X-RAY Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
makes the screen resistant to abrasion and damage caused by handling; helps eliminate build-up of static electricity
A
PROTECTIVE COATING
2
Q
heart of x-ray film which contains the gelatin and silver halide crystals; where x-rays and light photons from IS interacts
A
EMULSION
3
Q
this is where image is formed and stored which should not be exposed to any kind of light
A
SILVER HALIDE CRYSTAL
4
Q
type of fog when exposed to chemicals
A
CHEMICAL FOG
5
Q
type of fog when exposed to white light
A
LIGHT FOG
6
Q
type of fog when the x-ray films expired
A
AGE FOG
7
Q
type of fog when exposed to white light
A
LIGHT FOG
8
Q
protective covering of gelatin enclosing the emulsion
A
ADHESIVE LAYER
9
Q
thickest part of x-ray film which serves as a support for the active phosphor layer
A
BASE
10
Q
the unobservable image stored in the silver halide emulsion
A
LATENT/INVISIBLE IMAGE
11
Q
observable image formed when latent image undergoes proper chemical processing
A
MANIFEST IMAGE
12
Q
x-ray film sizes
A
8x10; 10x12; 11x14; 14x14; 14x17
13
Q
first stage of processing; swells emulsion for subsequent chemical penetration
A
WETTING (MANUAL: 15s)
14
Q
conversion of latent image to visible image
A
DEVELOPING (MANUAL: 5mins; AUTOMATIC: 22s)
15
Q
removes excess chemical from the emulsion
A
RINSING (MANUAL: 30s)
16
Q
removes remaining silver halide from emulsion and hardens gelatin which makes the image permanent
A
FIXING (MANUAL: 15mins; AUTOMATIC: 22s)
17
Q
removes the fixer solution
A
WASHING (MANUAL: 20 mins; AUTOMATIC: 20s)
18
Q
removes water and prepares radiograph for viewing
A
DRYING (MANUAL: 30mins; AUTOMATIC: 26s)
19
Q
reducing agent which produces shades of gray rapidly
A
PHENIDONE
20
Q
reducing agent which produces black tones slowly
A
HYDROQUINONE
21
Q
the chemical used in the activator under developer solution which swells the gelatin and produces alkalinity
A
SODIUM CARBONATE
22
Q
the chemical in the restrainer used as an anti-fog agent which protects unexposed crystals from chemical attack
A
POTASSIUM BROMIDE
23
Q
this component of developer solution which contains sodium sulfide that controls oxidation and maintains balance among developer components
A
PRESERVATIVE
24
Q
this component of developer solution that uses glutaraldehyde controls emulsion swelling and enhances the archival quality
A
HARDENER
25
the chemical used on the developing solution's sequestering agent which removes metallic impurities
CHELATES
26
the universal solvent used to dissolve chemicals and other components of the solutions
WATER
27
component under fixer solution that uses acetic acid which neutralizes stops the action of developer
ACTIVATOR
28
the chemical used in the fixing agent of fixer solution that removes undeveloped silver bromide from emulsion
AMMONIUM THIOSULFATE
29
this chemical under fixer solution stiffens and shrinks the emulsion
POTASSIUM ALUM
30
this chemical in the preservative maintains the chemical balance in the fixer solution
SODIUM SULFITE
31
this component uses acetate to maintain proper pH
BUFFER
32
chemicals used in this sequestering agent removes the aluminum ions
BORIC ACID AND SALTS
33
this occurs when the action of 2 agents working together is greater than the sum of action of each agent working independently
SYNERGISM
34
this refers to the permanence of the radiograph wherein the image does not deteriorate with age but remains in its original state
ARCHIVAL QUALITY
35
film development is governed by these three physical characteristics
TIME, TEMPERATURE, CONCENTRATION (OF THE DEVELOPER)
36
phosphor have high atomic number = high x-ray absorption
DETECTIVE QUANTUM EFFICIENCY (DQE)
37
phosphor to emit large amount of light per x-ray absorption
CONVERSION EFICIENCY (CE)
38
light emitted must be of proper wavelength to match sensitivity of x-ray film
SPECTRAL MATCHING
39
this is an atom which has too many or too few e- and has electron charge
ION
40
atoms that are fixed in the crystal lattice
SILVER (Ag+), BROMINE (Br-), IODINE (I-)
41
these are the impurities of the fixer solution
ALUMINUM IONS
42
the heart of the x-ray machine that is enclosed in a protective housing
X-RAY TUBE
43
3 principal parts of every imaging system
X-RAY TUBE, OPERATING CONSOLE & HIGH-VOLTAGE GENERATOR
44
the 2 main internal parts of x-ray tube
ANODE & CATHODE
45
this process prolongs the life of x-ray tube
HEAT DISSIPATION
46
a kind of anode that does not only produce x-ray but also produces thermal energy
ROTATING ANODE
47
a kind of anode that is quick to tube failure
STATIONERY ANODE
48
this undergoes the process of electromagnetic induction which allows the rotors to rotate
ROTOR ASSEMBLY
49
the reduction of intensity of x-ray films because of the composition of the structure
ATTENUATION
50
when x-ray beam interacts with the body, low energy x-rays will be absorbed
ABSORPTION
51
characteristic of x-ray wherein high energy x-rays penetrate when x-ray beams interacts with the body
PENETRATION
52
an external component of the the x-ray tube that reduces the intensity of leakage radiation
PROTECTIVE HOUSING
53
this component maintains the vacuum inside the x-ray tube
GLASS OR METAL ENCLOSURE
54
an area of the glass/metal enclosure where useful beam of x-rays are emitted
X-RAY TUBE WINDOW
55
the glass enclosure is made from this type of material in order to withstand the tremendous heat generated by the x-ray tube
PYREX GLASS
56
a type of radiation that escape through the protective housing
LEAKAGE RADIATION
57
this is the negative side of the x-ray tube
CATHODE
58
an internal component made of thoriated tungsten and emits e- when heated
FILAMENT
59
this is where filament is embedded and is negatively charged to confine the e- beam to a small area of anode
FOCUSING CUP
60
this is a low current that passes through the filament to warm and prepare it for the thermal jolt necessary for x-ray production
FILAMENT CURRENT
61
the positive side of the x-ray tube
ANODE
62
these are the cloud of e- around the filament
SPACE CHARGE
63
phenomenon that makes it difficult for subsequent e- to be emitted by the filament because of electrostatic repulsion
SPACE CHARGE EFFECT
64
three functions of the anode in an x-ray tube
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOR, MECHANICAL SUPPORT, & THERMAL DISSIPATER
65
this is the area of anode that is struck by the e- from the cathode
TARGET
66
consists of tungsten alloy embedded in the copper anode
STATIONARY ANODE TUBES
67
a kind of anode wherein the entire rotating disk is the target
ROTATING ANODE TUBE
68
this is the material of choice for the target
TUNGSTEN
69
three primary reasons why W is the material of choice for target
HIGH ATOMIC NUMBER, THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, & HIGH MELTING POINT
70
this is used to rotate or turn the anode of the rotating anode tube
INDUCTION MOTOR
71
this is a principal part of induction motor placed outside the glass or metal enclosure which consists of series of electromagnets equally spaced around the neck of the tube
STATOR
72
a shaft made of bars of copper and soft iron fabricated into one mass and is placed inside the glass/metal enclosure
ROTOR
73
this is a design incorporated into x-ray tube targets to allow a large area for heating while a small focal spot is maintained
LINE-FOCUS PRINCIPLE
74
this is the area of the target from which the x-rays are emitted
FOCAL SPOT
75
a light proof container that contains the radiographic film and radiographic intensifying screens
CASSETTE
76
this serves as a mechanical support for the active phosphor layer
BASE OF CASSETTE
77
made of shiny substance and intercepts light that is headed in other directions and redirects it back to the film
REFLECTIVE LAYER
78
this is the energy emitted an transferred through matter
RADIATION
79
this is present everywhere and exist over a wide energy range such as x-rays and light
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
80
the smallest quantity of any type of EMR and have no mass and no charge
PHOTONS
81
this occupies the smallest segment of EMR
VISIBLE LIGHT
82
this comprises considerable portion of the EMR which have low energies and very long wavelength
RADIOFREQUENCY
83
this is characterized by the energy contained in the photon
IONIZING RADIATION
84
the ability of radiographic equipment to collimate automatically the x-ray beam to the same size as the image receptor resting in the Bucky tray
AUTOMATIC COLLIMATION
85
a box-like structure attached to the x-ray tube containing lead shutters that limit the x-ray beam to a specific area of the body
COLLIMATOR
86
differences in densities on a processed image
CONTRAST
87
opaqueness or degree of blackening on an area of the processed image
DENSITY
88
a standard protocol used for blending PACS and various imaging modalities
DIGITAL IMAGING AND COMMUNICATIONS IN MEDICINE (DICOM)
89
misrepresentation of the size or shape of the object as recorded in the radiographic image
DISTORTION
90
this is a device placed b/w the patient and IR that absorbs scatter radiation exiting the body
GRID
91
digital image made up of rows and columns of data
MATRIX
92
distance from the part being examined to the device that is detecting the radiations
OBJECT-TO-IMAGE RECEPTOR DISTANCE (OID)
93
the smallest component of matrix
PIXEL
94
this is the digital manipulation of radiographic images after its acquisition by the computer
POST-PROCESSING IMAGE ENHANCEMENT
95
distance from the source of radiation to the device that is detecting the radiation
SOURCE-TO-IMAGE RECEPTOR DISTANCE (SID)
96
distance from the source of radiation to the part being examined
SOURCE-TO-OBJECT DISTANCE (SOD)
97
this is the volume element or the section of tissue represented by a pixel
VOXEL
98
the midpoint of densities in a digital image and is used to adjust digital image brightness
WINDOW LEVEL
99
this is used to adjust the contrast of the digital image
WINDOW WIDTH
100
this utilizes a doughnut-shaped machine to diagnose any abnormalities in the human body and provides cross-sectional view of the part of interest
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SCAN (CT SCAN)
101
this field of specialization utilizes a very high magnetic power and radiofrequency to produce images of the body
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)
102
this involves special radiographic examination of the blood vessels using x-ray machines incorporated with computers to enable deleting of bony structures that superimpose with the blood vessel of interest
DIGITAL SUBTRACTION ANGIOGRAPHY (DSA)
103
this specialization uses small amount of radiopharmaceuticals to trace bodily processes and measure cellular and tissue challenges
POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY SCAN (PET SCAN)
104
x-rays are produced when these fast moving electrons collide with matter in any form
PROJECTILE ELECTRON
105
this is the result when electrons have sudden deceleration
X-RAY/X-RAY ENERGY/X-RADIATION
106
when projectile e- collides with nucleus and slows down resulting to a shift in its direction
BREMSSTRRAHLUNG RADIATION
107
when projectile e- interacts with the inner shell making the e- in the k-orbit to be ionized resulting to unstable atom, then outer shell e- will fill the vacancy in order to make the atom stable
CHARACTERISTIC RADIATION
108
when projectile e- interact with outer-shell e- of target atoms and does not transfer energy but rather raises outer shell e- to an excited or higher energy level
ANODE HEAT
109
this is the addition or removal of an orbital electron from an atom
IONIZATION
