did Hitler become involved in Politics?
After WW1, he moved to Munich and by 1922 was the leader of the Nazis, but at the time they were just a tiny political party.
59
What was Mein Kampf about (three things)?
Mein Kampf, meaning my struggle, was Hitlers book which he wrote in prison. It's main points were:
- **Germany needed a strong government led by a single leader,**
- **Germany demands land and colonies to feed it's people,**
- **No Jews can be part of the nation. They were respnsible for Gerany's defeat in WW1. They must be detroyed.**
60
How did Hitler gain the people's support?
By offering easy solutions to dfficult problems during an economic depression.
61
When did the Nazis become the largest party in the Reichstag?
1932
62
When did Hitler become Chancellor of Germany?
January 1933
63
When was the Reichstag fire?
Febuary 1933
64
Who was blamed for the Reichstag fire?
A young Dutch Communist. Hitler used this as an excuse to arrest many of his communist opponents
65
When was the enabling act passed?
March 1933
66
When and what was the night of the long knives?
30 June 1940. Hitler's personal bodyguards, the SS, went out and mudered 400 SA browncoat officers, opposition politicians and even members of his own party like Ernst Röhm who was Hitlers friend.
67
What effect did the knight of the long knives have?
It showed everyon that Htler was judge, Jury and executioner and wouldn't hesitate to murder anyone who might stand in his way.
68
When did President Hindenburg die?
2 August 1934
69
What happened after Hindenburg's death?
Within an hour of President Hindenburg's death, it was announced that Hitler was now not only Chancellor but also Head of State and commander of the army - he was a dictator.
70
How did the Nazis appeal to the different German people? (Socialists, nationalists. Racists, fascists, businessmen, the rich, the army, unemployed people)
**Socialists** - They promised Farmers their land, improved pensions, and that elctricity and water wold be owned by the state.
**nationalists** - They promised the unity of all German speakers in one country, the abandoment of the treaty of versailles and special laws for foreigners.
**Racists** - Jews no longer German citizens and stopped immigration
**Fascists** - Strong central gvernment and control of Newspapers
**Businessmen, landowners, the rich and the army** - remilitarisation, contracts awarded to germans, orotection from the communists
**Unemplyed and workers** - promied an increase in employment and wages.
71
What were Hitler's speeches like?
He used **simplstic language and phrases** to convey his ideas and came across as **energetic** and **passionate**
72
What ind of Propaganda did the Nazis use?
**Josef Goebbels** was in charge of Nazi propaganda. Radio, mass rallies, newspapers, Hitler's speeches, posters. The Nazis utilised simple slogans to appeal to the ordinary german people.
73
Why did Germans like the SA browncoats?
Because they appeared to be a strong organisation that could protect germany from it's enemies.
74
Howdid the Nazis fund their campaigns?
Through funding from Germany's rich industrialists who wanted to see the Nazis in power e.g. Hugenberg and Thyssen.
75
Why did many landowners and businessmen support the Nazis?
Communists believed ownership was theft, so Germany's rich people wanted to prevent Communists from gaining political influence. The Nazis were deeply anti-communist.
76
What happened in 1929?
The economic crash in the USA in 1929 meant that the loans it had given to Germany in 1924 had to be repayed. The German economy coulld not survive and so there was widespread unemployment in Germany
77
What happened in 1929?
The economic crash in the USA in 1929 meant that the loans it had given to Germany in 1924 had to be repayed. The German economy coulld not survive and so there was widespread unemployment in Germany
78
What did the SS do?
After 1934, the SS terrorised the German people to control them. They arrested and imprisomed people without a trial. Jews, communists and any who opposed Hitler were taken to concentration camps
79
Who were the Gestapo
Hitler's secret police. They looked and listened everywhere and people feared them.
80
How did Hitler maintain his control?
Through terror, Propaganda, youth and economic susccess.
81
How did Goebbels ccontrol the media?
No **books** without his permission, **Anti-Nazi** newspapers closed down, films had to carry Nazi message, no **foreign radio stations**, posters supporting nazis and attacking their enemies all over Germany, rallies and parades
82
How did he controlthe youth?
Taught the history of the Nazis at school, evils of communism, superiority of Aryan race, sacked anti-nazi teachers, Hitler youth trained boys to be soldiers and girls to be perfect german mothers of perfect german children. Bit like scouts etc.
83
How did Hitler utilise economic success?
After 1934, he created number of schemes to provide work for 6,000,000 unemployed Germans. Workers were grateful to hitler for providing them work. More jobs in armed forces.Benefits for workers to make them happier, tho striking not allowed
84
When did Hitler begin building up German army?
1933 in secret but in 1935 they did not hide it despite it being **against the treaty of versailles**
85
When did Hitler introduce conscription?
**1936**
86
When did German troops go to reoccupy the Rhineland (area between France and Germany which Germany was not allowed to have soldiers in)?
March 1936. Again, this disregarded the treaty.
87
When did Hitler help Franco win the Spanish Civil war?
1937. Some historians think that Hitler used it to test his new weapons and aircraft
88
When did Germany join with Austria?
In **March 1938**, German troops entered Austria unchallenged despite this being against the terms of the treaty of Versailles.
89
When and what was the Munich agreement?
In September 1938, Hitler agreed with Germany and France that Germany could take over the Sutenland (Mainly German speaking part of Czechoslovakia) as long as Hitler promised not to invade the rest of Czechoslovakia.
90
When did Hitler invade the rest of Czechoslovakia?
Hitler ignored the Munich agreement and invaded in **March 1939**
91
When did Hitler invade Poland and why?
Hitler demandad that Poland must return the Polish corridor and the port of Danzig to Germany. On **September 1, 1939**, Germany **invaded Poland**
92
How did Neville Chamberlain (British PM in 1938) believe was the best way to avoid another war?
By following a policy of Appeasemnt towards Hitler and giving him what he wanted.
93
Why did Appeasement fail?
Because Hitler kept wanting more and a lack of Western resistance against his demands and actions only encouraged him.
94
How did Appeasement fail?
It allowed Hitler to believe that could do what he wanted in Europe, gave Germany more time to re-arm before invading Poland,
95
How did Appeasemnt succeed?
It allowed Britain the time it needed to re-arm and prepare for another war, it was popular because people in britain were more scared of communism than of the Nazis and Geemany was a strong barrier against the expansion of the USSR. Appeasemnt was reasonable as the treaty of versailles had been very harsh on Germany.
96
What were the two sides and members of WW2?
The **allies**: Britain. USA, USSR
The **Axis Powers**: Germany, Italy , Japan
97
When did the WW2 begin?
Sepember 1, 1939
98
When did the Nazis occupy Denmark and Norway?
Febuary/March 1940
99
When was Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg and France occupied?
May 1940
100
When did France surrender?
June 1940?
101
When was the British evacuation from Dunkirk?
May 1940
102
When was the British evacuation from Dunkirk?
May 1940
103
When was the Battle of Britain?
July-October 1940
104
When was the Blitz?
September - December 1940
105
When did the Nazis invade the USSR?
June 1941
106
What stopped the German advance into the USSR?
The Russia winter in December 1941
107
When was Pearl Harbour?
7 December 1941
108
When was the **Battle of Midway**?
June 1942
109
When did the Germans surrender at Stalingrad?
Febuary 1943
110
When did the Allies invade Sicily?
July 1943
111
When did Italy surrender?
July 1943
112
When were Hitler's forces on the Eastern Front defeated?
Autumn 1943
113
When and what was D-Day?
On **6 June 1944**, Britain and the USA invaded German-occupied France.
114
When did the Allies reach Paris?
August 1944
115
When did the Allies cross the Rhine into Germany?
March 1945
116
When did Hitler commit suicide?
April 1945
117
When did Germany surrender after the Soviets reached Berlin?
May 1945
118
When did the US drop the atomic bombs on Japan?
The Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were destroyed by atomic bombs in **August 1945**
119
When did the US drop the atomic bombs on Japan?
The Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were destroyed by atomic bombs in **August 1945**
120
When did WW2 end?
Germany surrendered on **May 7 1945** though the war officially ended with the surrender of Japan on **September 2 1945**
